Overview of multi-stage charging strategies for Li-ion batteries

To reduce the carbon footprint in the transportation sector and improve overall vehicle efficiency,a large number of electric vehicles are being manufactured.This is due to the fact that environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels have become significant global problems.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have been distinguished themselves from alternative energy storage technologies for electric vehicles(EVs) due to superior qualities like high energy and power density,extended cycle life,and low maintenance cost to a competitive price.However,there are still certain challenges to be solved,like EV fast charging,longer lifetime,and reduced weight.For fast charging,the multi-stage constant current(MSCC) charging technique is an emerging solution to improve charging efficiency,reduce temperature rise during charging,increase charging/discharging capacities,shorten charging time,and extend the cycle life.However,there are large variations in the implementation of the number of stages,stage transition criterion,and C-rate selection for each stage.This paper provides a review of these problems by compiling information from the literature.An overview of the impact of different design parameters(number of stages,stage transition,and C-rate) that the MSCC charging techniques have had on the LIB performance and cycle life is described in detail and analyzed.The impact of design parameters on lifetime,charging efficiency,charging and discharging capacity,charging speed,and rising temperature during charging is presented,and this review provides guidelines for designing advanced fast charging strategies and determining future research gaps.

Operation Strategy of EV Battery Charging and Swapping Station

An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.

Understanding of the charge storage mechanism of MnO_(2)-based aqueous zinc-ion batteries:Reaction processes and regulation strategies

Though secondary aqueous Zn ion batteries(AZIBs)have been received broad concern in recent years,the development of suitable cathode materials of AZIBs is still a big challenge.The MnO_(2) has been deemed as one of most hopeful cathode materials of AZIBs on account of some extraordinary merits,such as richly natural resources,low toxicity,high discharge potential,and large theoretical capacity.However,the crystal structure diversity of MnO_(2) results in an obvious various of charge storage mechanisms,which can cause great differences in electrochemical performance.Furthermore,several challenges,including intrinsic poor conductivity,dissolution of manganese and sluggish ion transport dynamics should be conquered before real practice.This work focuses on the reaction mechanisms and recent progress of MnO_(2)-based materials of AZIBs.In this review,a detailed review of the reaction mechanisms and optimal ways for enhancing electrochemical performance for MnO_(2)-based materials is proposed.At last,a number of viewpoints on challenges,future development direction,and foreground of MnO_(2)-based materials of aqueous zinc ions batteries are put forward.This review clarifies reaction mechanism of MnO_(2)-based materials of AZIBs,and offers a new perspective for the future invention in MnO_(2)-based cathode materials,thus accelerate the extensive development and commercialization practice of aqueous zinc ions batteries.

Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles based on a Wireless Power Transmission

In this paper,the case of a battery charger for electric vehicles based on a wireless power transmission is addressed.The specificity of every stage of the overall system is presented.Based on calculated and measured results,relevant capacitive compensations of the transformer and models are suggested and discussed in order to best match the operating mode and aiming at simplifying as much as possible the control and the electronics of the charger.

Research on dynamic matching model of electric vehicles and charging facilities in China:A case study of taxis in Beijing

Charging infrastructure supports the rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry.It not only plays a decisive role in providing accessible and convenient services for electric vehicle(EV)users but also,in one of the seven new infrastructure areas,plays an important role in stabilizing growth and unleashing economic potential during the new coronavirus(COVID-19)pandemic,impacting China's economy.In this study,the system dynamics model was used to predict the development of the EV industry and the demand for charging infrastructure,while considering the influence of policy,increase in EV mileage,and consumer purchase intention index.Furthermore,using the matching of EVs and charging infrastructure in Beijing and policy oriented sensitivity analysis,a simulation of the construction of battery swap taxis and power stations under three policy scenarios was conducted.This research shows that with policies implemented to support charging infrastructure and swapping compatible taxis,Beijing can achieve its goal of replacing all EVs with fast-swap batteries and fast-charging functions within three years.

