Fine-mapping and primary analysis of candidate genes associated with seed coat color in mung bean(Vigna radiata L.)

Seed coat color affects the appearance and commodity quality of mung beans(Vigna radiata L.).The substances that affect mung bean seed coat color are mainly flavonoids,which have important medicinal value.Mapping the seed coat color gene in mung beans would facilitate the development of new varieties and improve their value.In this study,an F2 mapping population consisting of 546 plants was constructed using Jilv9(black seed coat)and BIS9805(green seed coat).Using bulk segregated analysis(BSA)sequencing and kompetitive allele-specific PCR(KASP)markers,the candidate region related to seed coat color was finally narrowed to 0.66 Mb on chromosome(Chr.)4 and included eight candidate genes.Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed that three of the eight candidate genes(LOC106758748,LOC106758747,and LOC106759075)were differentially expressed,which may have caused the differences in flavonoid metabolite content between Jilv9 and BIS9805.These findings can provide a research basis for cloning the genes related to seed coat color and accelerate molecular markerassisted selection breeding in mung beans.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Interactive Effects for Improving Drought Resistance on Mung Bean Varieties

The planting areas of mung bean are mostly arid and semi-arid areas, and lack of irrigation conditions. Many studies have reported that fertilization can increase drought resistance. In our previous research, optimized nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) combined fertilization model was established in mung bean. In the present study, the optimal fertilization was conducted in pot trails, and mung bean varieties Bailv9 and Bailv11 were used as materials, while the four water regimes, and three fertilization ratios of F120 (optimal fertilization), F100 (conventional fertilization), F50 (half of conventional fertilization) treatments were set, to compare each fertilization ratio effects and non-fertilization condition under each water regimes respectively. Under different water conditions, the investigation of N, P, and K effects of optimal fertilization showed that the yield of Bailv9 was not sensitive to water stress and had strong drought resistance;their water sensitivity index and drought resistance coefficient were BaiLv9 as Di = 0.89 and DC = 0.79. The yield of Bailv11 was sensitive to water stress, and their drought resistance was weak;their water sensitivity index and drought resistance coefficient were BL11 Di = 1.76 DC = 0.59, and under different water treatment conditions, Bailv9 and Bailv11 all had the best yield and other related traits increase in the F120 fertilization mode compared with other fertilization and non-fertilization conditions, and the average yield increases were 31.56% and 28.08%, respectively. The pot trails conduct the drought stress treatments in mung bean varieties Bailv9, Bailv11, Bailv935 and Bailv985 to determine the function of NPK optimized fertilization for improving plants growth in drought stress condition. Compared with the mung bean varieties treated with F50, F100, and F120, the yield of Bailv9 increased by 56.20%, 81.27%, and 107.22%, respectively;compared with that of F0, the yield of Bailv11 increased by 10.18%, 19.42%, and 45.88%, respectively;Bailv935 increased by 26.52%, 61.90%, 74.16% respectively, and Bailv985 increased by 23.78%, 56.92%, 87.62% respectively. The significant performances of optimized fertilization were also verified in 20 mung bean varieties in our filed trails. The research establishes a theoretical basis for introducing the model into production practice in the next step.

“Keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”in the prenatal diagnosis of ileal atresia:A case report

BACKGROUND Ileal atresia is a congenital abnormality where there is significant stenosis or complete absence of a portion of the ileum.The overall diagnostic accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in detecting jejunal and ileal atresia is low.We report a case of ileal atresia diagnosed prenatally by ultrasound examination with the“keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”.CASE SUMMARY We report a case of ileal atresia diagnosed in utero at 31 weeks'of gestation.Prenatal ultrasound examination revealed two rows of intestines arranged in an‘S’shape in the middle abdomen.The inner diameters were 1.7 cm and 1.6 cm,respectively.A typical“keyboard sign”was observed.The intestine canal behind the“keyboard sign”showed an irregular strong echo.There was no normal intestinal wall structure,showing a typical“coffee bean sign”.Termination of the pregnancy and autopsy findings confirmed the diagnosis.CONCLUSION The prenatal diagnosis of ileal atresia is difficult.The sonographic features of the“keyboard sign”and“coffee bean sign”are helpful in diagnosing the location of congenital jejunal and ileal atresia.

