Unified two-phase nonlocal formulation for vibration of functionally graded beams resting on nonlocal viscoelastic Winkler-Pasternak foundation

A nonlocal study of the vibration responses of functionally graded(FG)beams supported by a viscoelastic Winkler-Pasternak foundation is presented.The damping responses of both the Winkler and Pasternak layers of the foundation are considered in the formulation,which were not considered in most literature on this subject,and the bending deformation of the beams and the elastic and damping responses of the foundation as nonlocal by uniting the equivalently differential formulation of well-posed strain-driven(ε-D)and stress-driven(σ-D)two-phase local/nonlocal integral models with constitutive constraints are comprehensively considered,which can address both the stiffness softening and toughing effects due to scale reduction.The generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM)is used to solve the complex eigenvalue problem.After verifying the solution procedure,a series of benchmark results for the vibration frequency of different bounded FG beams supported by the foundation are obtained.Subsequently,the effects of the nonlocality of the foundation on the undamped/damping vibration frequency of the beams are examined.

GENERAL SOLUTION FOR DYNAMICAL PROBLEM OF INFINITE BEAM ON AN ELASTIC FOUNDATION

Based on the theory of Eider-Bernoulli beam and Winkler assumption for elastic foundation, a mathematical model is presented. By using Fourier transformation for space variable, Laplace transformation for time variable and convolution theorem for their inverse transformations, a general solution for dynamical problem of infinite beam on an elastic foundation is obtained. Finally, the cases of free vibration,impulsive response and moving load are also discussed.

A Unified Dimensionless Parameter for Finite Element Mesh for Beams Resting on Elastic Foundation

Discretising a structure into elements is a key step in finite element(FE)analysis.The discretised geometry used to formulate an FE model can greatly affect accuracy and validity.This paper presents a unified dimensionless parameter to generate a mesh of cubic FEs for the analysis of very long beams resting on an elastic foundation.A uniform beam resting on elastic foundation with various values of flexural stiffness and elastic supporting coefficients subject to static load and moving load is used to illustrate the application of the proposed parameter.The numerical results show that(a)Even if the values of the flexural stiffness of the beam and elastic supporting coefficient of the elastic foundation are different,the same proposed parameter“s”can ensure the same accuracy of the FE solution,but the accuracy may differ for use of the same element length;(b)The proposed dimensionless parameter“s”can indeed be used as a unified index to generate the mesh for a beam resting on elastic foundation,whereas the use of the same element length as a criterion may be misleading;(c)The errors between the FE and analytical solutions for the maximum vertical displacement,shear force and bending moment of the beam increase with the dimensionless parameter“s”;and(d)For the given allowable errors for the vertical displacement,shear force and bending moment of the beam under static load and moving load,the corresponding values of the proposed parameter are provided to guide the mesh generation.

Free vibration and buckling analysis of polymeric composite beams reinforced by functionally graded bamboo fbers

Natural fibers have been extensively researched as reinforcement materials in polymers on account of their environmental and economic advantages in comparison with synthetic fibers in the recent years.Bamboo fibers are renowned for their good mechanical properties,abundance,and short cycle growth.As beams are one of the fundamental structural components and are susceptible to mechanical loads in engineering applications,this paper performs a study on the free vibration and buckling responses of bamboo fiber reinforced composite(BFRC)beams on the elastic foundation.Three different functionally graded(FG)layouts and a uniform one are the considered distributions for unidirectional long bamboo fibers across the thickness.The elastic properties of the composite are determined with the law of mixture.Employing Hamilton’s principle,the governing equations of motion are obtained.The generalized differential quadrature method(GDQM)is then applied to the equations to obtain the results.The achieved outcomes exhibit that the natural frequency and buckling load values vary as the fiber volume fractions and distributions,elastic foundation stiffness values,and boundary conditions(BCs)and slenderness ratio of the beam change.Furthermore,a comparative study is conducted between the derived analysis outcomes for BFRC and homogenous polymer beams to examine the effectiveness of bamboo fibers as reinforcement materials,demonstrating the significant enhancements in both vibration and buckling responses,with the exception of natural frequencies for cantilever beams on the Pasternak foundation with the FG-◇fiber distribution.Eventually,the obtained analysis results of BFRC beams are also compared with those for carbon nanotube reinforced composite(CNTRC)beams found in the literature,indicating that the buckling loads and natural frequencies of BFRC beams are lower than those of CNTRC beams.

