Selection of Sinopec Lubricating Oil Producing Bases by Using the AHP Model

The factors affecting the developmcnt of Sinopec lubricating oil were analyzed in this paper, and an analytic hierarchy process （AHP） model for selecting lubricating-oil producing bases was developed. By using this model, nine lubricating oil producing companies under Sinopec were comprehensively evaluated. The evaluation result showed that the Maoming Lubricating Oil Company （Guangdong province）, Jingmen Lubricating Oil Company （Hubei province） and Changcheng Lube Oil Company （Beijing） are top three choices, and should be developed preferentially for the development of Sinopec producing bases of lubricating oil in the future. The conclusions provide the theoretical basis for selecting lubricating oil producing bases for decision makers.

Modification of methyl oleate for silicon-based biological lubricating base oil

A new kind of silicon-based biological lubricating base oil with good viscosity-temperature behavior,viscosity index,thermostability,oxidation stability and wear resistance performance was synthesized as a derivative of methyl oleate.Trimethylsilylation reaction was introduced to further improve methyl oleate oxidation stability and lubricity after epoxidation and open-ring reactions.The order of effectiveness of acid binding agent was N,N-diisopropylethylamine(DIEA) > pyridine > diethylamine > triethylamine,and the effects of various parameters on the trimethylsilylation reaction as well as on the silicon-oxygen bond stability and reaction yield were studied.A maximum yield of 34.54%was achieved at hydroxyl/trimethyl chlorosilane/DIEA molar ratio of1:1.25:1,reaction temperature 40℃,reaction time 1.5 h.

Coal Tar Derived Metallocene Catalyst for Polymerization of 1-Decene into Low-viscosity Poly-α-Olefin Lubricating Base Oil

The production of poly-α-olefins(PAOs)has attracted attention due to their excellent viscosity-temperature dependence,wear characteristics,oxidative properties,and high thermal stability.In this study,indene extracted during coal tar refining was used as a raw material to synthesize a bis(indenyl)zirconium dichloride metallocene catalyst.A PAO with low viscosity and a high viscosity index was produced via the oligomerization of 1-decene in the presence of both the prepared metallocene and a methylaluminoxane(MAO)co-catalyst.Notably,the effects of different synthesis reaction parameters,such as Al:Zr ratio,amount of catalyst,and reaction temperature,on the conversion ratio and product selectivity were investigated in detail.The produced PAO was thoroughly characterized using Fourier-transform infrared,^(13)C,and^(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies;gas chromatography;and viscosity measurements.At 70℃,the metallocene catalyst created more stable active sites.In addition,the alkylation effect of MAO was noticeable.Interestingly,the obtained catalysis results demonstrated that a high conversion ratio of~93%was achieved at a low reaction temperature of 70℃,with a catalyst dosage of 0.0848 mmol and Al:Zr ratio of 8.48mmol:0.0848mmol.Moreover,under these optimal conditions,the kinematic viscosity of PAO was 4.25 mm2/s at 100℃,and the viscosity index was 139,indicating good viscosity-temperature properties.

Inverse Gas Chromatographic Study of the Oxidation Stability of Lubricating Base Oils via Solubility Parameter Calculations

The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter(χ1,2∞) and solubility parameter(δ2) and its hydrogen bonding sensing component(δh) were determined using inverse gas chromatography(IGC).These parameters were successfully used in the probes of chemical changes that occur during the oxidation of naphthenic and paraffinic base oils in a GC column.Changes in χ1,2∞ values reflect the different types of intermolecular interactions(dispersive,polar,hydrogen bonding) of the given lubricating base oil during oxidation.The obtained results showed that δh component of solubility parameter is the most important parameter for probing the oxidative-chemical changes during the oxidation of given lubricating oils.

