Electric, Magnetic and Gravitation Field of the Earth

In the article a theory of the origin of the magnetic field of the Earth (MFE) caused by the phenomenon of ferromagnetism in the mantle has been proposed. Due to the pressure the mantle substance changes from the dielectric state to the metal one. As a result, there appear free electrons, whose magnetic moment leads to the formation of the magnetic field of the Earth. The above phase transition manifests itself by the Moho. It is proposed that not only the measurement of the dipole component of the magnetic field be made, as it is done nowadays, but also that of the quadrupole and octapole components. These measurements will provide information on the origin of the MFE and its distribution through the Earth volume. It has been shown that the electric field of the Earth (EFE) cannot be produced by the movement of the mobile charges in principle. The EFE is produced by bound electrons. A hypothesis has been proposed that the electric constant has different values for the proton-proton, electron-electron and proton-electron interactions. The relative value of this difference is quite small of the order of 10-28 and, for this reason, it has not been found experimentally. The difference in the interaction results in gravitation, the attraction of the electroneutral masses. Gravitation is a variety of electrostatics. As a result of this difference, the electrons are gravitationally stronger attracted to the electroneutral mass than the protons. The gravitating mass attracts surplus electrons, which lead to the formation of the EFE. In the atmosphere around the negatively charged Earth there are positive charges screening the Earth charge. This state is equilibrium;the positive charge of the atmosphere cannot penetrate into the condensed substance and neutralize the surplus negative charge of the Earth, which would increase the system energy.

Dependence of Gravity Induced Absorption Changes on the Earth’s Magnetic Field as Measured during Parabolic Flight Campaigns

Various spectroscopic experiments performed on the AIRBUS ZERO G—located in Bordeaux, France—in the years 2002 to 2012 exhibit minute optical reflection/absorption changes (GIACs) as a result of gravitational changes between 0 and 1.8 g in various biological species such as maize, oats, Arabidopsis and particularly Phycomyces sporangiophores. During a flight day, the AIRBUS ZERO G conducts 31 parabolas, each of which lasts about three minutes including a period of 22 s of weightlessness. So far, we participated in 11 parabolic flight campaigns including more than 1000 parabolas performing various kinds of experiments. During our campaigns, we observed an unexplainable variability of the measuring signals (GIACs). Using GPS-positioning systems and three dimensional magnetic field sensors, these finally were traced back to the changing earth’s magnetic field associated with the various flight directions. This is the first time that the interaction of gravity and the Earth’ magnetic field in the primary induction process in living system has been observed.

A Simple Mechanism for Generating a Geomagnetic Field

On the basis of the ideal gas model, the polarization of charges in the mantle was obtained, a physical and mathematical model was constructed, and estimated calculations of the dipole mode of the Earth’s magnetic field were performed, taking into account the speed of its angular rotation, the parameters of density and temperature, the chemical composition, the ionization potential, the dielectric constant and the percentage of the main chemical compounds of the mantle substance.

Earth’s Magnetic Field—The Key to Global Warming

It is commonly known that the climate debate suffers due to a lack of knowledge about the cause and effect relationship between a number of climatic temperature variations that have occurred in history without being able to blame human emission of greenhouse gas in any way. Only when we are willing to give up the idea that there is a geodynamo deep inside of the Earth being responsible for the Earth’s magnetic field and when we get back to the idea that the origin of the magnetic field is simply ferromagnetic, will it be possible to establish two different cause and effect connections that are suitable to explain why there is an acknowledged coincidence between climatic temperature variations and an intensive, proportional variation in the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. Such insight may easily prove to be decisive at a time when many people can no longer differentiate between politics, mass hysteria, presumptions and actual knowledge. When there are requirements that a solution to climatic temperature variations must contain the solution to the coincidence mentioned, two possible scenarios exist. The one possibility (although not very likely) that is suitable to solve the mysterious coincidence is that mainly the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean is heated from within (from the interior of the Earth) and that variations in the Earth’s emission of heat cause primarily all of Europe to have witnessed warm winters for decades. The one possible cause and effect connection may (in theory) be that inner heat in the Earth’s crust can loosen frozen, ferromagnetic structures, thereby drive the Earth’s ferromagnetic, magnetic field to restructure and be reorganised from periodically being a chaotic, magnetic field to periodically being a well-structured, ferromagnetic field. The connection between magnetism and thermal impact is already commonly known. The other and somewhat more likely cause and effect connection is building on Henrik Svensmark’s (and teams) theory that says that variations in the cosmic radiation reaching the Earth depend on the strength of the Sun’s magnetic field and that this radiation contributes to creating aerosols, thereby variations in the cloud formation. Solar storms contribute to temporarily strengthening the Earth’s magnetic field. The question is whether these contributions could also periodically have a long-term effect on the Earth’s magnetic field. In that case, this may explain the reason for the above-mentioned coincidence.