A complex solution on the dynamic response of sandwich graphene-reinforced aluminum-based composite beams with copper face sheets under two moving constant loads on an elastic foundation

An analytical solution was used to investigate the elastic response of a sandwich beam with a graphene-reinforced aluminum-based composite(GRAC)on an elastic foundation using copper as the face layer of the functionally graded composite beam and a simply supported boundary condition.Mantari's higher-order shear deformation theory was utilized to derive the equations,which were solved in Laplace space and then converted into space–time using Laplace inversion.The exact response of the GRAC sandwich beam was obtained by considering the displacement at the mid-span of the sandwich beam.Two moving loads with different speed ratios were applied at a single point,and the effect of various parameters,including the spring constant,the speed ratio,the percentage of graphene,the moving load speed,and the distribution pattern,was investigated.This study aimed to eliminate any overlap and improve the accuracy of the results.The exact solving method presented has not been reported in other articles so far.Additionally,due to the difficulty of solving mathematical equations,this method is only applicable to simple boundary conditions.

A method to Estimate Dynamic Responses of VLFS Based on Multi-Floating-Module Model Connected by Elastic Hinges

Based on the elastic foundation beam theory and the multi-floating-module hydrodynamic theory,a novel method is proposed to estimate the dynamic responses of VLFS(Very Large Floating Structure).In still water,a VLFS can be simplified as an elastic foundation beam model or a multi-floating-module model connected by elastic hinges.According to equivalent displacement of the two models in static analysis,the problem of rotation stiffness of elastic hinges can be solved.Then,based on the potential flow theory,the dynamic responding analysis of multi-floatingmodule model under wave loads can be computed in ANSYS-AQWA software.By assembling the time domain analysis results of each module,the dynamic responses of the VLFS can be obtained.Validation of the method is conducted through a series of comparison calculations,which mainly includes a continuous structure and a three-part structure connected by hinges in regular waves.The results of this paper method show a satisfactory agreement with the experiment and calculation data given in relative references.

Elastic Modulus Limit of Support Layer in Twin-Block Ballastless Track Based on Train Load Effect

The support layer is an important component of twin-block ballastless track. The modulus of the support layer is an important design parameter and must be carefully solved. We studied the bending stress and deformation of track slab and support layer due to train load using the beam-plate finite element model on elastic foundation. The results show that support layer type has great impact on both support layer deformation and the stress on subgrade, but has little impact on the bending stress of either track slab or support layer. The continuous support layer type, and articulated support layer type with shear transfer device at their ends, are recommended. In order to keep the stress in the support layer less than that in track slab, the modulus of the continuous, unit, and articulated types of support layer （ in unit twin-block ballastless track）, and the support layer in continuous twin-block ballastless track, should not be larger than 15, 22, 20.5 and 5 GPa, respectively. In addition, the modulus of the unit-type support layer should not be more than 20 GPa, to ensure the step in support layer remains less than 1 mm.

盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片水平轴线偏移量计算方法研究

为探明隧道盾构注浆荷载作用引起带榫管片水平轴线偏移规律,以小曲率半径盾构隧道为例,分析壁后注浆引起管片上浮的诱因,考虑管片环“椭圆化”变形、纵向连接螺栓预应力、环缝影响范围和横向刚度等综合因素的影响,建立榫杆连接条件下带榫环缝的管片单元纵向等效抗弯刚度有效率计算式,并通过计算盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片的静态和动态上浮力,构建盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片上浮力计算表达式,由此分析小曲率半径隧道盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片受力情况及其在文克尔弹性地基梁假定条件下受上浮力作用的挠曲变形规律,建立盾构注浆荷载作用下带榫管片水平轴线偏移量计算方法,并依托实际工程加以验证。结果表明:该文理论值与模拟值和监测值均拟合良好,该文计算方法具有良好的工程适用性,可为盾构隧道工程及其类似工程中注浆荷载作用下管片偏移及错台问题提供有效的理论指导。

弹性环梁支撑下圆形深基坑支护结构变形解析解

将环梁和支护结构分别视为弹性圆环和弹性圆柱薄壳,基于环梁和圆柱壳的变形协调,得到了具有任意数目弹性环梁支撑圆形深基坑支护结构变形的解析解.在验证解析解合理性和可靠性的基础上,针对某一实际圆形基坑工程,比较了在刚性和弹性环梁支撑下支护结构变形和内力的差异,并分析了支护结构底部边界条件、环梁弹性模量、尺寸和数量以及位置等参数对支护结构变形和内力分布的影响.研究结果表明:相对于刚性环梁支撑,弹性环梁支撑处内力变化较小,环梁弹性模量和尺寸的改变只对基坑挖掘面以上支护结构变形和内力影响显著,而对挖掘面以下的支护结构变形和内力几乎没有影响.该研究成果为圆形基坑支护结构设计提供了理论依据和指导.

