Cooperative game theory-based steering law design of a CMG system

Spacecraft require a large-angle manoeuvre when performing agile manoeuvring tasks, therefore a control moment gyroscope(CMG) is employed to provide a strong moment.However, the control of the CMG system easily falls into singularity, which renders the actuator unable to output the required moment. To solve the singularity problem of CMGs, the control law design of a CMG system based on a cooperative game is proposed. First, the cooperative game model is constructed according to the quadratic programming problem, and the cooperative strategy is constructed. When the strategy falls into singularity, the weighting coefficient is introduced to carry out the strategy game to achieve the optimal strategy. In theory, it is proven that the cooperative game manipulation law of the CMG system converges, the sum of the CMG frame angular velocities is minimized, the energy consumption is small, and there is no output torque error. Then, the CMG group system is simulated.When the CMG system is near the singular point, it can quickly escape the singularity. When the CMG system falls into the singularity, it can also escape the singularity. Considering the optimization of angular momentum and energy consumption, the feasibility of the CMG system steering law based on a cooperative game is proven.

APPLICABILITY OF THE MASS ACTION LAW IN COMBINATION WITH THE COEXISTENCE THEORY OF METALLIC MELTS INVOLVING COMPOUND TO BINARY METALLIC MELTS

Based on the atomicity and molecularity as well as the consistency ofthermodynamic properties and activities of metallic melts with their structures, the coexistencetheory of metallic melts structure involving compound has been suggested. According to this theory,the calculating models of mass action concentrations for different binary metallic melts have beenformulated. The calculated mass action concentrations agree well with corresponding measuredactivities, which confirms that the suggested theory can reflect the structural characteristics ofmetallic melts involving compound and that the mass action law is widely applicable to this kind ofmetallic melts.

RENEWAL OF BASIC LAWS AND PRINCIPLES FOR POLAR CON-TINUUM THEORIES (Ⅱ)—MICROMORPHIC CONTINUUM THEORY AND COUPLE STRESS THEORY

The purpose is to reestablish the balance laws of momentum, angular momentum and energy and to derive the corresponding local and nonlocal balance equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory. The desired results for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are naturally obtained via direct transitions and reductions from the coupled conservation law of energy for micropolar continuum theory, respectively. The basic balance laws and equations for micromorphic continuum mechanics and couple stress theory are constituted by combining these results derived here and the traditional conservation laws and equations of mass and microinertia and the entropy inequality. The incomplete degrees of the former related continuum theories are clarified. Finally, some special cases are conveniently derived.

Mechanical Properties of Simple s-p Metals, and Defect Energies from Electron Theory and from Interatomic Force Laws

The cleavage force F(z) needed to separate parallel atomic planes by a distance z is first discussed for simple s-p metals using density functional theory.For the s-p nearly free-electron metals the linearized Thomas-Fermi equation is solved self-consistently in the cases of (a) semi-infinite planes of jellium (i.e. smeared uniform positive ions) and (b) a semi-infinite cylinder of finite radius, cleaved by a plane perpendicular to its axis. In (a), the elastic region has the form F(z)=Az ∝ Zrs-11/2, where rs is the mean interelectronic distance in the jellium model. Size effects are then considered, with possible relevance to atomic force microscopy.Defect energies are treated, using both electron theory and pair force laws.

Q-Theory: A Connection between Newton’s Law and Coulomb’s Law?