Secular Effect of Geomagnetic Field and Gravitational Waves on Earth’s Satellite Orbits

In this work we study the perturbation and the change in the orbital elements due to the earth’s magnetic field and the gravitational waves. The acceleration components are derived in the radial, transverse to it and normal to the orbital plane. The equation for the rates of variation of the elements is formed and solved to find the secular variation in the element for polar and equatorial satellites.

Magnetic Structure of the Earth’s Crust in the White Sea Region

The geological structure of the White Sea area and the surrounding land areas has been well studied in the framework of individual case studies. There are a number of local models of the deep structure of the Earth’s crust available. We propose a uniform assessment of deep crustal bodies responsible for long-period (regional) magnetic anomalies and consider their correlation with surface structures. The aim of the study is to build a three-dimensional magnetic model of the Earth’s crust in the White Sea region using aeromagnetic data and modeling technologies of the Integro software package. The model is formed on the basis of a digital map of the anomalous magnetic field reduced to the pole. The sources of magnetic anomalies are considered to be located in the Earth’s crust. The 3D distribution of the relative magnetic susceptibility of rocks was obtained by solving the inverse problem of the magnetic survey. To separate the magnetic sources by frequency and depth, it was necessary to continue the magnetic field of the model upward and to calculate the TDR derivatives, which determine the lateral boundaries of the sources of positive magnetic field anomalies. 2D distributions of magnetic sources of the model for vertical and horizontal sections with depths of 10, 15 and 20 km are analyzed. The correlation between the surface and deep structures of magnetic sources of the Earth’s crust in the region is shown.

Magnetic Isotope Theory of the Origin of Life on Earth

The authors have proposed a new of magnetic isotope theory of life on Earth. According to this theory the initial impetus for the beginning of the synthesis of organic compounds is the impact of electromagnetic radiation from the sun and energy radioactive isotopes.

Interplay of iron and rare-earth magnetic order in rare-earth iron pnictide superconductors under magnetic field

The magnetic properties of iron pnictide superconductors with magnetic rare-earth ions under strong magnetic field are investigated based on the cluster self-consistent field method. Starting from an effective Heisenberg model, we present the evolution of magnetic structures on magnetic field in RFeAsO（R = Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, and Tb） and RFe_2As_2（R =Eu） compounds. It is found that spin-flop transition occurs in both rare-earth and iron layers under magnetic field, in good agreement with the experimental results. The interplay between rare-earth and iron spins plays a key role in the magneticfield-driven magnetic phase transition, which suggests that the rare-earth layers can modulate the magnetic behaviors of iron layers. In addition, the factors that affect the critical magnetic field for spin-flop transition are also discussed.

Design and analysis of the Macao Science Satellite-1's laser retro-reflector array

The origin and spatial-temporal variation of the Earth’s magnetic field(EMF)is one of the important scientific problems that has long been unsolved.The Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)under construction is China’s first high-precision EMF measurement satellite.To satisfy the highly precise requirements of the MSS-1 orbit measurement,a light,high-precision,four-prism laser retroreflector array was designed.It weighs approximately 285 g,its effective reflection area is greater than 1.77 cm^(2),and its size is 100×100×41 mm.The laser retro-reflector array has excellent performance,and it can achieve a ranging precision at the subcentimeter level for satellite laser ranging.It will be developed and installed on the MSS-1 as a power-free load for high-precision orbit measurement and accurate orbit calibration.The MSS-1 is planned to be brought into the International Laser Ranging Service observations.More than 31satellite laser ranging stations in the International Laser Ranging Service around the world will be able to measure the MSS-1 with long arcs,which will support the scientific mission of high-precision EMF exploration.

Just a Bit of Physics Can Tell So Much: A Unique Story of the Start of the Earth-Moon System

The start of the Earth-Moon system has been studied to show that this was an exceptionally violent event. One result was that Earth became the terrestrial planet with the highest average density. Another result was that Earth acquired enough mass and radioactive elements that it is expected to maintain a molten core region and magnetic field for the expected life of the Earth. Earth alone of the terrestrial planets was then able to develop plate tectonics as a long term energy release mechanism. The dipole magnetic field of the Sun reverses periodically, currently at the rate of about every 11 years, so that there was a magnetic braking action acting on the core of Venus that accounts for the slow rotation of that planet. A key result is that the impact event that resulted in the Earth-Moon system led to long term stability on Earth that allowed the eventual development of complex life forms on the Earth.

