Hydrocarbon accumulation characteristics in basement reservoirs and exploration targets of deep basement reservoirs in onshore China

Based on the global basement reservoir database and the dissection of basement reservoirs in China,the characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in basement reservoirs are analyzed,and the favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation in deep basement reservoirs are investigated to highlight the exploration targets.The discovered basement reservoirs worldwide are mainly buried in the Archean and Precambrian granitic and metamorphic formations with depths less than 4500 m,and the relatively large reservoirs have been found in rift,back-arc and foreland basins in tectonic active zones of the Meso-Cenozoic plates.The hydrocarbon accumulation in basement reservoirs exhibits the characteristics in three aspects.First,the porous-fractured reservoirs with low porosity and ultra-low permeability are dominant,where extensive hydrocarbon accumulation occurred during the weathering denudation and later tectonic reworking of the basin basement.High resistance to compaction allows the physical properties of these highly heterogeneous reservoirs to be independent of the buried depth.Second,the hydrocarbons were sourced from the formations outside the basement.The source-reservoir assemblages are divided into contacted source rock-basement and separated source rock-basement patterns.Third,the abnormal high pressure in the source rock and the normal–low pressure in the basement reservoirs cause a large pressure difference between the source rock and the reservoirs,which is conducive to the pumping effect of hydrocarbons in the deep basement.The deep basement prospects are mainly evaluated by the factors such as tectonic activity of basement,source-reservoir combination,development of large deep faults(especially strike-slip faults),and regional seals.The Precambrian crystalline basements at the margin of the intracontinental rifts in cratonic basins,as well as the Paleozoic folded basements and the Meso-Cenozoic fault-block basements adjacent to the hydrocarbon generation depressions,have favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation,and thus they are considered as the main targets for future exploration of deep basement reservoirs.

Characterization of Aquifers in Crystalline and Crystallophyll Basement Zones Using the Electrical Resistivity Method (Trails and Electrical Soundings) in the Gagnoa Region, (Central-Western Côte d’Ivoire)

Introduction: Located in the central-western part of Côte d’Ivoire, the subsoil of the Gagnoa region is made up of sedimentary volcano formations and granitoids with developed fracturing. This complex Precambrian basement contains most of the region’s water resources. This is at the origin of the high failure rate during the various hydrogeological prospecting campaigns. Methodology: The database consists of resistivities from 42 holes and 51 trails drilled as part of the implementation of high-throughput drilling in the study area. The objective of this study is to deepen the knowledge of the fissured basement by interpreting profile curves and electrical soundings. It will be a question of classifying the different types of anomalies obtained on the profiles and their shapes. The orientation of the lineaments observed on the profiles was determined. Results: The interpretation of the geophysical data revealed various anomalies, the main ones being of the CC (Conductor Compartment) and CEDP (Contact between two bearings) types. These types of anomalies are mainly expressed in various forms: the “V”, “W” and “U” shapes. From these anomalies and the appearance of the electrical profiles, lineaments and their orientations were identified with N90-100, N130-140, N170-180 as major orientations. Conclusion: These results could contribute to a better understanding of the fractured environment of the Gagnoa region.

Early Paleozoic basement diorite of arc-magmatism from Kutch basin, Western India

In this study,we report for thefirst time an Early Palaeozoic basement diorite from the drilled well Nirona-A in the Banni Half-Graben of the Kutch basin,western India.The 40Ar–39Ar dates provided a plateau age of 441.84±2.66 Ma and another pseudo plateau of 441.28±5.82 to 388.08±16.65 Ma for the basement diorite.These ages constrain the basement formation age to the Late Ordovician-Early Silurian period.The obtained basement ages are correlatable with the later part of Cambro-Ordovician alkaline magmatism that has been reported from the Huqf area in Central Oman,whereas their lithological and petrographic correlativity with base-ment diorites occurring in the Dinsi Body of Nagar Parkar igneous complex in Pakistan can also be envisaged.The geochemical studies characterized the diorite with enrich-ment of LILE(Rb,Ba,and K)and LREE(La,Ce,Nd),strong depletion of HFSE(Nb,Sr,P,and Ti),along with weakly negative Eu anomalies.The geochemical signatures indicate their petrogenetic affiliation with mantle-derived magmas,as well as their tectonic setting to be arc-related,having post-collisional continental-arc type affinity.The*440 Ma basement of Kutch,therefore,appears to rep-resent the later thermal event associated with the reworked Neoproterozoic subduction-related suite from Greater India’s northwest edge,which has implications for Gond-wana assembly in the northwest Indian subcontinent.