Assuming a Winterberg model for space where the vacuum consists of a very stiff two-component superfluid made up of positive and negative mass planckions, Q theory is the hypothesis, that Planck charge, qpl, was created at the same time as Planck mass. Moreover, the repulsive force that like-mass planckions experience is, in reality, due to the electrostatic force of repulsion between like charges. These forces also give rise to what appears to be a gravitational force of attraction between two like planckions, but this is an illusion. In reality, gravity is electrostatic in origin if our model is correct. We determine the spring constant associated with planckion masses, and find that, , where ζ(3) equals Apery’s constant, 1.202 …, and, n+(0)=n_(0), is the relaxed, i.e., , number density of the positive and negative mass planckions. In the present epoch, we estimate that, n+(0) equals, 7.848E54 m-3, and the relaxed distance of separation between nearest neighbor positive, or negative, planckion pairs is, l+(0)=l_(0)=5.032E-19 meters. These values were determined using box quantization for the positive and negative mass planckions, and considering transitions between energy states, much like as in the hydrogen atom. For the cosmos as a whole, given a net smeared macroscopic gravitational field of, , due to all the ordinary, and bound, matter contained within the observable universe, an average displacement from equilibrium for the planckion masses is a mere 7.566E-48 meters, within the vacuum made up of these particles. On the surface of the earth, where, g=9.81m/s2, the displacement amounts to, 7.824E-38 meters. All of these displacements are due to increased gravitational pressure within the vacuum, which in turn is caused by applied gravitational fields. The gravitational potential is also derived and directly related to gravitational pressure.

Ohm’s Law Refutes Current Version of the Special Theory of Relativity

It is shown that Ohm’s law is not only the main electrical engineering law, but also a generally scientific worldview law of the extreme significance, as in the interpretation of Steinmetz it proves physical reality of imaginary numbers theoretically and experimentally in the most indisputable way. Thus, it refutes the principle of light speed non-exceedance, which is fundamental in the special theory of relativity. Moreover, unlike the MINOS and OPERA experiments recognized by physical com-munity as not enough reliable, which were conducted for the same purpose, alternative experiments were performed during the research of oscillation processes in linear electric circuits. Therefore, they are absolutely reliable and conclusive as can be repeated and verified in any electrical engineering laboratory. The principle of phy-sical reality of imaginary numbers proven by the electrical engineering experiments is generally scientific, since mathematics is the universal language of the exact sciences. Therefore, all scientific theories and hypotheses in quantum mechanics, relativity theory, geo-physics, cosmology, optics, radio electronics and other sciences should be adjusted accordingly, given the principle of physical reality of imaginary numbers. There is an example of how this can be done in the special theory of relativity and astrophysics. This approach allowed explanation of dark matter and dark energy, which correspond to the invisible parallel universes existing in extra dimensions.

Formally Deriving the Third Newton’s Law from a Pair of Nontrivial Assumptions in a Formal Axiomatic Theory “Sigma-V”

The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.

A Back Look on the Binary Phase Diagrams of Metals from the Mass Action Law and the Coexistence Theory of Metallic Melts

According to the mass action law and the coexistence theory of metallic melts, the mass action concentrations of Cu-Mg, Bi-Tl and Ni-Al melts involving compound formation have been calculated. The calculated results show that, except the ultimate case of pure element, when two elements are present in the melts, all structural units (atoms and molecules) without exception will be present in the melts, i.e., their concentrations may change from great to small, but they will not vanish into nothing, and only under such conditions, the calculated results both agree with practice and obey the law of mass action. In view of that over considerable wide composition range, the activities of both elements of the three solid binary alloys mentioned above have been measured, this seems in contradiction with the present relevant phase diagrams, in which the structural units are determined by composition range, so the latter needs further investigation and consideration.

Discovering exact,gauge-invariant,local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system by high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds

Gyrokinetic theory is arguably the most important tool for numerical studies of transport physics in magnetized plasmas.However,exact local energy–momentum conservation laws for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system have not been found despite continuous effort.Without such local conservation laws,energy and momentum can be instantaneously transported across spacetime,which is unphysical and casts doubt on the validity of numerical simulations based on the gyrokinetic theory.The standard Noether procedure for deriving conservation laws from corresponding symmetries does not apply to gyrokinetic systems because the gyrocenters and electromagnetic field reside on different manifolds.To overcome this difficulty,we develop a high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds for classical particle-field systems and apply it to derive exact,local conservation laws,in particular the energy–momentum conservation laws,for the electromagnetic gyrokinetic system.A weak Euler–Lagrange(EL)equation is established to replace the standard EL equation for the particles.It is discovered that an induced weak EL current enters the local conservation laws,and it is the new physics captured by the high-order field theory on heterogeneous manifolds.A recently developed gauge-symmetrization method for high-order electromagnetic field theories using the electromagnetic displacement-potential tensor is applied to render the derived energy–momentum conservation laws electromagnetic gauge-invariant.