Numerical simulation of the sensor output on Macao Science Satellite-1

Macao Science Satellite-1(MSS-1)will be launched at the early of 2023 into a near-circular orbit.The mission is designed to measure the Earth’s geomagnetic field with unpreceded accuracy through a new perspective.The most important component installed on the satellite,to ensure high accuracy,is the deployable boom(Optical Bench).A Vector Field Magnetometer(VFM),an Advanced Stellar Compass(ASC),and a Couple Dark State Magnetometers(CDSM)are deployed on the deployable boom.In order to maximize the mission’s scientific output,a numerical simulator on MSS-1’s deployable boom was required to evaluate the adaptability of all devices on the deployable boom and assist the satellite’s data pre-processing.This paper first briefly describes the synthesis of the Earth’s total magnetic field and then describes the method simulating the output of scalar and vector magnetometers.Finally,the calibration method is applied to the synthetic magnetometer data to analyze the possible noise/error of the relevant instruments.Our results show that the simulator can imitate the disturbance of different noise sources or errors in the measuring system,and is especially useful for the satellite’s data processing group.

Large magnetic-field-induced strains in rare earth polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga

The magnetic-field-induced strains (MFIS) of polycrystallineNi_(50)Mn_(29)Ga_(21) alloys containing Tb were studied. A large MFIS of -1.10% was obtained undercompressi ve prestress conditions. The addition of Tb can fine the crystal grains, enhance thebending strength obviously, and make MFIS increase further, indicating that a moderate amount of Tbdoes not hinder twin boundary motion and it conversely makes the material more practical.

Effects of Magnetic Field on Fracture of Al-Li Alloy Containing Ce rium

The effects of magnetic field on fracture feature and microstructure of Al-Li a lloys containing Ce were investigated. Experiment results show that the fracture features and the microstructures are changed with the magnetic field. The fract ure surface of the alloys is mainly quasi-cleavage without applying magnetic fi eld. With a magnetic field, the fracture of quasi-cleavage changes to more second ary cracks and less quasi-cleavage plates on fracture surface. Grains become thinner and uniform with applying magnetic field. The influence of magnetic f ield on atom diffusion was discussed.

Theory of Electromagnetism and Gravity —Modeling Earth as a Rotating Solenoid Coil

Presented in this manuscript are conventional electrical engineering tools to model the earth as a rotating electrical machine. Calculations using known parameters of the earth and measured field data has resulted in new understanding of the earth’s electrical system and gyroscopic rotation. The material makeup of the inner earth is better understood based on derived permeability and permittivity constants. The planet has been modeled as simple coils and then as a parallel impedance circuit which has led to fundamental insight into planetary speed control and RLC combination for Schumann Resonance of 7.83 Hz. Torque and Voltage Constants and the inverse Speed Constant are calculated using three methods and all compare favorably with Newton’s Gravitational Constant. A helical resonator is referenced and Schumann’s Resonant ideal frequency is calculated and compared with others idealism. A new theory of gravity based on particle velocity selector at the poles is postulated. Two equations are presented as the needed links between Faraday’s electromagnetism and Newtonian physics. Acceleration and Deceleration of earth is explained as a centripetal governor. A new equation for planetary attraction and the attraction of atomic matter is theorized. Rotation of the earth’s electrical coil is explained in terms of the Richardson effect. Electric power transfer from the sun to the planets is proposed via Flux Transfer Events. The impact of this evolving science of electromagnetic modeling of planets will be magnified as the theory is proven, and found to be useful for future generations of engineers and scientists who seek to discover our world and other planets.

Mechanisms of Avian Magnetic Orientation

Among the most fascinating mysteries of life is the interaction between biological systems and the earth＇s magnetic field. Although earth＇s magnetism may have an under appreciated role in biological interpretations, it has been most extensively studied in the processes of avian orientation and migration. Many species of bird are known to have behavioral responses to the earth＇s and artificial magnetic fields. These responses may be mediated by a number of potential magneto-biochemical processes. The two most commonly investigated include a magnetosensitive magnetite rich region in the upper beak area and a photo/magnetoreception process in the eyes of various bird species. In addition to external magnetic stimuli, recent findings in visually restricted birds have described a hemispherically lateralized interpretation of this information within the brain. Even with these findings, a considerable amount of work is needed to clarify what information is processed and how it is used to create the bird＇s magnetic compass. This review focuses these recently published findings as a means to assess this intriguing phenomenon.