Water Quality on the Basement Areas in Kouba-Adougoul and Its Surroundings, Guera Province, Chad

Water is an essential element for all forms of life. The quantity and quality of water are a problem in places. In Kouba Adougoul and its surroundings in south guera, water-related health problems are reported. That is why this study focuses on the quality of water in the basement areas, of Kouba Adougoul. Our objective is to contribute to a better understanding of water of human consumption in these areas for this, we carried out a physicochemical and bacteriological control on a number water point. Ten water points were collected during May 2022 for analysis. To achieve this objective, we made the in-situ analysis of physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, and temperature. These measurements were made using the multi-parameter kit. The result shows that, the water temperatures vary from 24.4˚C to 27.4˚C proving that the waters are from deep depths. For the use of these waters, it is necessary to take certain precautions. The pH values varied between 6.15 and 7.78, an average of 6.77 giving some waters an aggressive character. It was low mineralized, with electrical conductivity averages ranging from 182.1 to 2100 μS/cm−1 an average of 586.36 μS/cm−1. For the chemical parameters, it is by hydrometric titration that the content of the ions was determined. The determination of the various coliforms in these waters was carried out by its various methods which led to detecting that the waters of Kouba Adougoul are turbid, and present high proportions of nitrates, iron and ammonium. The presence of pathogenic germs, such as total coliforms and thermo-tolerant coliforms in these waters, has been demonstrated. For their consumption, these waters deserve treatment beforehand. In the study area, the anthropogenic activities are considered the most serious sources of groundwater.

Oil Source and Entrapment Epoch of the Ordovician Oil Reservoir in the Kongxi Burial-Hill Zone, Huanghua Depression, North China

An oil flow obtained from the Middle Ordovician Fengfeng Formation carbonate reservoir in the well KG-3, Kongxi burial-hill zone in 1993 marked a breakthrough in petroleum exploration of the high-mature Lower Palaeozoic strata, North China. Both the Lower member of the Fengfeng Formation and the Second Member of the Upper Majiagou Formation in the Middle Ordovician are supposed to be the main source beds. Oil generation peaks range from 1.0% to 1.6% in Ro, showing a “lag effect” of oil generation in high-mature carbonate source rocks under multicyclic tectonic movement conditions. The Kongxi burial-hill zone adjoins a potential Ordovician source kitchen. The KG-3 Ordovician burial-hill reservoir has undergone two oil filling events, i.e., an early event in the Late Carboniferous-Permian and a more significant late event in the early Eogene.

Zircon U-Pb geochronology,Hf isotopes,and geochemistry constraints on the age and tectonic affinity of the basement granitoids from the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South China Sea

Studies in the northern South China Sea(SCS)basement remain important for understanding the evolution of the Southeast Asian continental margin.Due to a thick cover of sediments and scarce borehole penetration,little is known about the age and tectonic affinity of this basement.In this study,an integrated study of zircon U-Pb geochronology,Hf isotopes,and whole-rock major and trace elements on seven basement granitoids from seven boreholes of Qiongdongnan Basin has been carried out.New zircon U-Pb results for these granitoids present middle-late Permian((270.0±1.2)Ma;(253±3.4)Ma),middle to late Triassic((246.2±3.4)Ma;(239.3±0.96)Ma;(237.9±0.99)Ma;(228.9±1.0)Ma)and Late Cretaceous ages((120.6±0.6)Ma).New data from this study,in combination with the previous dataset,indicates that granitoid ages in northern SCS basement vary from 270 Ma to 70.5 Ma,with three age groups of 270–196 Ma,162–142 Ma,and 137–71 Ma,respectively.Except for the late Paleozoic-Mesozoic rocks in the basement of the northern SCS,a few old zircon grains with the age of(2708.1±17)Ma to(2166.6±19)Ma provide clues to the existence of the pre-Proterozoic components.The geochemical signatures indicate that the middle Permian-early Cretaceous granitoids from the Qiongdongnan Basin are I-type granites formed in a volcanic arc environment,which were probably related to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.