The Bridge to a Western Confucianism:Between Legal Theory and Private Law

The aim of this essay is to analyse the future of Confucianism in Western societies or,at least,through the exegesis of Western scholars.To realize this overview definitely means to verify how Confucian thought crossed many contemporary and later theories,especially in juridical fields as the theory of private law and the public comparative law.That system of customary rules and pragmatic ethics did not fail to face the modernity by enlarging its views in the context of much more complex societies:So,a typical phenomenon of Eastern civilities,to the point that it is generally considered the most peculiar inheritance of both Chinese spirituality and administrative political science,became an interesting and suggestive test bench for different starting points.If it is correct to say that this is not a proper nowadays stance(remembering the praise of Leibniz and Voltaire,for instance),it is even more likely that Confucianism will catch the attention of a larger academic audience also in the nearest future and not only narrowing its rise to the enormous economic growth of the Chinese influence and ruling role in the world,directly getting a level of strength not far from the American governance.Unsurprisingly,the first defined approaches to a Western Confucianism,mixing elements from its absolutely unique written or traditional sources and aspects taken from the comparison with other cultures,are still coming from United States’universities,in the scientific field of sinology and,step by step,comparative law’s scholars and legal theorists.This fascinating development that opens up Confucian ethics to a bigger spectre of teachings and belongings is happening while Confucian rituals,temples,and precepts are reaching in modern days China an always more cohesive and aggregating religious phenomenology.The West looks for ideas,while the East is trying to find stability around a metaphysical substructure of common values to prevent conflicts and to keep societies safe.

Leak Detection in Water Distribution Systems Using Bayesian Theory and Fisher’s Law

A leak detection method based on Bayesian theory and Fisher’s law was developed for water distribution systems. A hydraulic model was associated with the parameters of leaks (location, extent). The randomness of parameter values was quantified by probability density function and updated by Bayesian theory. Values of the parameters were estimated based on Fisher’s law. The amount of leaks was estimated by back propagation neural network. Based on flow characteristics in water distribution systems, the location of leaks can be estimated. The effectiveness of the proposed method was illustrated by simulated leak data of node pressure head and flow rate of pipelines in a test pipe network, and the leaks were spotted accurately and renovated on time.

The General Theory of Law and Its Development in China

Study of the general theory of law,as an independent branch of legal research,originated in Germany in the mid to late 19th century,and thereafter became a widely propagated and well-developed subject in countries such as the UK and the US.Scholars from the Soviet Union combined the general theory of law with Marxist philosophy and adapted it from an analytical legal theory to a social legal theory.The inheritance and development of the general theory of law in China went through three stages.Specifically,from the 1950s to the early 1960s,the jurisprudence community fully adopted the legal theories promoted by the Soviet Union;from the early 1980s to the late 1990s,the studies reflected upon past theories and sought advancement;and from the late 1990s to present,research has adopted a more open and innovative approach.In addition,the philosophy of law and other interdisciplinary subjects have gradually become dominant research paradigms.A review and compilation based on the evolution of theories of legal relations showed that the study of the general theory of law in China is closely associated to the historical rate of progress of the practice of rule of law and jurisprudence in China.The overall framework of the research is deeply influenced by the model of“theories of the Soviet+civil-law prototypes”.In addition,the research methods have evolved from investigations utilizing a single approach to processes combining various approaches.The general theory of law is far from a“relic of history,”and corresponding in-depth research is recommended for future jurisprudence study in China.

