Alleviating Water Scarcity in the Central Rift Valley Lakes through an Inter-Basin Water Transfer, Ethiopia

Demand for fresh water, as one of the major natural resources, is increasing rapidly with increasing development and environmental degradation. The continued abstraction of water from Lake Ziway and its main feeder rivers Meki and Katar for irrigation indicates that the water demand may soon exceed the supply. To illustrate disparities in spatial distribution of water resources, the Upper Awash sub-basin, which shares a water-divide with the CRVL sub-basin, has large flow volumes particularly in the rainy season and suffers with seasonal flooding. The rationale behind regaining the water in CRVL relies on this non-uniform spatial distribution of fresh water, calling for a balance between water surplus and deficit regions. For this reason, Inter Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) is suggested as a viable option to augment utilizable water resources of the Upper Awash sub-basin to reduce the significant pressure on the water supply of the rapidly developing urban and irrigation areas in the CRVL sub-basin. A water evaluation and planning (WEAP) model was used to quantify the amount of surplus water in the donor basin, when examining the hydrological dynamics of the basins. Furthermore, optimal flow diversion scenarios were generated by maintaining two baseline scenario constraints. The estimated surplus water in the rainy season is expected to contribute 18 million cubic meters (mcm), 88 mcm and 192 mcm in months June, July and August respectively under average conditions. The optimal amount of diverted water could potentially stabilize the environmental degradation of Lake Ziway and Lake Abijata by compensating for development-driven abstraction and surface water evaporation respectively.

Analysis of Asynchronism-Synchronism of Regional Precipitation in Inter-Basin Water Transfer Areas

The local characteristics of multi-dimensional random variables are seldom considered in the general modeling method of multivariate copula.A new modeling method,called pair-copula construction,is introduced to remedy this defect.Different types of copula distribution functions are allowed to be introduced in this method.Correspondingly,the related characteristics of complex multivariate can be described by a cascade of pair-copula acting on two variables at a time.In the analysis of asynchronism-synchronism of regional precipitation in WED interbasin water transfer areas,the pair-copula construction method is compared with the general modeling method of multivariate copula.The results show that the local dependence structure would exist among hydrologic variables even in three-dimensional cases.In this situation,the general modeling method of multivariate copula would face difficulties in fitting distribution.However,the pair-copula construction method could capture the local information of hydrologic variables efficiently by introducing different types of copula distribution functions.Moreover,the compensation capacity of water resources is strong in different hydrological areas of WED water transfer project.The asynchronous frequency of wetness and dryness is 69.64% and the favorable frequency for water transfer is 46.15%.

Financing Model Decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects

Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects require the appropriate financing model to attract large amounts of social investment.Therefore,financing model decision becomes the key of engineering construction.In three aspects,such as the subject,the object and the target of the financing model,Grey Target Model is established in this paper.First,the complex financing mode decision problems of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects are decomposed by using hierarchical decomposition method.Then Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) method is used to calculate the comprehensive weight of evaluation index.Experts' opinions financing model are transformed into the evaluation matrix based on the Dephi method.The Weighted Grey Target Model is used to calculate the approaching degree of financing model and assists financing mode decision.In addition,this paper takes the water diversion project from the Han to the Wei River of Shaanxi Province as a verification example for the model.For other water diversion projects,the evaluation results are also reliable and provide theoretical references for the financing model decision of Inter-basin Water Transfer Projects.

Inter-basin water transfer-supply model and risk analysis with consideration of rainfall forecast information

This paper develops a new inter-basin water transfer-supply and risk assessment model with consideration of rainfall forecast information. Firstly, based on the current state of reservoir and rainfall forecast information from the global forecast system (GFS), the actual diversion amount can be determined according to the inter-basin water transfer rules with the decision tree method; secondly, the reservoir supply operation system is used to distribute water resource of the inter-basin water transfer reservoir; finally, the integrated risk assessment model is built by selecting the reliability of water transfer, the reliability (water shortage risk), the resiliency and the vulnerability of water supply as risk analysis indexes. The case study shows that the inter-basin water transfer-supply model with rainfall forecast information considered can reduce the comprehensive risk and improve the utilization efficiency of water resource, as compared with conventional and optimal water distribution models.