Ultra-deep carbonate basement reservoirs formed by polyphase fracture-related karstification in the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin, China

The Palaeozoic carbonate basement of the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin (OBBB) presents considerable potential for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the multistage tectonism and complex superimposed palaeo-karstification in the area are unclear, which leads to a lack of understanding on the formation mechanism and distribution of the deep carbonate basement reservoirs. In this study, the occurrence of a fracture-vug network and its fillings in carbonate reservoirs were investigated based on borehole cores, thin sections, and image logs from the southwestern slope of the OBBB's Bozhong Sag. Then the diagenetic fluid properties of the carbonate matrix and fillings were analysed via the data of carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes, and major, rare elements from coring intervals. The results revealed that fracture-related karst reservoirs have lithologic selectivity inclined toward dolomite strata. The intersecting relationships, widths, and strikes of the fractures and the regional tectonic background indicate three structural fracture families: NW-, NNE-, and NNW- trending, related to the Indosinian, middle Yanshanian, and late Yanshanian orogeny, respectively. The Indosinian NW- and end-Mesozoic NNE-trending fractures produced by compressional tectonic stress mainly contributed to the formation of the basement reservoirs. The geochemistry of the calcite veins filling these fractures suggests two main types of diagenetic fluids. The fluid of autogenic recharge related to the earlier fills is karstification diffuse flow dominated by internal runoff from rainfall in the highland setting of the Indosinian thrusting orogenic belt. The other fluid of allogenic recharge related to the later fills is the main lateral freshwater flow dominated by external runoff from the catchment in the setting of the horst-lowland within the rifting basin, induced by the Yanshanian destruction of the North China Craton. Finally, the relationship between the three fracture families and two kinds of related fluids is revealed. This allows us to propose a model to understand the polyphase-superimposed fracture-related karst reservoir complexes within the deep carbonate basement of tilting fault blocks that neighbour the Bozhong hydrocarbon kitchen and predict the formation of potential plays with high accuracy.

Discovery of~2.5 Ga zircon U-Pb age from the diabase,Ar Horqin Banner Area,Inner Mongolia:Implications for Neoarchean crystalline basement of Bainaimiao Arc Belt

1.Objective The Bainaimiao Arc Belt(BAB),one of the most important units of the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt(CAOB),locates along the northern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).There is a lack of understanding on the existence,scale,and affinity of the crystalline basement of the BAB.Based on the recent geochronologic studies.

Application of Spatial Techniques for the Identification of Discontinuous Aquifers of the Basement in Semi-Arid Environment: A Case of Bagzan Mount Plateau, Aïr Massif (North, Niger)

Bagzan mount is located in the Aïr massifs region. This locality, which is constituted only by the granites and volcanic formations, knows the difficulty of water supply that depends on rainfall. This present study has the objective of fracture mapping that allowed to the fractured aquifer in Bagzan mount. The methodological approach used has a treatment of Digital Elevation Model (DEM imagery), hydrogeological and geological approach in the field. This process allowed us to map the lineaments and elaborate a fracturing map after the validation stage. The fracturing map showed that the fractures network is distributed in the N70°-N80°, N60°-N70°, N50°-N60°, and two secondary directions N90°-N100° and N120°-N140°. These fracturing maps allowed us to have precious information in groundwater research in Bagzan mount, due to their geological and hydrogeological complexity.