Motoyosi Sugita—A “Widely Unknown” Japanese Thermodynamicist Who Explored the 4th Law of Thermodynamics for Creation of the Theory of Life

The purpose of this paper is to introduce to you, the Western people, nowadays a “widely unknown” Japanese thermodynamicist by the name of Motoyosi Sugita and his study on the thermodynamics of transient phenomena and his theory of life. This is because although he was one of the top theoretical physicists in Japan before, during and after WWII and after WWII he promoted the establishment of the biophysical society of Japan as one of the founding members, he himself and his studies themselves have seemed to be totally forgotten nowadays in spite that his study was absolutely important for the study of life. Therefore, in this paper I would like to present what kind of person he was and what he studied in physics as a review on the physics work of Motoyosi Sugita for the first time. I will follow his past studies to introduce his ideas in theoretical physics as well as in biophysics as follows: He proposed the bright ideas such as the quasi-static change in the broad sense, the virtual heat, and the field of chemical potential etc. in order to establish his own theory of thermodynamics of transient phenomena, as the generalization of the Onsager-Prigogine’s theory of the irreversible processes. By the concept of the field of chemical potential that acquired the nonlinear transport, he was seemingly successful to exceed and go beyond the scope of Onsager and Prigogine. Once he established his thermodynamics, he explored the existence of the 4th law of thermodynamics for the foundation of theory of life. He applied it to broad categories of transient phenomena including life and life being such as the theory of metabolism. He regarded the 4th law of thermodynamics as the maximum principle in transient phenomena. He tried to prove it all life long. Since I have recently found that his maximum principle can be included in more general maximum principle, which was known as the Pontryagin’s maximum principle in the theory of optimal control, I would like to explain such theories produced by Motoyosi Sugita as detailed as possible. And also I have put short history of Motoyosi Sugita’s personal life in order for you to know him well. I hope that this article helps you to know this wonderful man and understand what he did in the past, which was totally forgotten in the world and even in Japan.

High-order field theory and a weak Euler–Lagrange–Barut equation for classical relativistic particle-field systems

In both quantum and classical field systems,conservation laws such as the conservation of energy and momentum are widely regarded as fundamental properties.A broadly accepted approach to deriving conservation laws is built using Noether's method.However,this procedure is still unclear for relativistic particle-field systems where particles are regarded as classical world lines.In the present study,we establish a general manifestly covariant or geometric field theory for classical relativistic particle-field systems.In contrast to quantum systems,where particles are viewed as quantum fields,classical relativistic particle-field systems present specific challenges.These challenges arise from two sides.The first comes from the mass-shell constraint.To deal with the mass-shell constraint,the Euler–Lagrange–Barut(ELB)equation is used to determine the particle's world lines in the four-dimensional(4D)Minkowski space.Besides,the infinitesimal criterion,which is a differential equation in formal field theory,is reconstructed by an integro-differential form.The other difficulty is that fields and particles depend on heterogeneous manifolds.To overcome this challenge,we propose using a weak version of the ELB equation that allows us to connect local conservation laws and continuous symmetries in classical relativistic particle-field systems.By applying a weak ELB equation to classical relativistic particle-field systems,we can systematically derive local conservation laws by examining the underlying symmetries of the system.Our proposed approach provides a new perspective on understanding conservation laws in classical relativistic particle-field systems.

The Validity of the Thermohydrogravidynamic Theory Concerning the Predicted Dates of the Maximal Temporal Intensifications of the Global Seismotectonic Processes of the Earth during the Range 2020 - 2023 AD

We present (on the 13th International Conference on Geology and Geophysics) the convincing evidence that the strongest earthquakes (according to the U.S. Geological Survey) of the Earth (during the range 2020 - 2023 AD) occurred near the predicted (calculated in advance based on the global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principles determining the maximal temporal intensifications of the global seismotectonic, volcanic, climatic and magnetic processes of the Earth) dates 2020.016666667 AD (Simonenko, 2020), 2021.1 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2020), 2022.18333333 AD (Simonenko, 2021), 2023.26666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022) and 2020.55 AD, 2021.65 AD (Simonenko, 2019, 2021), 2022.716666666 AD (Simonenko, 2022), respectively, corresponding to the local maximal and to the local minimal, respectively, combined planetary and solar integral energy gravitational influences on the internal rigid core of the Earth. We present the short-term thermohydrogravidynamic technology (based on the generalized differential formulation of the first law of thermodynamics and the first global prediction thermohydrogravidynamic principle) for evaluation of the maximal magnitude of the strongest (during the March, 2023 AD) earthquake of the Earth occurred on March 16, 2023 AD (according to the U.S. Geological Survey). .