基于地基梁理论的断层非线性错动下隧道纵向响应研究

为研究走滑断层错动作用下隧道结构的纵向响应,采用Pasternak双参数地基和弹性梁理论,建立穿越多破裂面断层隧道在断层强制位错作用下的纵向响应微分方程,通过数学方法求解获得隧道结构在断层位错作用下的纵向变形、内力响应,并通过模型试验和数值模拟对理论解析模型的有效性进行验证。在此基础上,采用理论解析模型对隧道结构纵向响应的影响因素进行敏感性分析。主要得出以下结论:1)理论解析模型计算得到的隧道纵向变形和弯矩变化趋势与模型试验和数值模拟结果完全一致,但数值上趋于保守;2)断层错动的位移形式和围岩-隧道结构的刚度匹配关系对隧道结构纵向响应的影响较大,应根据具体的断层破碎带形式选择合适的断层错动位移函数;3)随着围岩-隧道结构刚度比的增大,围岩对隧道结构的约束作用随之增大,隧道结构纵向内力集中现象增加,但受断层错动影响的范围减小,在具体工程设计中应结合施工成本、抢通时间等来选择合适的围岩-隧道结构刚度匹配关系。

基于非极限土压力的基坑开挖引起隧道变形的计算方法

由于基坑开挖引起邻近隧道变形,继而影响地铁在隧道中的安全运行,因此如何准确预测邻近隧道变形是个值得研究的问题。根据非极限土压力计算方法,计算基坑开挖卸荷坑壁上的土压力,利用Mindlin求解公式,获得基坑开挖阶段旁侧隧道上的附加荷载,将隧道结构看作Winkler地基梁上的Euler梁,建立弹性地基梁微分方程,给出隧道水平位移变形的解析方法。基于该方法分析了基坑开挖引起邻近隧道的水平位移。研究结果表明:随着基坑开挖深度的增加,隧道水平位移相应增加;考虑非极限土压力计算得到的隧道水平位移结果与实测值较为接近,误差总体保持在20%以内;相较于传统隧道水平位移求解方法,笔者方法更加符合实际。

圆形基坑极正交各向异性支护结构变形解析分析

考虑圆形深基坑支护结构轴向和环向配筋的差异,将支护结构简化为极正交各向异性圆柱薄壳,研究了分层土体中具有弹性支撑环梁约束的支护结构轴对称变形和内力特征.首先,将弹性支撑环梁的约束解除,代之以沿环向分布的未知集中力,基于弹性环梁和圆柱壳的边界条件和变形协调条件,得到了分层土体中具有弹性支撑环梁支护结构轴对称变形的解析解.其次,以上海地区某一圆形深基坑支护结构为例,揭示了支护结构环向和纵向弹性模量、环梁刚度、土体重度和静止土压力系数等因素对支护结构内力和变形的影响,结果表明:支护结构以环向承压为主,轴向弯曲为辅,故其环向刚度对径向位移的影响要明显大于其轴向刚度的影响,但材料参数对内力分布影响较弱;环梁刚度的增加可有效限制支护结构的变形,但会引起支护结构在支撑环梁处内力的显著增大;土层性质相差不大区域的支护结构可按均质土中支护结构进行分析,而土层性质有较大突变区域的支护结构分析则需考虑土层的分层效应.

A Numerical Method for Cavity Identification in Beams on an Elastic Foundation

An analytical solution for the natural frequencies of a beam containing a cavity on an elastic foundation is presented. Based on the analytical solution, a numerical method for identifying cavities in the foundation is developed. The position and size of the cavities are identified by minimizing an objective function, which is formulated according to the difference between the computed and measured natural frequencies of the system. The conjugate gradient algorithm is adopted for minimizing the objective function. Some numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the presented cavity determination method. The results show that the presented method can be used to identify the cavity position and size conveniently and efficiently.