Multi-reservoir joint operating rule in inter-basin water transfer-supply project

The joint operation of inter-basin water transfer-supply(IBWTS)project can be more complex when there is joint water demand in multi-reservoir system and multi-importing reservoirs simultaneously transferring water from exporting reservoir.In this study,a joint operating rule is proposed for the purpose of solving such complex operation problem.This rule is composed of a set of sub-rules,including hedging rule curves of virtual aggregation reservoir(i.e.equivalent reservoir)and other individual reservoirs,water-transfer rule curves of each individual reservoir,as well as some of important assisted rules.These assisted rules refer to allocation models for water transfer-supply.In the proposed rule,an equivalent reservoir is established to determine under what condition the water supply should be reduced and specify the total supplied water for joint water demand(i.e.aggregation method).Allocation models are developed to distribute the total transferred water into each importing reservoir and determine the water releases for joint water demand by each member reservoir of the aggregation system(i.e.decomposition method).And these models are integrated with a set of influence factors such as hydrologic characteristics,reservoir storage or vacant storage,regulating ability,water-supply pressure,and so on.The aggregation of multi-reservoirs and the disaggregation of water quantities are taken into a whole consideration to reduce the complexity in reallocation of water target storage or water release.Finally,the proposed rule is applied to the North-line IBWTS Project in Liaoning Province,China.The results indicate that the proposed rule can take full advantage of hydrologic compensation in basins and capacity compensation in reservoirs.Thus it can improve the utilization efficiency of water resources in system.

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

Water Security Situation in Haihe River Basin after South-to-North Water Transfer Project

The over-exploitation of water resources in the Haihe River Basin (HRB) has now become a serious problem. This is clearly evidenced by the fact that many local rivers and lakes are drying up and the total amount of over-exploited groundwater has reached over 1000×108m3. It is important to note that the exploitation of water resources in HRB was reasonable before 1979. After 1980, however, over-exploitation happened with an annual average amount of 40×108m3. Both the dry season and rapid economic growth in HRB took place at the same time. Therefore, the over-exploitation of water in HRB was actually the negative result of the conjunction of a continuous dry season and rapid economic growth. So the over-exploitation would not be as serious as it is today if either of the above two stopped. After the first stage of south-to-north water transfer project, the water shortage problem in HRB could be eased for the following reasons: fi rstly, water transfer project will bring to the Basin 60×108m3 water resources; secondly, a wet season will come back eventually according to natural law of climate variability; finally, its agricultural and industrial use and total water consumption all have decreased from the peak value, so that the groundwater table will raise certainly and ecological water in rivers and lakes that were dried-up will be partly restored. In the future, the main problem of water resources security in HRB will include water pollution, operation risk of the south-to-north water transfer project, groundwater pollution and engineering geological hazards that may be brought by groundwater rise. The proposed countermeasures are as follows: keeping strengthening water demand management, raising water price as well as subsidies for the low-income family and improving other water related policies, preventing and dealing with water pollution seriously and getting fully prepared for the operation of south-to-north water transfer project.

南水北调西线工程水源区可调水量“十问”

南水北调西线工程是我国“四横三纵”国家水网主骨架尚待建设的最后一环,而水源区可调水量是西线工程规划论证面临的焦点和难点问题。本文从水资源本底条件与演变趋势,生态环境与经济社会发展需水,调蓄水库与输水工程规模,调水对水源区及其下游水资源开发利用、水生态环境、水力发电、航运等方面影响的角度,提出了与水源区可调水量相关的10个问题;以长江上游分布式水文模型为基础,建立了南水北调西线工程水源区可调水量模拟分析模型,力图系统、定量地回答所提问题。本文的主要研究结论有:在仅考虑满足水源区河道内外生态环境和经济社会需水的前提下,“上线+下线”组合方案多年平均可调水量为1.59×10^(10)m^(3),“完全下线”方案在建设岗托水库进行联调时,多年平均可调水量将达到1.74×10^(10)m^(3);在综合考虑调水对水源区水平衡、水力发电和航运影响及其可接受程度后,南水北调西线水源区可调水量为1.22×10^(10)~1.26×10^(10)m^(3)。长远来看,应谋划西南片区水网与国家水网主骨架、“大动脉”的连接与融合,在减小南水北调西线工程调水影响的同时,提高南水北调西线工程的整体供水能力以及对气候变化等外部条件的适应性。

江苏省南水北调多工程多目标联合优化调度方法

为统筹协调江苏省南水北调水资源调配系统内各方用水要求和矛盾,提升工程效率,降低系统耗电成本,提出了面向多工程多目标的联合优化调度方法,并基于该方法构建了联合调度优化模型,针对丰、平、枯3种典型年提出了联合优化调度方案。与江水北调工程与南水北调东线一期工程实际的独立运行调度模式对比结果表明,联合优化调度方案总耗电成本可分别降低31%、14%和29%,相较于独立运行调度模式,联合优化调度方案能更科学地进行水源及输水线路的选择和切换,更充分地利用沿线湖泊的调蓄能力,通过复杂闸泵系统的联合运行,实现不同类别水源的互济互调,更有效地提升系统效益。