Spatial Analysis of Gravity Data in the Basement of the Yaoundé-Yoko Area from the Global Gravity Model: Implication on the Sanaga Fault (South-Cameroon)

In this work, gravity anomalies from the XGM2016 global gravity model are used to study the basement of the Yaounde, Yoko area. The aim is to locate the characteristic tectonic faults and to characterize the geometry of the basement of these localities in order to improve the knowledge of the structural and tectonic basement of the study area. Numerical filters (vertical gradient, horizontal gradient, upward continuation) and Euler deconvolution were applied to the gravity anomalies respectively for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of the qualitative analysis allowed us to establish the lineament map of the study area;ranging from 0 to 35 km depth. For the quantitative analysis, the work is done in two parts: 1) highlighting the distribution of depths of geological structures in the basement of the study area;2) 2D1/2 modeling of geological structures to highlight the geometry of the basement of Yaounde, Yoko area. Thus, from five suitably selected profiles, the established models reveal the presence of eight blocks of geological structures of different densities and analyze their implications on the Sanaga Fault. Moreover, the models show that the positive anomalies characteristics for the Sanaga Fault reflect the anomalous character due to the strong dominance of the shale intrusion in the basement.

基岩油气成藏特征与中国陆上深层基岩油气勘探方向

基于全球基岩油气藏数据库和中国基岩油气藏解剖,深入分析基岩油气成藏特征,探讨深层基岩油气成藏的有利条件和勘探方向。研究表明:全球已发现的基岩油气田主要分布在埋深小于4500 m的中浅层,层位以太古宇和前寒武系为主,储集层岩性以花岗岩和变质岩为主;规模较大的基岩油气田主要分布在中新生代构造运动活跃的裂谷盆地、弧后盆地和前陆盆地。基岩油气成藏特征主要表现为:(1)以孔隙-裂缝型低孔特低渗储集层为主,非均质性强,强抗压实作用导致储集层物性不受埋深控制,规模成储期为盆地基底风化剥蚀期及后期构造改造期;(2)他源供烃,成藏组合可划分为烃源岩-基岩接触型和烃源岩-基岩分离型两大类;(3)烃源岩异常高压和基岩储集层常压-低压,导致烃源岩与储集层之间存在较大的压力差,有利于深层基岩抽吸成藏。基底构造活动性、成藏组合关系、深大断裂(尤其走滑断裂)发育程度及区域性盖层等是深层基岩选区评价的主要参数;古老克拉通盆地陆内裂谷边缘的前寒武系结晶基底、紧邻生烃凹陷的古生代褶皱基底和中新生代块断基底,均具有较好的成藏条件,是未来深层基岩油气勘探的主要方向。

Contribution of Geophysical Prospecting (1D) to Characterize a Precambrian Basement Aquifers Agadez Region (North, Niger)

In the A?r massif, and more particularly in the Iférouane area, the basement is flush. Thus, the essential of water resources is contained in the discontinuous aquifers of basement. Indeed, the weathered and cracked basement is an excellent reservoir of groundwater. The objective of this study is to determine the areas favorable to establishment of productive drilling in the village of Ebourkoum. A methodological approach based on the combination of remote sensing and geophysics methods was implemented. The fracturing map developed highlighted three main accidents of directions N0° - N10°, N30° - N50° and N130° - N140° in the said locality. The geophysical investigation mainly electrical prospecting has allowed to locate structures with high hydraulic potential below alluvium and alterites. Subsequently, drilling will be carried out in the areas retained.