Simulation of Solvent Extraction for Naphthenic Lubricating Base Oils

Solvent extraction is the process of separating aromatics from vacuum distillates for the production oflubricating base oils. In this study, the authors use dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) instead of furfural as solvent, in light of itshigher selectivity, to obtain extracts with a high aromatic content for naphthenic lubricating base oils. We systematicallyinvestigated effects of the solvent-to-oil (S/O) ratio and extraction temperature on the yield of the extract, efficiency ofaromatic removal, and composition of the extracts and raffinates. The results showed that the aromatic content of extractsfor naphthenic oils could reach a high value of about 80%. The solvent maintained a high selectivity for aromatics fornaphthenic oils even under a high S/O ratio and a high extraction temperature. Moreover, the efficiency of aromatic removalfor naphthenic lubricating base oils could be enhanced by increasing either the S/O ratio or the extraction temperature,although these measures had limited effects in practice. Following this, we used the non-random two-liquid (NRTL) modelbased on the pseudo-component approach to simulate the liquid-liquid equilibrium of the system of DMSO + naphtheniclubricating base oils, and determined the parameters of binary interaction through regression based on the data on phaseequilibrium. The modeling results showed that the predicted yield, content of the solvent, and composition of the raffinatesand extracts were in good agreement with those obtained in the experiments. This validates the reliability of the model usedto represent the DMSO + naphthenic lubricating base oil system. Both the experimental data and the method of simulationreported here can help optimize the extraction of naphthenic lubricating base oils, and provide a better understanding of thecorresponding process.

Thermal oxidation of two aviation synthetic lubricant base oils

The thermal degradation of two synthetic lubricants base oils, poly-a-olefins （PAO） and di-esters （DE）, was investigated under oxidative pyrolysis condition and their properties were characterized in simulated ＂areo-engine＂ by comparing the thermal stability and identifying the products of thermal decomposition as a function of exposure temperature. The characterization of the products were performed by means of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry （FTIR）, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry （GC/MS） and viscosity experiments. The results show that PAO has the lower thermal stability, being degraded at 200℃ different from 300 ℃ for DE. Several by-products are identified during the thermal degradation of two lubricant base oils. The majority of PAO products consist of alkenes and olefins, while more oxygen-contained organic compounds are detected in DE samples based on GC/MS analysis. The related reaction mechanisms are discussed based on the experimental results.

Tribological Properties of Few-layer Graphene Oxide Sheets as Oil-Based Lubricant Additives

The performance of a lubricant largely depends on the additives it involves. However, currently used additives cause severe pollution if they are burned and exhausted. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new generation of green additives. Graphene oxide（GO） consists of only C, H and O and thus is considered to be environmentally friendly. So the tribological properties of the few-layer GO sheet as an additive in hydrocarbon base oil are investigated systematically. It is found that, with the addition of GO sheets, both the coefficient of friction（COF） and wear are decreased and the working temperature range of the lubricant is expanded in the positive direction. Moreover, GO sheets has better performance under higher sliding speed and the optimized concentration of GO sheets is determined to be 0.5wt%. After rubbing, GO is detected on the wear scars through Raman spectroscopy. And it is believed that, during the rubbing, GO sheets adhere to the sliding surfaces, behaving like protective films and preventing the sliding surfaces from contacting with each other directly. This paper proves that the GO sheet is an effective lubricant additive, illuminates the lubrication mechanism, and provides some critical parameters for the practical application of GO sheets in lubrication.

The Influence of Paraffinic Base Oil on Low-temperature Viscosity of Naphthenic Base Oil

Low-temperature viscosity of lube oils mixed with paraffinic base oil and naphthenic base oil at different mass ratios has been tested by experiments. The influence of paraffinic base oil on the performance of naphthenic base oil was investigated by studying the low-temperature viscosity of tested oils. The viscosity of lube oils increased with an increasing content of high-viscosity paraffinic base oil in the oil mixture. And the low-temperature viscosity was less influenced when the content of paraffinic base oil in the mixture was insignificant. In order to reduce the cost for formulating lubricating oil, a small fraction of paraffinic base oil can be added into naphthenic base oil as far as the property of lubricating oil can meet the specification. According to the study on low-temperature viscosity of the oil mixed with paraffinic base oil and naphthenic base oil, a basic rule was worked out for the preparation of qualified lubricating oils.

Preparation and Characterization of Multiester Derivative from Plant Oil as Base Stock for Biolubricants

As an alternative to petroleum-based lubricants, which are harmful to the environment in excessive amounts, a biodegradable multiester derivative(OFANE) was obtained from plant oil through a chemical modification process with four steps as follows: hydrolysis, esterification, epoxidation, and ring-opening reaction. The physical and chemical properties of OFANE, such as viscosity, acid value, pour point, evaporation loss, and oxidation induction time were measured. Results showed that OFANE had good low-temperature fluidity, thermal-oxidative stability, and tribological properties. The tribological properties of OFANE with dimeric acid additive were evaluated. The final biodegradation experiment indicated that OFANE had excellent biodegradability. The prepared OFANE showed great potential as substitute for petroleum-based lubricating base oils.