考虑换电需求响应的换电站参与电能量-调频市场竞价策略

电动汽车(EV)大规模发展会加大电网的调峰调频压力。通过换电站市场化运营,可有效激励换电站利用EV换电需求和换电站电池灵活性资源,缓解电网调峰调频压力。为此,提出了换电站参与电能量市场和调频辅助服务市场的协同竞价策略及其两阶段优化模型。第1阶段依据调频市场需求制定换电价格,引导EV调整换电需求,优化冗余电池数量及时序,以便与调频需求趋势一致,进而提升换电站调频服务收益;第2阶段考虑换电站需求响应和市场调峰调频需求,制定换电站竞价策略。所提出竞价策略在优先满足EV换电需求的同时,可降低换电站充电成本、提升调频服务收益,并助力电网调峰调频。算例仿真结果验证了所提策略的有效性。

35 kV高压直挂大容量电池储能系统

为推动35 kV高压直挂电池储能系统(battery energy storage system,BESS)的实际应用,系统研究了35 kV高压直挂BESS的主电路参数设计、控制策略及相关控制参数的设计方法;并在MATLAB/Simulink中搭建了35 kV/10 MW/10 MWh系统的仿真模型,以验证所提设计方法及控制策略的正确性。研究结果表明:35 kV高压直挂BESS单机容量大,功率响应速度快,可对内部电池簇进行主动荷电状态均衡及故障冗余控制,系统效率和可靠性更高,能适应未来新能源大规模发展需求。

新能源汽车储能系统快速充电策略研究综述

电动汽车在近十年得到大力发展与推广,但续航里程一直限制着电动汽车的进一步发展。车载储能系统快速充电技术能够有效缓解现阶段电动汽车用户续航里程焦虑,同时提高车辆安全性。电动汽车快速充电技术包括基于经验的充电策略和基于优化的充电策略。本文首先总结了各种传统充电方法的优点和缺点,其次根据应用场景优化目标的不同,归纳了不同优化目标的快充策略的应用,此外总结了电池内部的电极材料、电解质和电极/电解质界面(EEI)对快充性能的影响,并归纳了不同材料的改良措施,并对该领域未来发展方向进行了展望。

面向风电平抑的双电池单元储能系统功率分层优化控制策略

为减少风-储联合系统中,双电池单元储能系统的充放电循环次数,降低高充放电功率指令下电池单元充放电电流倍率,提出一种储能系统充放电功率分层优化控制策略。根据充放电功率指令高低,为两电池单元匹配同充同放和一充一放两种运行模式,同时优化设置两运行模式下电池荷电状态循环区间,平衡充放电电量。仿真验证表明,在风电平抑效果相同的情况下,所提策略可降低高充放电功率指令下电池单元充放电电流倍率,减少电池充放电循环次数,延长电池寿命,降低储能电池功率和容量的配置需求。

结合车主期望的充换电站辅助调频策略

随着可再生能源的高渗透与新型电力系统构架的不断完善,电动汽车既可作为可控负荷,也可作为分布式电源,具有优良的调频特性。为此,提出了一种结合车主期望的充换电站辅助调频策略。首先,基于入/离网时间、入网/期望荷电状态量、电动汽车充放电限制等车主期望建立电动汽车充/放电能力评估模型。其次,结合电动汽车充/放电能力与有功-频率特性曲线建立电动汽车双层控制的调频模型。最后,考虑电网侧和车主侧的需求,提出充换电站参与电网调频策略。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略在满足车主期望及电动汽车自身限制的情况下可有效调节电网频率、提高电网安全稳定运行水平及灵活性。

考虑不同充电策略的锂电池健康状态区间估计

评估锂离子电池健康状态(SOH)对于电池使用、维护、管理和经济性评价都有十分重要的意义,但当前锂电池SOH估计方法多针对特定充电策略,采用确定性估计模型,无法反映电池退化过程中的随机性、模糊性等不确定性信息.为此,提出一种适用于不同充电策略的锂电池SOH区间估计方法.该方法针对不同充电策略的电池循环充放电数据提取多个特征参数,通过交叉验证自动选择针对特定充电策略的最优特征参数组合.另外,考虑到锂电池全生命期循环次数有限,属于小样本问题,提出集成支持向量回归与分位数回归优势的支持向量分位数回归模型(SVQR)进行锂电池SOH区间估计.选用放电程度较深的锂电池充放电循环数据作为训练集,对SVQR模型进行离线训练,训练好的模型用于不同充电策略下锂电池SOH在线估计.采用具有不同充电策略的数据集验证所提方法,实验结果表明:所提方法适用于不同充电策略,且估计结果优于分位数回归法、分位数回归神经网络法和高斯过程回归法.