Domestication of Marama Bean in Arid Namibia: Challenges and Opportunities in a Climate Changing Agroecology

Tylosema esculentum (Burch.) A. Schreib. (Marama bean), referred to as marama in sections of this article, is an obligate outcrossing native plant with a yield potential of 2 ton/hectare which grows naturally in the deep sandy soils of the Kalahari Desert. It has adapted to the low precipitation levels in that agro-ecosystem. Marama serves as a staple food for the San and Bantus in that area. In Namibia, in the past you could find wild stands of marama in the Khomas region, Omaheke region, and the Otjozondjupa region without must struggle. It is renowned for its brown seeds, which are rich in high-quality oils and proteins. The tuberous root contains a significant amount of starch. The objective of domesticating orphaned marama is to provide farmers in this climate change-prone region with a viable alternative for food and nutrition security. This program, initiated in 2008 with an open-minded mindset, required swift implementation using harsh and occasionally unconventional methods. To introduce indigenous tools for resource-poor farmers, the domestication program prioritized the utilization of farmer-participatory methodologies. It was crucial to integrate old and new approaches to ensure learning from past and present experiences, leading to innovative solutions. There is little research and development of native crops in Africa because most of the currently cultivates crops were brought for use from abroad. Only a few numbers of indeginous African crops can be named. The arid Kalahari region, susceptible to climate change, necessitates the revival of indigenous crops like marama, which are resilient and well-adapted to the region’s conditions and have thrived for centuries. In many discussions regarding the health and nutrition of Africa, the recommendation to consume traditional foods to avoid exposure to modern foods, which may not be genetically compatible, is frequently emphasized. Regardless of their validity, these opinions must be acknowledged, and steps need to be taken to ensure a positive legacy for future generations. However, this chapter will address the limitations and challenges that exist in this regard. This article will summarize the progress made in the domestication program of the marama bean in Namibia thus far. Furthermore, this article will highlight the challenges that have been faced during the domestication journey for marama bean and other orphaned crops. The domestication program commenced with a broad germplasm collection, characterization, and preselection for breeding. Crop selection in this program was influenced by climate change-related concerns of shorter and uncertain rain seasons, and recurrent droughts. Selection included but was not limited to identifying marama genotypes with superior characteristics, early germination and many seeds per pod were among some of the identified and selected characteristics. The Namibia University of Science and Technology (NUST) has compiled a list of potential marama bean varieties and is currently testing marama seeds in anticipation of their introduction as a new crop alternative with good adaptation to the effects of climate change, since conventional crops like maize underperform due to persistent droughts. Marama bean, if properly developed, holds significant potential to address issues of hunger and malnutrition in arid regions of Southern Africa and other similar territories. The findings presented here are the result of ongoing field research and experiments conducted at multiple sites using superior marama bean varieties.

Formulation of Infant Flours Based on Fonio Enriched with Bambara Groundnut Anacardium (Cashew) and African Locust Bean Fruit Pulp

Infant malnutrition is a significant issue in Côte d’Ivoire, and this study aims to address it by formulating infant flours using local ingredients. Fermentation, germination, and malting methods were used to enhance the quality of six formulated flours, all based on Fonio and supplemented with Bambara groundnut, African locust bean fruit pulp, and cashew kernels. Results showed that Fonio had the highest carbohydrate content, while Bambara groundnut and Cashew kernels were rich in protein and lipid content. African locust bean fruit pulp was rich in fiber and Vitamin C, with a high β-carotene value. The cashew kernel had the highest energy value. Regarding mineral composition, African locust bean fruit pulp had the highest potassium content, while Bambara groundnut and African locust bean fruit pulp were rich in sodium. Cashew kernel and Fonio had higher iron and calcium content. Bambara groundnut had a higher zinc content, while cashew kernel had a higher magnesium content. The formulated flours made from fermented Fonio grains and enriched with Bambara groundnut, African locust bean fruit pulp, and cashew kernel had varying protein, fiber, carbohydrate, ash, and fat contents. The flour formulated with sprouted Fonio and enriched with the same ingredients had higher protein content and energy value than the other fermented seed-based flours. The mixed flours produced with fermented seeds and the flour produced from sprouted seeds met international standards. Overall, these findings offer valuable insights into the nutritional composition of the formulated flours and their potential to combat infant malnutrition in Côte d’Ivoire.