Developments of Multifunctional Additives for High Quality Lube Oil

In most lubrication systems, the oil is mixed with air, in contact with air, in contact with metals and at high temperature. This is mean cause of premature lubricant, deterioration which can result in oxidation products, which are mainly acid. Hydrocarbon oxidation in the liquid phase proceeds by a radical chain reaction. In the present paper polyalkylphenol formaldehyde sulphonate and its ethoxylate were synthesized and evaluated as pour point depressant, viscosity improver and antioxidant. The efficiency of these additives depends on their chemical structure and degree of mixing (mole fraction). Values of surface tension of these additives were measured in oil phase and consequently CMC was determined for all additives and their mixtures. A novel method of inhibiting oxidation was proposed. The author suggests the mechanism of inhibiting oxidation according to surface activity of additive in oil phase. More confirmations for suggested mechanism were investigated by measuring the area occupied per molecule of additive at oil phase. The results indicate that the compatibility of sulphonate with ethoxylate group and forming stable micelle which acts as wax dispersant and improver viscosity.

Inverse Gas Chromatography Used to Study Lubricating Oil Oxidation Mechanism via Changes in Kovats and Flory-Huggins Retention Parameters

Inverse gas chromatographic technique(IGC) was attempted as a new approach to follow the chem-ical changes that occur during lubricating base oil oxidation.Three groups of the oxidized base oils were pre-pared at different oxygen flow rates,periods and temperatures according to IP48method.The corrected reten-tion volumes(VR) were calculated for a series of selected test solutes possessing different functional groups onthe oxidized base oils used as stationary phases.Kovats retention index(I),Flory-Huggins interaction parame-ter(κ1∞,2),and partial molar free energy of solution(ΔGL∞),were calculated for the given test solutes fromtheirVR.The relationships between theIvalues and the oxidation variables were plotted and discussed.Theobtained results were confirmed by potentiometric titration.The study reveals that the magnitudes of variationofI,κ1∞,2orΔG∞Lretention parameters depend on the oxidation degree of the base oil.Large differences be-tween theIvalues permit discrimination between the different oxidation steps.Key words: inverse gas chromatography(IGC);oxidation;lubricating base oil;Kovats retention

The Stabilization of Vegetable Oil with Antioxidant Combinations

In this paper,the effect of using hindered phenol,zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamate(ZDDC),tolutriazole derivative and combinations thereof to inhibit a blend of commodity Canola Oil and high oleic content soybean oil(1:1) was investigated.Specifically,oils were oxidized by bubbling oxygen through 300 mL samples heated at 95 ℃.Antioxidant depletion rates were indirectly monitored by measuring oxidation induction times(OIT) as determined by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry(PDSC).Preliminary data indicated that oil treated with only ZDDC had the slowest rate of antioxidant depletion.

Alkylation of naphthalene with n-butene catalyzed by liquid coordination complexes and its lubricating properties

With the development of coal chemical industry,large amounts of naphthalene and n-butene are produced,and converting them into high value-added products through alkylation has gained particular importance and interest.In this work,liquid coordination complexes(LCCs)were used as acid catalysts for the first time in the naphthalene alkylation reaction under mild conditions to obtain multibutylnaphthalenes with high yield.Various reaction conditions were thoroughly investigated.The LCC consisting of urea and AlCl_(3) showed excellent catalytic performance under optimal reaction conditions,giving 100%conversion of naphthalene and 99.66%selectivity towards multi-butylnaphthalenes.Combining the catalyst properties and catalytic results,a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.The lubricating properties of the synthesized products were investigated for their potential application as lubricating base oils.The synthesized multi-butylnaphthalenes showed comparable physicochemical properties and tribological performances as the commercial cycloalkyl base oil.

环境友好型水基润滑剂GreenLube的研制与应用

以植物油酯作内相、多元醇水溶液作外相、失水山梨醇三油酸酯/聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇单油酸酯复合表面活性剂为乳化剂,制备了一种水包油型钻井液用润滑剂GreenLube。多元醇水溶液质量分数50%~80%,植物油酯质量分数33%,复合乳化剂最佳HLB值6~7。其BODs/COD值为0.95,96hLC_(50)值为35981 mg/L,是一种易生物降解、无毒的水基润滑剂。GreenLube加量为30 kg/m3时,淡水基浆扭矩降低69%,模拟海水基浆扭矩降低47%。在海上油田使用的JFC、PEM和PEC钻井液中加入30 kg/m^3 GrenLube,可使钻井液润滑系数由0.24~0.26降至0.14~0.16,且加入前后钻井液的流变性变化较小。GreenLube已在渤海油田数口井的钻探中得到应用,效果良好,泥饼摩擦系数和钻具的扭矩显著降低。