中国中西部含油气盆地超深层油气成藏条件与勘探潜力分析

随着油气工业发展,向深层超深层领域进军已成为常规油气勘探开发的主要趋势。通过对中国中西部含油气盆地超深层油气勘探与研究进展的深入分析,明确深层超深层油气成藏的有利条件,指出中西部叠合盆地的海相碳酸盐岩、碎屑岩、基岩及火山岩3大领域是未来超深层油气勘探重点领域,超深层元古界是值得勘探重视的潜在领域,并指出超深层油气地质理论与关键技术的攻关方向。研究表明:(1)克拉通盆地海相碳酸盐岩发育以多套海相烃源岩、白云岩和断控型缝洞体等规模储集层、3类有利成藏组合,是寻找碳酸盐岩大油气田的重点领域;(2)前陆盆地下组合发育以煤系为主的湖相优质烃源岩、(扇)三角洲砂体为主的规模储集层、大型构造圈闭,是寻找碎屑岩大油气田的重点领域;(3)以花岗岩和变质岩为主的基岩储集层不受埋深限制,源岩-基岩接触型成藏组合最有利,紧邻生烃凹陷及大型走滑断裂带的基岩潜山是深层-超深层基岩油气藏勘探的重点领域;(4)中新元古界受超大陆裂解及全球冰期影响,发育受陆内裂陷控制的优质烃源岩,资源潜力较大,未来勘探地位值得重视。

南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间的重新认定

由于磁异常条带识别的不确定性而使其具有多解性,因此对于应用磁异常条带对比得出的南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间一直存在较大的争议。随着南海勘探活动的不断深入和资料的大量积累,有必要对这一重要问题给予重新认定。最新研究发现:南海中央海盆初始扩张区域的南、北边缘发育晚始新世-早渐新世(T7-Tog)沉积层序,说明洋壳基底之上的最早沉积层年代要老于原来认识的32-33Ma。在南海,持续时间长、活动强烈、形成近东-西向构造体系的变革运动发生时间为40Ma左右。南海陆缘不整合面对比证实,将T8界面(37.2-40Ma)作为南海初始扩张的破裂不整合面更为准确。由此得出结论,南海中央海盆海底初始扩张时间应为39-40Ma左右。

基于三维剩余密度结构的松原地震成因

自2006年以来松原市乾安县与宁江区地震频发,成为东北地震活动最为频繁的区域,目前对两地的发震构造和地震成因的认识存在严重分歧,制约了地震危险性评价与预防工作的开展。文中通过对区域重力数据进行非线性共轭梯度聚焦反演,获得了松原震区的三维剩余密度结构,结合石油井震资料,获得了如下认识:1)研究区的剩余密度异常呈高低相间的带状分布,南部异常走向为NNW,北部异常转变为NNE向,该特征反映出乾安震区和宁江震区的深部孕震环境不同,前者震源位于查干花高密度异常体内及其边缘,后者震源位于松原低密度异常带中部,指示两地震源位置的岩性不同;2)两者的发震构造不相同,前者受控于查干花断裂和乾安断裂,后者受控于松原断裂和扶余北断裂;3)地震的形成与区域应力,基底结构,深部气、流体运移和长期油气开采等因素有关。长期注水采油破坏了地质结构和应力环境,可能是重要的地震诱发因素。

地下室上浮破坏力学特征分析

地下室上浮事故屡见不鲜,但对于其破坏机理及力学特征的研究较少。本文用有限元软件建立三类典型的空间模型,对比上浮工况与设计工况下结构内力的变化。结果表明:地下室上浮后梁柱内力发生较大变化,导致梁柱产生众多水平裂缝和斜裂缝;裂缝在靠近主楼部位的地下室结构出现较多,在地下室上浮中心区域出现较少;梁柱斜裂缝底端指向上浮中心区域;基础所受冲切力增加,冲切破坏可能性增大。地下室上浮后,可根据破坏特征推断上浮中心区域,也可据此采取针对性的处理措施。