J2EE平台上对企业Bean远程调用的研究

EJB(Enterprise Java Bean)是基于Java的,符合J2EE规范的服务器端组件架构技术,开发者能够利用其构建企业的、分布式的、多层次的组件应用软件,并且能够开发架构灵活、运行可靠及业务逻辑简单的应用系统,满足了平台独立、可移植、维护简便的要求。在SUN提供的应用服务器上,研究了客户对企业Bean(EJB)的远程调用,实现了应用程序、EJB本身或Servlet/JSP作为客户对企业Beans的远程驱动,并比较了不同客户对企业Beans远程调用的异同点,分析了使用编码名来调用EJB的优点。

Drought Tolerance in Mung Bean is Associated with the Genotypic Divergence, Regulation of Proline, Photosynthetic Pigment and Water Relation

Drought is one of the critical conditions for the growth and productivity of many crops including mung bean(Vigna radiata L.Wilczek).Screening of genotypes for variations is one of the suitable strategies for evaluating crop adaptability and global food security.In this context,the study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of four drought tolerant(BARI Mung-8,BMX-08010-2,BMX-010015,BMX-08009-7),and four drought sensitive(BARI Mung-1,BARI Mung-3,BU Mung-4,BMX-05001)mung bean genotypes under wellwatered(WW)and water deficit(WD)conditions.The WW treatment maintained sufficient soil moisture(22%±0.5%,i.e.,30%deficit of available water)by regularly supplying water.Whereas,the WD treatment was maintained throughout the growing period,and water was applied when the wilting symptom appeared.The drought tolerant(DT)genotypes BARI Mung-8,BMX-08010-2,BMX-010015,BMX-08009-7 showed a high level of proline accumulation(2.52–5.99 mg g^(−1) FW),photosynthetic pigment(total chlorophyll 2.96–3.27 mg g^(−1) FW at flowering stage,and 1.62–2.38 mg g^(−1) FW at pod developing stage),plant water relation attributes including relative water content(RWC)(82%–84%),water retention capacity(WRC)(12–14)as well as lower water saturation deficit(WSD)(19%–23%),and water uptake capacity(WUC)(2.58–2.89)under WD condition,which provided consequently higher relative seed yield.These indicate that the tolerant genotypes gained better physiobiochemical attributes and adaptability in response to drought conditions.Furthermore,the genotype BMX-08010-2 showed superiority in terms of those physio-biochemical traits,susceptibility index(SSI)and stress tolerance index(STI)to other genotypes.Based on the physiological and biochemical responses,the BMX-08010-2 was found to be a suitable genotype for sustaining yield under drought stress,and subsequently,it could be recommended for crop improvement through hybridization programs.In addition,the identified traits can be used as markers to identify tolerant genotypes for drought-prone areas.

Response of Four Dry Bean Market Classes to Pre-Emergence Applications of Pyroxasulfone, Sulfentrazone and Pyroxasulfone plus Sulfentrazone

Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha-1) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha-1) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively;sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha-1) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha-1) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha-1) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.

Construction of SNP genetic maps based on targeted next-generation sequencing and QTL mapping of vital agronomic traits in faba bean(Vicia faba L.)