桩撑式支护基坑通用弹性地基梁分析法

弹性地基梁法常用于模拟分析桩撑(锚)式支护基坑在开挖、设撑等施工工况中变形和受力的变化。目前利用该方法对某工况基坑分析时,首先要将整个支护桩在支撑处划分为若干个桩段,然后利用相邻桩段交界处的位移连续条件和受力平衡条件,推导出相应的待定参数方程,之后再利用求出的待定参数分析支护体系(基坑)的变形和受力。由于不同施工工况对应的支撑数和桩段数不同,因此该方法必须根据不同工况重新推导各自的参数方程,从而导致计算过程繁杂,难以形成通用计算公式和方法,也不易编程等问题。通过将支撑与桩段归纳为3种基本连接形式(即支撑分别相连于桩顶、相邻两桩段之间和坑底),本文建立了相邻两个桩段间待定参数的递推公式,进而推导出了适用于内支撑和锚索支撑形式、任意支撑道数、开挖或设撑工况的通用待定参数方程。该方程仅含4个参数,远少于现有方法且易于求解。文中算例结果验证了本文方法的合理性和可行性。

BUCKLING LOADS AND EIGENFREQUENCIES OF A BRACED BEAM RESTING ON AN ELASTIC FOUNDATION

The eigenvalue problems of the buckling loads and natural frequencies of a braced beam on an elastic foundation are investigated. sented. The eigenvalues vary with the different The exact solutions for the eigenvalues are preparameters and are especially sensitive to the brace location. As the beam of a continuous system has infinite eigenvalues and these eigenvalues are influenced differently by a brace, the eigenvalues show rich variation patterns. Because these eigenvalues physically correspond to the structure buckling loads and natural frequencies, the study on the eigenvalues variation patterns can offer a design guidance of using a lateral brace of translation spring to strengthen the structure.

Semi-analytical approach for free vibration analysis of cracked beams resting on two-parameter elastic foundation with elastically restrained ends

In present study, free vibration of cracked beams resting on two-parameter elastic foundation with elastically restrained ends is considered. Euler-Bemoulli beam hypothesis has been applied and translational and rotational elastic springs in each end considered as support. The crack is modeled as a mass-less rotational spring which divides beam into two segments. After governing the equations of motion, the differential transform method （DTM） has been served to determine dimensionless frequencies and normalized mode shapes. DTM is a semi-analytical approach based on Taylor expansion series that converts differential equations to recursive algebraic equations. The DTM results for the natural frequencies in special cases are in very good agreement with results reported by well-known references. Also, the DTM procedure yields rapid convergence beside high accuracy without any frequency missing. Comprehensive studies to analyze the effects of crack location, crack severity, parameters of elastic foundation and boundary conditions on dimensionless frequencies as well as effects of elastic boundary conditions on cracked beams mode shapes are carried out and some problems handled for first time in this paper. Since this paper deals with general problem, the derived formulation has capability for analyzing free vibration of cracked beam with every boundary condition.

不同跨径小净距隧道管棚超前支护机理与变形控制

以新疆乌尉高速公路上新光隧道工程为依托,对不同跨径软弱围岩小净距隧道超前支护力学特性进行研究。采用有限元软件MIDAS GTS NX建立有无管棚超前支护两种工况下隧道模型,分析不同开挖阶段管棚弯矩的分布规律以及两种工况下隧道拱顶沉降、初期支护应力及围岩塑性区的变化规律。结果表明:在隧道开挖过程中,掌子面处管棚受力较大,支护稳定后受力较小且较为均匀;管棚超前支护工况下累计拱顶沉降左洞为2.83 mm、右洞为6.74 mm,相较无超前支护,左、右洞拱顶沉降分别减少了34.64%和32.26%;布设管棚后衬砌最大主应力降低14.13%,围岩最大塑性应变减少了28.48%。采用管棚超前支护措施进行洞口段开挖能提高围岩稳定性,控制围岩变形,可为类似工程提供指导借鉴。

集中力下的Winkler地基上双层弹塑性梁

为了完善弹性地基上弹塑性梁的理论基础,假设梁弯曲符合理想弹塑性模型,双层梁层间为竖向弹簧连接,根据受力平衡和本构关系建立Winkler地基上双层弹塑性梁的微分方程并给出通解.以无限长双层梁中心处作用集中荷载为例,研究同质同宽双层梁的加载全过程,分析梁厚、层间竖向模量等参数对梁极限承载力的影响.结果表明:当上、下层梁厚度相同或下层梁更薄时,不论层间竖向模量取多大都是上层梁先屈服;层间竖向模量趋近于无穷时,上下层梁的挠曲线相同,极限承载力趋近于双层叠合梁的极限承载力,此时结构退化成双层叠合梁;当层间竖向模量与地基反应模量之比大于5000时,上、下层梁竖向拉压变形对梁极限承载力的影响超过3%,应予以考虑,宜采用广义模量计入梁截面竖向拉压变形的影响.