跨流域供水水库群联合调度的半向量双层规划模型研究

跨流域水库群联合调度已成为解决我国水资源时空分配不均问题的一种可行、有效手段。针对已有跨流域水库群联合调度的单目标双层规划模型可能无法得到最优调水规则和供水规则的问题,本文以接近流域间预期调配水量和各受水水库弃水量最小为上层目标函数,水库期望供水质量与实际供水质量的差值最小为下层目标函数,构建了跨流域供水水库群联合调度的半向量双层规划模型,并针对模型的结构特点,设计了求解其“乐观最优解”的并行种群混合进化的粒子群算法。最后,以四种调水情境为例,验证了本文所建模型的可行性;另外,分析表明相比于已有的跨流域水库群联合调度的单目标双层规划模型,本文所构建的半向量双层规划模型可以使各水库主要用水户广义缺水指数降低15%~25%,进一步证实了所建模型的有效性。

考虑湖泊互济互调运行的江苏省南水北调工程优化调度

为进一步提升江苏省南水北调工程的综合运行效益,在湖泊单向运行方式基础上,提出了湖泊互济互调运行方式,以受水区综合缺水率最小和泵站总能耗最小为优化目标,构建了2种湖泊运行方式下“湖泊-闸泵群”联合优化调度模型,并基于9种湖泊来水情景全面分析了湖泊互济互调运行方式的有效性。结果表明:相较于湖泊单向运行方式,在受水区综合缺水率相同时,湖泊互济互调运行方式有效减少了泵站抽水总能耗;湖泊互济互调运行方式提升了骆马湖水资源调配能力和水资源利用效率,在骆马湖丰水年而洪泽湖丰水、平水、枯水年情景下,骆马湖水资源利用量分别提高了28.6%、36.1%和30.0%,弃水量分别下降了47.2%、42.4%和65.9%;湖泊互济互调运行方式有效减少了洪泽湖和骆马湖区间泵站的抽水量,通过充分利用沿线湖泊的调蓄能力,保障了两湖水位的安全合理运行。研究成果可为江苏省南水北调工程科学调度运行提供决策参考。

太湖流域高度城镇化地区畅流活水多目标调度决策研究

随着城市化进程的加快,高污染负荷、弱水动力条件、强人工干预导致的平原河网地区河道水质恶化、生态衰退已成为制约城市高质量发展的瓶颈之一。结合太湖流域高度城镇化地区水文水动力特性,构建了水动力-水质耦合模型,模拟了不同情景下河网水动力与水质情况。统筹考虑水质改善、水动力提升、经济成本等多目标,建立了活水调度多目标决策体系,基于模糊层次分析法确定评价体系水质改善、水动力提升与经济成本指标层权重分别为0.390、0.345、0.265,为各指标层设计对应的要素层,并利用模糊综合评价法进行评价。结果表明,针对不同调度情景下水质改善、水动力提升及经济成本等多目标的决策,利用多目标调度决策方法可有效确定效果最佳的工程调度情形。太湖流域高度城镇化地区区域性控制工程对畅流活水效果的影响要远大于锡山区控制工程,运东大包围城市防洪工程调度模式对研究区活水效果的影响最大。比选出的最优活水方案实现的研究区活水效果为水质达标率82%,水质平均提升率31%,Ⅲ类水断面占比61%,平均流速0.10 m/s,较优流速占比39%,滞水率32%。相较于传统的单指标或多指标简单比较的决策方法,多目标调度决策方法更具有综合性、合理性,可为太湖流域等平原河网高度城镇化地区畅流活水及水环境综合治理提供技术支撑。

全球水系格局与水网构建研究进展

在水资源时空分布不均匀、社会经济发展不均衡以及全球气候变化条件下,科学合理的水网构建已成为新时期实现水资源高效利用和促进区域可持续发展的重要途径,因此在多目标下如何把握各级水系对应水网构建的“度”也就成为当前关注的核心问题.本文回顾了全球天然水系格局、识别与表征方法、形成机制、时空分布及演化特征等方面的研究进展,分析了典型水系格局所对应的流域水资源禀赋和水资源结构特征,指出了水系格局的若干生态环境效应.进一步在对世界著名大河跨流域引水工程与骨干水网构建关系典型案例分析的基础上,指出了面向生态的水系格局优化与骨干水网构建的发展趋势.