Owing to the limitation of a large genome size(~13 Gb),the genetic and gene mapping studies on faba bean(Vicia faba L.)are lagging far behind those for other legumes.In this study,we selected three purified faba bean lines(Yundou 8137,H0003712,and H000572)as parents and constructed two F2 populations.These two F2 populations,namely 167 F2 plants in Pop1(Yundou 8137×H0003712)and 204 F2 plants in Pop2(H000572×Yundou 8137),were genotyped using a targeted next-generation sequencing(TNGS)genotyping platform,and two high-density single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)genetic linkage maps of faba bean were constructed.The map constructed from Pop1 contained 5103 SNPs with a length of 1333.31 cM and an average marker density of 0.26 cM.The map constructed from Pop2 contained 1904 SNPs with a greater length of 1610.61 cM.In these two F2 populations,QTL mapping identified 98 QTLs for 14 agronomic traits related to the flowers,pods,plant types and grains.The two maps were then merged into an integrated genetic linkage map containing 6895 SNPs,with a length of 3324.48 cM.These results not only lay the foundation for fine mapping and map-based cloning of related genes,but can also accelerate the molecular marker-assisted breeding of faba bean.

The molecular mechanism of WRINKLED1 transcription factor regulating oil accumulation in developing seeds of castor bean

The transcription factor WRINKLED1(WRI1),a member of AP2 gene family that contain typical AP2 domains,has been considered as a master regulator regulating oil biosynthesis in oilseeds.However,the regulatory mechanism of RcWRI1 in regulating oil accumulation during seed development has not been clearly addressed.Castor bean(Ricinus communis)is one of the most important non-edible oil crops and its seed oils are rich in hydroxy fatty acids,widely applied in industry.In this study,based on castor bean reference genome,three RcWRIs genes(RcWRI1,RcWRI2 and RcWRI3)were identified and the expressed association of RcWRI1 with oil accumulation were determined.Heterologous transformation of RcWRI1 significantly increased oil content in tobacco leaf,confirming that RcWRI1 activate lipid biosynthesis pathway.Using DNA Affinity Purification sequencing(DAP-seq)technology,we confirmed RcWRI1 binding with Transcription Start Site of genes and identified 7961 WRI1-binding candidate genes.Functionally,these identified genes were mainly involved in diverse metabolism pathways(including lipid biosynthesis).Three cis-elements AW-box([CnTnG](n)7[CG])and AW-boxes like([GnAnC](n)6[GC]/[GnAnC](n)7[G])bound with RcWRI1 were identified.Co-expression network analysis of RcWRI1 further found that RcWRI1 might be widely involved in biosynthesis of storage materials during seed development.In particular,yeast one hybrid experiments found that both AP2 domains within RcWRI1 were required in binding targeted genes.These results not only provide new evidence to understand the regulatory mechanism of RcWRI1 in regulation of oil accumulation during castor bean seed development,but also give candidate gene resource for subsequent genetic improvement toward increasing oil content in oilseed crops.

Genetic dissection of yield-related traits in response to drought stress in common bean

Drought stress severely impairs common bean production.For facilitating drought-resistance breeding in common bean,molecular markers were identified in a genome-wide level marker–trait association study.A panel of 210 common bean accessions showed large variation in 11 agronomic traits at the adult stage(plant height,pod number per plant,seed number per pod,seed number per plant,seed yield per plant,pod length,harvest index,pod harvest index,days to maturity,hundred-seed weight,and seed yield)under two water conditions.The coefficient of variation ranged from 6.21% for pod harvest index to51.00% for seed number per plant under well-watered conditions,and from 4.05% for days to maturity to 40.72% for seed number per plant under drought stress.In a genome-wide association study,119quantitative-trait loci were associated with drought resistance,including 41 adjacent to known loci.Among these loci,12 were found to be associated with at least two traits.Three major loci were identified at Pv01 and Pv02.A set of candidate genes were found that encode MYBs,AREBs,WKRYs,and protein kinases.These results reveal promising alleles that control drought resistance,shedding light on the genetic basis of drought resistance and accelerating future efforts for drought resistance improvement in common bean.