考虑土−结构相互作用的地下室层对高层建筑地震反应影响研究

当前建筑抗震设计中往往忽略了地下室层及土−结构相互作用(soil-structure interaction,简称SSI)效应的影响,研究旨在通过振动台试验和数值模拟,研究考虑SSI效应时不同地下室层数的高层建筑在不同地震作用下的地震反应。首先选择相似系数λ(λ=1:50)进行缩尺模型的振动台试验,以模拟真实建筑的地震反应。为了模拟复杂的结构系统,利用PLAXIS 3D对有无SSI效应的缩尺模型和真实模型分别进行了数值模拟。试验和数值模拟的结果取得了很好的精确度并具有良好的一致性,同时也验证了所选相似系数λ=1:50足以反映不同地震作用下建筑的真实情况。通过对试验和数值模拟的结果进行分析,发现SSI效应和地下室对高层建筑的地震反应的影响显著。虽然目前大多数规范都认为SSI效应会减小建筑的剪力,增加相对侧向位移,但研究发现,在某些情况下SSI效应会增加建筑的剪力和相对侧向位移。

乍得基岩注气井膨胀管悬挂二次完井技术

乍得油田潜山基岩油藏面临油井低压低产的问题,需要开展注气补充地层能量以提高油井产量,但裸眼开发井转投注气井后,出现上部层系出砂填埋储层的问题。为此,下入膨胀管悬挂器结合裸眼封隔器等组成的下部完井管柱,在乍得BX20井进行二次完井技术先导试验。现场试验结果表明:设计的二次完井管柱一次入井到位,整个作业周期为10 d,较传统二次完井平均施工作业周期减少7 d,节省修井作业费用超20万美元;该井完井后能够有效地封固和保护套管免受注气高压的破坏,有效解决裸眼注气井井筒完整性问题,试注气压力达到20 MPa,注气量达到2000 m^(3)/h。该完井工艺的成功实施解决了乍得油田注气井完井问题,对同类油田的开发具有先导示范作用。

四川盆地东缘寒武系盐下油气勘探领域探讨

地球物理资料显示四川盆地东缘齐岳山附近寒武系高台组膏盐岩层下深部存在逆冲构造,其形成过程以及油气地质意义未见深入研究。笔者等综合四川盆地东部石柱地区线束三维和建南地区二维地震反射资料,并结合钻井资料以及区域地质研究成果,从构造继承性的角度探讨四川盆地震旦系灯影组台缘带类型,并分析了川东地区寒武系盐下油气圈闭特征。研究获得如下认识:①川东齐岳山北段构造变形强烈,普遍发育基底卷入构造,构造样式受青白口纪—南华纪裂谷与转换带构造位置的控制。②依据构造继承关系将盆内灯影组台缘带划分为德阳—安岳地区原生型台缘带、万源—达州地区继承型台缘带以及石柱地区继承—改造型台缘带。③依据青白口纪—南华纪裂谷的分布和后期构造作用影响大小,认为沿齐岳山向南至南川一带存在与石柱地区相似的灯影组继承—改造型台缘带,忠县、南川以西存在灯影组继承型台缘带。④研究区新元古界—下寒武统烃源岩、灯影组—龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层与寒武系膏盐岩层系构成完整的生储盖组合。⑤寒武系盐下基底逆冲可形成成排、成带的构造,与灯影组继承—改造型台缘带、龙王庙组滩相白云岩储层配置,形成断层相关的构造—岩性圈闭带,成为川东地区油气规模聚集有利区。研究认为四川盆地东部石柱地区震旦纪—早寒武世早期继承了青白口纪—南华纪裂谷构造特征,燕山期构造反转,高台组盐下形成基底卷入逆冲构造,具备生储盖等基本石油地质条件,具有重要的油气勘探现实意义。

快通水泥混凝土路面与水泥稳定基层建造新技术

文中针对水泥混凝土路面与基层快速建造、提早通车运营的难题,将其他建筑混凝土工程中的早强混凝土应用于公路水泥混凝土路面工程,并参照美国ACPA水泥混凝土路面协会相关技术,提出了我国快通水泥混凝土路面的定义、建造技术和基本技术要求,以期实现我国公路水泥混凝土路面工程在建造和养生中少堵车、不堵车、快速畅通的目的,为我国公路交通建设及路面建造、养生、运营做出贡献。