基于传染病动力模型的供水风险传递规律研究

针对跨流域调水工程供水风险传递规律不明确、风险动态管理效果不足等问题,以引汉济渭工程初期为例,识别风险因子并采用专家打分与突变系数法量化风险,基于传染病动力学创建供水风险传递模型,设置6种风险方案,揭示引汉济渭初期供水风险的传递规律。结果表明:产生供水风险的月份与风险源数量呈正相关;不考虑径流预报误差风险时,越早采取优化调度措施,出现供水风险的月份越少、恢复性越高;考虑径流预测误差时,采取优化调度措施对供水风险的控制效果不显著;风险的传递能力与风险数量不存在正相关,风险的破环性与风险源的数量呈正相关。研究成果对调水工程运行中供水风险防控、制定风险减控方案有重要意义。

南水北调中线工程水体溶解性有机质分子组成特征

为揭示南水北调中线工程水体中溶解性有机质(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)的组成变化特征,采集南水北调中线总干渠沿线及丹江口水库水样,利用傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry,FT-ICR MS)分析了DOM的分子组成及其空间变化,并探讨了总干渠沿线DOM变化成因和环境意义。结果表明:丹江口水库和总干渠均检出DOM物质3200余种,仅含C、H和O的物质(CHOs)为主要组分,约占所有检出物质的61%,含C、H、O和N的物质(CHONs)占30.5%~31.5%,含C、H、O和S的物质(CHOSs)仅占7.3%~8.4%,结合O/C和H/C分类,丹江口水库和总干渠水体DOM主要组分为木质素(60%以上)。相较于丹江口水库,总干渠水体DOM组分发生了较大变化,蛋白质类组分占比由3.70%升至8.65%,表明总干渠中有蛋白质生成;稠环类物质占比由9.43%下降至4.77%,单宁酸类的变化趋势与稠环类物质类似。总干渠局部区域藻类增殖过程是引起总干渠中CHONs和CHOSs类DOM组分和占比升高的主要原因。研究成果可为科学认识南水北调中线工程水体水质变化过程提供科学依据。

引汉济渭工程初期运行调水区河道生态流量优化研究

针对跨流域调水工程等强人类活动对河道生态造成严重影响的实际问题,以引汉济渭工程为研究对象,建立并求解了工程运行初期多年调节水库三河口的中长期调度模型,设定了不同生态需水下的调度方案集,量化与评估了工程初期运行对供水与生态的满足情况,并推荐了最佳的调度方案与优化的生态流量过程。研究表明:(1)在生态需水为生态基流时(设计方案),供水与生态基流保证率均满足设计要求,验证了模型与方法的合理性;(2)在生态需水为适宜生态流量时,供水与生态基流保证率分别为65%、98%,表明供水与生态两者间呈竞争关系;(3)在生态需水为修正的生态流量时,供水与生态基流保证率分别为95%、100%,在满足供水目标的同时,河道内月平均流量较设计方案提高了47%,推荐该调度方案与生态流量过程为最佳方案与最优生态流量过程。研究成果对构建生态流域、提高跨流域调水工程的综合效益具有实际意义和应用价值。

基于BN模型和SWOT法的济南市南水北调生态补偿公众意愿及激励机制研究

构建跨流域调水生态补偿机制是调整流域上下游利益关系、促进可持续发展的有效手段之一,公众意愿是建立跨流域调水生态补偿机制的重要基础。通过理论探索、实地调研和模型分析,以南水北调东线受水区济南市为例,开展跨流域调水生态补偿的支付意愿(WTP)及激励机制的分析研究。结果表明:(1)通过参数法和非参数法综合测算得受水区公众WTP值为187.77元/(人·a),可以此作为生态补偿标准的下限值;(2)基于贝叶斯网络模型的敏感性分析,居民是否愿意支付与学历、住房面积有显著的相关关系;居民支付金额与南水北调东线工程重要性认知、家庭人均月收入有显著的相关关系。此外,两者影响因素的重要性排序不完全相同,在制定相关政策时应综合考虑这两个方面的影响因素;(3)基于公众异质性,采用SWOT矩阵分析法从内部公众背景、外部环境政策等角度提出跨流域调水受水区生态补偿的激励机制。本研究旨在为构建跨流域调水工程生态补偿机制提供参考,为社会资本参与水利建设管理提出对策建议。

跨流域调水项目风险防范机制研究——基于H省案例分析

以构建跨流域调水项目风险防范机制为目标,依据文献研究和相关案例,从风险识别、风险评价两个纬度方面研究H省跨流域调水项目存在的行政、经济、自然、文化及运维风险,并构建风险识别和评价指标体系。研究发现,运维风险权重最大,其次为自然风险,并根据分析结果得出暴雨风险为关键风险因素,与实际较为符合。基于此,构建了跨流域调水风险防范机制。

跨流域长距离调水工程风险综合评价研究与应用

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