Unraveling Predatory Pricing:Insights From Case Studies and Game Theory Modeling

This paper develops a game-theory model for predatory pricing via in-depth analyses of three case studies:Brooke Group Ltd.v.Brown&Williamson Tobacco Corp.,Matsushita Electric Industries Co.v.Zenith Radio Corporation,and AKZO Chemie BV v.Commission of the European Communities.This model is based on subsequent action game theory models and rational economics behavior,offering a chronological outline of the“predation”stages.It presents the predator’s decisions,the prey’s potential responses,possible loops,and the two distinctive outcomes.The analysis of the model in context of the three case studies demonstrates its practicality in assessing real-life predatory pricing scenarios and players’strategies.It’s flexibility also allows applications in related fields.Overall,this paper offers a comprehensive framework that bridges the gap between law,economics,and game theory in the study of predatory pricing,informing future research in this area.

大模型时代我国人工智能法学理论体系的构建

在大模型时代,人工智能法学及其理论体系迅速发展,逐渐形成独特的学科分支。新兴的人工智能法学不仅重构了传统的法学研究对象,也带来了创新的研究方法,同时提出了与众不同的正义观念。这些理论的形成和发展,与大型人工智能模型(如ChatGPT)的出现密不可分,后者在推动理论更新、促进法治实践全面提升方面发挥了巨大作用。中国在建设自身的人工智能法学理论体系过程中,得益于已有的法学理论基础和人工智能产业的蓬勃发展,然而,研究水平的不均和学科间壁垒的存在,成为建设中的难题。未来的工作需要将基本概念、框架建设以及多维、动态、可进化的理论体系的构建作为重点。技术的进步将不断推动法学理论的演变。从弱人工智能到强人工智能的转变为法学理论的发展带来了挑战和机遇。在这个过程中,确保人类价值观、权利和安全是至关重要的。构建人工智能法学理论体系,需要避免技术的潜在恶意应用,同时引导它向善。这不仅是一个学术上的努力,更是社会对于法律新概念和实践的重塑。这一工作涉及多学科合作,需要全球共识的形成和实践的更新,对法治的未来和法律体系的完善将产生长远的影响。

促进中国式现代化的发展法学理论创新

旨在解决发展问题、促进全面发展的发展法学学科,与中国式现代化发展战略存在高度耦合,提供了研究中国式现代化的新视角。中国式现代化的新发展战略与发展法学的理论创新存在双向互动关系:一方面,中国式现代化的新发展战略,构造了发展法学的新背景,要求从系统主义维度进一步创新发展法学理论;另一方面,系统主义发展法学理论在方法论、制度体系、理论体系三个维度的递进式创新,有助于促进与保障中国式现代化的实现。具体而言,在方法论创新方面,发展法学作为一门系统科学,应融入系统论方法以及结构—功能分析方法,进行以中国发展问题为中心的新综合研究,指导制度体系和理论体系的创新;在制度体系创新方面,系统发展法学理论应从促进全面发展出发,通过合理配置发展权利、义务与责任,创新促进中国式现代化的包容型制度体系;在理论体系创新方面,系统发展法学理论应从发生论、本体论、价值论、规范论、运行论、范畴论方面进一步创新,在发展研究领域建构中国自主的法学知识体系,为世界法学理论之进步与世界共同发展之实践,贡献中国方案。

洗钱罪不法的规范判断

洗钱罪不法的规范判断及其法理研究,应在借鉴吸纳传统的立法事实论和法教义学方法论的基础上转向金融领域刑法论范式路径。通过金融领域刑法论及累积犯论、集体法益论,可证立洗钱罪的不法实质是侵犯了金融安全和司法秩序双重保护法益。以“金融领域掩隐行为定型论”及其限定论的新法理塑造,能够有效解释洗钱罪不法的规范类型,合理确定洗钱罪与我国《刑法》第312条、第349条的不法竞合关系及其处断原则。