Integrated Transcriptome and Small RNA Sequencing Analyses Reveals Insights into the Molecular Mechanism of Seed Germination in Mung Bean

During the life cycle of a plant,seed germination is crucial.Upon ingestion of water,the dry seeds resumed energy metabolism and cellular repair.To dissect the complex mechanisms at the very beginning of seed germination,two approaches including transcriptome and small RNA sequencing were conducted during the water imbibition process of mung bean seeds compared with dry seed.The transcriptome sequencing analysis identified 10,108 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between dry and imbibed mung bean seeds.KEGG enrichment analyses demonstrated numerous DEGs involved in hormone signaling pathways,carbohydrate,and energy metabolism.Out of the total DEGs,129 genes were investigated to involve in abscisic acid,gibberellin,and ethylene pathways,with 56 genes involved in glycolysis and TCA cycle.Through the analysis of small RNA sequencing among different samples,there were 284 miRNAs found in the imbibed and dried seeds of mung bean containing 213 known and 71 novel miRNAs.From comparison between the two types of seeds,51 miRNAs were differentially expressed.The integrated analyses of transcriptome and miRNAome data showed that 23 DEGs are the putative target genes of 8 miRNAs including miR156,miR171b-3p,miR166e-3p,miR169-1,etc.QRT-PCR was used to validate several DEGs and miRNAs.The data suggested that the seed imbibition process is regulated by a variety of DEGs and microRNAs.Meanwhile,we hope to gain a deeper insight into how mung bean seeds germinate in order to optimize seed growth.

Glycemic Responses of Food Formulations Based on White Rice and White Bean

The management of diabetes mellitus is based on lifestyle and dietary measures suggesting the consumption of foods with a low glycemic index. The present study was conducted in order to propose food formulas based on white rice and white beans resulting in a lower glycemic response. For this, food formulations based on these foods were first made, in particular the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white beans] and the formulation [50% rice + 50% white beans]. Then, the biochemical composition of white rice, white bean and these two formulations was determined by the usual methods. Finally, their glycemic responses over 120 minutes were studied by the FAO/ WHO 1998 method. The results showed that white rice [100% white rice] had the highest carbohydrate content (54.61%) followed respectively by the formulation [75% white rice + 25% white bean] (45.69%), the white bean [100% white bean] (29.1%) and the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white bean] (26.16%). In terms of glycemic responses, the formulation [50% white rice + 50% white beans] presented the best evolution with a lower peak (6.041 mmol/L) observed at T45min and a lower postprandial glycemia (4.872 mmol/ L) at T120min. An increase in the proportion of beans is therefore recommended as it may suggest a beneficial metabolic effect.

Cloning and Functional Validation of Mung Bean VrPR Gene

For the purpose of functional validation,the mung bean(Vigna radiata)VrPR gene was cloned and overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana.Thefindings revealed that the ORF of VrPR contained 1200 bp,in which 399 amino acids were encoded.Bioinformatics analysis showed that the VrPR protein belonged to the NADB Rossmann superfamily,which was one of the non-transmembrane hydrophilic proteins.VrPR was assumed to have 44 amino acid phosphorylation sites and be contained in chloroplasts.The VrPR secondary structure comprised of random coil,αhelix,βangle,and extended chain,all of which were quite compatible with the anticipated tertiary structure.Moreover,analysis of the phylogenetic tree indicated that the soybean PR(Glyma.12G222200)and VrPR were closely related.Furthermore,chlorophyll content in leaves is markedly increased in Arabidopsis when VrPR is overexpressed.Ourfindings will serve as a reference for more functional studies on the PR genes in mung bean.

Proteomic Study of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Seeds between Parents and Offspring of Castor Bean(Ricinus communis L.)

Castor bean(Ricinus communis L.),is one of the top 10 oilseed crops in the world and,therefore,of high economic value.Hybridization is one of the most effective ways to breed new varieties with high yield,high oil content,and better stress resistance.Therefore,prediction of desired traits in castor hybrid offspring is particularly important.In this study,proteomic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins(DEPs)in seeds between castor hybrid offspring and their female(Lm female line aLmAB2)and male parents(CSR·181).Among the DEPs upregulated in the seeds of hybrid offspring,the majority were related to seed yield and stress tolerance,while some were related to oil synthesis and fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in seeds.In other words,the hybrid offspring showed heterosis for seed yield,stress tolerance,oil synthesis,and fatty acid synthesis and metabolism when compared with their parents.Further,real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were performed on 12 genes encoding DEPs involved in oil synthesis,pollen abortion,yield,and stress tolerance of seeds.The results showed that the expression levels of the 12 genes were consistent with those of the DEPs.