集中型充电站高维多目标优化调度模型研究

为了增强电动汽车电池调度的合理性,在集中型充电站换电模式下,结合集中型充电站、配送站和换电站,分析电池的联合调度问题。首先,考虑充电成本、充电负荷、运输成本和时间成本,提出了一种集中型充电站换电模式高维多目标优化调度模型。然后,采用非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅲ(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅲ,NSGA-Ⅲ)对该调度模型进行优化。同时,根据实际调度问题,对NSGA-Ⅲ的交叉和变异方式进行改进。最后,通过仿真实验测试算法的性能。实验结果表明,与其他高维多目标优化算法相比,该算法在换电模式下的优化性能具有明显的优势。

基于电极等效电路模型的锂离子电池无析锂快充策略优化研究

析锂是制约石墨阳极型锂离子电池快充安全与效率的关键问题。为了保障车载电池充电安全、缓解新能源汽车里程焦虑,有必要针对锂离子电池开展无析锂快充研究。鉴于此,该文基于锂离子电池电极等效电路模型,提出一种由阳极电势观测器和充电电流控制器组成的双闭环无析锂快充策略调控方案,实现了锂离子电池的无析锂安全快充。实验结果表明,不同工况下的阳极电势平均观测误差均低于5 mV,最大误差不超过10 mV;在电流调节过程中,阳极电势到达并稳定在设定阈值+1 mV范围内的调节时间为26 s,稳态误差小于0.05 mV,并且无超调和振荡。此外,与1C恒流恒压策略相比,该策略能节省46%的充电时间,充电过程中阳极电势最低为4.8 mV,且将锂离子电池拆解后也未发现析锂,证明该策略能明显缩短充电时间并有效抑制析锂。

锂离子电池快充石墨负极材料研究进展

锂离子电池广泛应用于电动汽车和储能领域,石墨负极材料受制于缓慢的嵌锂动力学和低的工作电位,其高倍率充放电下的容量、稳定性和安全性无法满足快充电池的应用需求。本文分析了快充石墨负极材料面临的主要挑战,着重介绍了石墨负极本征结构和浓差极化等限制其快充性能的内在因素,总结了通过石墨负极结构设计、化学修饰和表面包覆等策略提升石墨负极快充性能的方法,重点分析了增强石墨负极材料中离子电子传输、降低界面电阻等作用机理,展望了快充石墨负极的发展前景。结合现有研究成果,提出硬碳包覆微晶石墨策略,有望从材料设计层面大幅提升石墨的倍率性能,为高功率、高能量密度的LIBs石墨负极材料设计提供指导。

考虑充换电的模块化需求响应公交路径优化

模块车能通过中途分离与合并来调整车队容量、实现无缝换乘,兼具规模化与“门到门”灵活性优势,但其轻量化的电池设计也在一定程度上限制了车辆续航能力。为了探索模块车在需求响应公交中的应用,并解决车辆中途充电问题,本文建立了模块化需求响应公交路径规划模型,优化车辆路径计划、车队编组策略、车内换乘策略以及换电和机会充电计划。针对模型特征设计了改进的自适应大邻域搜索算法,根据各车辆路径之间需要进行编组和协同交互的特点,定制化设计了车队类修复算子和能源类修复算子等。使用安徽宣城的出行数据进行实验,结果显示:与传统公交相比,模块化需求响应公交系统使乘客总出行用时降低48.81%;与车辆单独运行的方案相比,车队编组方案能够使系统总成本平均降低13.24%;相比仅充电策略,充换电结合策略能在少量增加备用电池固定成本的情况下,使能源成本减少21.09%;此外,企业可以通过调整等待时间惩罚系数来平衡企业经营成本与乘客时间成本,达到动态最优。