Anisotropy of rare-earth magnets

Rare-earth intermetallics such as Nd2Fe14B and Sm-Co are widely used as high-performance permanent magnets, because they combine high magnetocrystalline anisotropy with reasonable magnetization and Curie temperature. The anisotropy is a combined effect of spin-orbit coupling and electrostatic crystal-field interactions. The main contribution comes from the rare-earth 4f electrons, which are well-screened from the crystalline environment but exhibit a strong spin-orbit coupling. In this limit, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy has a very transparent physical interpretation, the anisotropy energy essentially being equal to the energy of Hund＇s-rules 4f ion in the crystal field. The corresponding expression for the lowest-order uniaxial anisotropy constant K1 is used to discuss rare-earth substitutions, which have recently attracted renewed interest due to shifts in the rare-earth production and demand. Specific phenomena reviewed in this article are the enhancement of the anisotropy of Sm2Fe17 due to interstitial nitrogen, the use of Sm-Co magnets for high-temperature applications, and the comparison of rare-earth single-ion anisotropy with other single-ion and two-ion mechanisms.

Martensitic Transformation and Magnetic-Field-Induced Strain in Ni-Mn-Ga-RE (RE=Tb, Sm) Alloys

The effects of microamount additions of RE (Tb, Sm) on martensitic transition, the magnetic-field-induced strain and the bending strength of highly textured polycrystalline Ni_(48)Mn_(33)Ga_(19) alloy were investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of RE elements decreases the martensitic transformation temperature and the Curie temperature. But the bending strength of Ni-Mn-Ga-RE (RE=Tb, Sm) alloys increases remarkably because of the grain refinement. As a result, Ni-Mn-Ga-RE alloys will be applied practically with higher reliability and stability due to favorable plasticity and toughness. In addition, the replacement of small amounts Ga by Tb or Sm decreases the magnetic-field-induced strain of the alloys at room temperature.

Effect of External Electric Field on Phase Selection and Stability of Amorphous(Nd_(0.1)Fe_(0.9))_3B Alloy

The effect of an external electric field on the crystallization behavior of amorphous (Nd0.1Fe0.9)(3) B alloy was investigated. The crystallization product of Nd2Fe23B3 phase was obtained for this amorphous alloy annealed at 923 K for 300 s in the presence of an external electric field of 300 kV .m(-1) (50 Hz); while the crystallization products are Nd1.1Fe4B4, alpha-Fe, and Fe3B phases under the same annealing condition except for free-electric field. On the other hand, the samples were annealed at 1023 K, which is higher than the decomposition temperature of metastable Nd2Fe23B3 phase, for 600 s. In the case of the presence of an external electric field, the metastable Nd2Fe23 B-3 phase, as a main phase, is still stayed in the sample. This fact suggests that the external electric field enhances the stabilization of the metastable Nd2Fe23B3 phase. The effect of the external electric field on the phase selection and stabilization was explained in terms of the specific conductance difference between the crystallization products.

Crystalline Electric Field Scheme of CeRh_2 Ga

The crystalline electric field (CEF) scheme of rare earth compound CeRh_2Ga was obtained by means of fitting the temperature dependence of inverse magnetic susceptibility. The CEF analysis shows that this compound has a doublet ground state. The first and second excited CEF doublet levels are estimated to be about 56 and 937 K, respectively. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data.

Structure and Magnetic Properties of Y(Fe_(1-x)Co_x)_ (11.3) Nb_(0.7)

The structure and magnetic properties of the intermetallic compounds Y(Fe 1- x Co x ) 11.3 Nb 0.7 ( x =0, 0 05, 0 1, 0 2) were studied by X ray diffraction and magnetic property measurements. X ray diffraction patterns and thermomagnetic curves show that all compounds almost exhibit single phase. All Y(Fe 1- x Co x ) 11.3 Nb 0.7 compounds ( x =0, 0 05, 0 1, 0 2) crystallize in ThMn 12 type structure. Substitution of Co for Fe leads to a clear increasing of Curie temperature and a monotonic decreasing of lattice constants. At room temperature the composition dependence of saturation magnetization exhibits a maximum at about x =0 1～0 2. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy field at room temperature at first increases and then decreases with the increasing of Co content.