Preparation of High Viscosity PAO from Mixed Alpha-Olefins over Metallocene Catalyst

Polymerization of mixed alpha-olefins originating from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyzed by theBu)_3/[Me_2NHPh]^+[B(C_6F_5)_4]^-,was studied.The effects of the Zr/olefin mole ratio,Al/Zr mole ratio,reaction temperature,and reaction time on the viscosity and molecular weight of the product were investigated.The conversion under optimized conditions reached 97.3%.The product structure was characterized by ^(13)C NMR spectrometry and ~1H NMR spectrometry,and the conversion of olefins with different carbon numbers under different conditions was determined by GC analysis.The polymer obtained under optimized conditions has a high viscosity index of 262 with a narrow molecular weight distribution of 1.95,which is a desired component for lubricating base oil.

WEAR PERFORMANCE AND MECHANISM OF ZINC-ALUMINUM（ZA27）ALLOY

ZA27 alloy has the best performance and the widest applications in high aluminum zinc based die casting alloy series. One of its main applica-tions is used as abrasion resistant alloy,instead of nonferrous alloys such as copper alloy.The frictional wear p

中国润滑油行业现状及发展趋势分析

随着我国经济的持续增长,世界各大润滑油企业都将我国润滑油市场作为其重点发展的区域,国内市场已形成跨国润滑油公司,中国石化,中国石油和地方民营润滑油企业相互竞争的格局,行业竞争日益激烈,如果润滑油企业不能抓住机遇并及时提升竞争力以应对更为激烈和复杂的市场竞争,产品的市场占有率和盈利水平将面临下降的风险。从基础油,添加剂及市场方面对中国润滑油行业的现状及发展趋势进行了分析。目前国外品牌依然占据我国润滑油的高端市场,但随着我国润滑油技术的进步,国内品牌润滑油正在逐渐取代国外品牌润滑油的垄断地位,市场占有率不断提升,预计在未来的5年内,我国自主润滑油的国内市场占有率将达到65%,将实现润滑油品牌的战略化转移。

页岩油储层环保型高性能水基钻井液体系研究及应用

为了满足页岩油储层钻井对钻井液环保性能的要求,以环保型页岩抑制剂HBY-S和环保型复合润滑剂HBR-L为主要处理剂,并结合其他环保型处理剂,研制出了一种适合页岩油储层钻井的环保型高性能水基钻井液体系。室内对钻井液体系的耐温性能、抗污染性能和环保性能进行了评价,结果表明:体系具有良好的耐温性能,经过160℃老化后钻井液体系的高温高压滤失量为9.6mL,岩屑滚动回收率可以达到90.6%,润滑系数为0.089;体系具有较强的抗污染能力,钻井液中加入10%NaCl、1.0%CaCl_(2)或者15%岩屑粉时流变性能和滤失性能均比较稳定;体系的环保性能优良,钻井液的EC_(50)值为85000(无毒),BOD_(5)/COD值为26.5%(易降解),重金属含量均低于行业标准值。环保型高性能水基钻井液在某页岩油区块水平井钻井过程中进行了成功应用,其中DG-1井钻井期间未出现井下复杂事故,现场钻井液性能稳定,环保性能达标,实现了安全高效钻井的目标,在页岩油水平井钻井中具有良好的推广应用前景。

高性能机油净化碳基复合定型滤芯研制与应用

针对目前机油滤清器滤芯存在的机油净化性能差、使用寿命短等问题,通过活性炭与聚氨酯经插嵌微发泡复合定型,研发首创出具有开孔型微泡网状结构碳基复合定型滤芯,并研究其性能。结果表明,碳基复合定型滤芯属于过滤-吸附双效深层体型滤材,阻力小、流量大;通过开孔型微泡网状结构过滤作用和碳材料吸附作用的协同效应,显著提升机油净化性能、延长使用寿命;与德国马勒纸质滤清器相比,碳基复合滤清器在汽车90 km/h等速行驶测试中节约燃油达3.80%,4辆实车、累计66801公里行驶验证,碳基复合滤清器节约燃油3.17~3.33%。碳基复合滤清器节油效果显著,大规模推广与应用将产生巨大的经济效益和社会效益。