一种用于模块化CPC均衡充电的最优化策略

随着锂电池在工业及生活中的广泛应用,锂电池组均衡充电策略的高效性及快速性也变得愈发重要,因此构建单体电池与电池模块间CPC(cell-to-pack-to-cell)的均衡充电系统,以解决锂电池组快速均衡充电问题。首先,对均衡系统进行模块化处理,建立模块内和模块间的均衡电路;然后,提出1种用于均衡充电的最优化策略,对所提策略模型进行分层求解,顶层通过二分法来计算充电时间,底层通过梯度下降法来优化充电电流;最后,通过与非模块化均衡充电策略下的充电时间、均衡时间、单体电池端电压及均衡器承担电压进行仿真对比,验证了所提策略的可行性和有效性。

电动汽车集中充换电设施规划和优化运行研究综述

分布式充换电设施因充电功率小、调度关系复杂、空间集约程度低等难题,难以满足快速增长的电动汽车补能需求,因此具有统一调度主体、调度关系清晰、具备集中通信与管控能力的集中充换电设施(centralized EV charging and battery swapping facilities,CCSF)成为构建充换电网络的关键。首先对CCSF的发展背景及典型适用场景进行介绍,总结梳理了典型EV负荷需求模拟方法,并对典型CCSF研究现状、结构组成和数学模型进行论述。然后从CCSF独立规划、计及CCSF的电网协同规划及电网与交通网协同规划三个维度分析CCSF规划研究现状。其次从有序充电策略、智能充电路径引导、计及CCSF的电网协同调度等方面总结CCSF的优化运行研究现状。最后结合CCSF研究瓶颈对未来研究工作进行展望。综上CCSF可满足EV快速补能需求,具有促进新能源消纳、提高电网承载能力、实现充电负荷有序管理、降低个体差异性影响、提升运行效率和促进系统低碳转型的优势。

储能电池辅助火电机组二次调频控制策略研究

为提高调频效果与储能电池荷电状态维持效果,该文提出一种储能电池辅助火电机组二次调频的动态下垂系数控制策略,在Matlab/Simulink中搭建仿真模型,并对不同控制策略下的仿真结果进行对比。在0.05(p.u.)阶跃负荷扰动下,动态下垂系数控制为最优控制。相比于无储能控制与固定下垂系数控制,其最大频率偏差分别改善0.225 6 Hz与0.025 2 Hz。在连续负荷扰动下,动态下垂系数控制为最优控制。相比于无储能控制与固定下垂系数控制,其频率偏差的方均根值改善0.036 8与0.001 4;荷电状态偏差的方均根值相较于固定下垂系数控制改善0.009 8。对比结果可验证储能电池采用动态下垂系数控制策略的有效性,表明该策略对储能电池荷电状态(SOC)具有一定保持效果。

三元材料锂离子电池的多阶段恒流恒压快充

锂离子电池多采取单阶段恒流恒压快速充电,容量衰减严重,并有析锂的风险。结合XRD、SEM、TEM、显微共焦拉曼(Raman)光谱等方法分析以LiNi_(0.5)Co_(0.2)Mn_(0.3)O_(2)(NCM523)为正极活性物质软包装锂离子电池在单阶段和多阶段恒流恒压策略下的循环行为。经过600次循环后(电压3.80~4.35 V、电流0.60~1.50 C),采用多阶段恒流恒压快充方法的电池的循环容量保持率为94.24%,较单阶段提升了4.91个百分点,欧姆阻抗及电荷转移阻抗的增长率为21.05%和2.86%,对比单阶段循环后分别降低了26.32及3.11个百分点;三元正极材料的层状结构比单阶段完整,多阶段负极的石墨化度为0.061 7,比单阶段低0.028 2,析锂现象更轻微。多阶段恒流恒压充电在快充工况中的性能优势更加明显。