Effects of Variety and Planting Density on Mung Bean Eco-Physiology and Yield in the Southeastern US

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek.) is a warm-season, C3 pulse crop of the legume family that has been widely cultivated in Asian countries. As the demand for mung bean continues to increase in the United States, the ecophysiology, growth, and yield of mung bean varieties in the southeastern US need to be assessed. A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Tennessee State University to investigate the effects of four varieties (OK2000, Berken, TSU-1, AAMU-1) and three planting densities (5, 10, and 15 cm spacing) on the ecophysiology and yield of mung bean. Results showed that the relative chlorophyll content, plant height, pod dry biomass, pod number, crop yield, and harvest index significantly varied among the varieties. Density only influenced transpiration, relative chlorophyll content, and plant dry biomass. OK2000 had 101.0% more pods per plant and a 42.4% higher harvest index and produced a 45.3% higher yield than other varieties, but no significant difference in yield was found among the other three varieties. This study demonstrated that the mung bean variety OK2000 with a high yield would be ideal for commercial production in the southeastern US.

Yield, Growth and Vegetative Development Parameters Response of Dry Beans to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers and Biofertilizer

As part of the promotion of common bean cultivation, fertilization methods will have to be proposed to growers. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a technical itinerary for dry bean fertilization. To this end, different types of chemical and organic fertilizers were evaluated on three dry bean varieties (HARI25/GHA19, HARI35/GHA19 and HARI36/GUI21). Seven (7) doses of chemical and organic fertilizers were used, including two controls (D0 with no fertilizer and D1, the reference dose using NPK base and cover fertilizers in the form of urea). The fertilization trial was set up as a Split-Plot design, with variety as the primary factor and dose as the secondary factor. The experiment was repeated three (3) times. The results showed that vegetative development parameters and fruit set rate varied according to the variety studied. For yield and its components, the treatments had a significant effect. Indeed, the response of varieties to fertilizers was specific. For each variety used, the optimum yield was obtained with a different treatment, thus highlighting the genotype effect of the dry bean varieties studied. Among the treatments tested, D4 (5 t organic fertilizer/ha) performed best in all three varieties, generating yield increases of 20%, 46% and 91% respectively.

Isolation and Authentication of Local Rhizobia Nodulating Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Different Agro-Ecological Zones of Côte d’Ivoire

Legumes such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) have been introduced into cropping systems for sustainable soil management. Consequently, the loss of fertility of the latter remains a major constraint to bean production because this legume is rarely fertilized, yet it is considered to be a poor nitrogen fixer in the absence of inoculation. To overcome this, this study was undertaken with the objective of seeking efficient local rhizobia in order to propose a bean inoculum formulation. To do this, soil samples taken from twelve localities in the Centre, North and West areas of C?te d’Ivoire were used to trap bean nodulating rhizobia. The ROBA1 bean accession used was sown in pots containing the sampled soils. Seedlings were uprooted at the start of flowering and nodulation was assessed. The isolates obtained were purified and then characterized phenotypically. The infectivity and symbiotic efficacy of these isolates were determined in vitro by the authentication test in which the purified isolates were reinoculated to their original host plant. A total of 24 rhizobium isolates were obtained from the soils of six localities. During morphological characterization, the isolates showed typical characteristics of Rhizobium. With the exception of RPC501, RPC505 and RPC522, all isolates were authenticated and able to nodulate the host plant in controlled culture. Isolates RPC502, RPC507, and RPC508 were effective and significantly increased (P < 0.05) nodule number and weight, height, and plant biomass. This study has, therefore, revealed the presence of effective local rhizobia in Ivorian soils and capable of nodulating common beans. A genetic characterization of efficient rhizobia identified after experimentation in different environmental conditions should be considered before being recommended as bean rhizobia inoculant.

Tolerance of Four Market Classes of Dry Beans to Tribenuron and Carfentrazone Applied Preplant

Limited information is available on the sensitivity of dry beans to tribenuron and carfentrazone applied preplant (PP). Four field trials were conducted at Exeter and Ridgetown, ON, Canada in 2019 and 2020 to determine the tolerance of azuki, kidney, small red and white beans to glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + tribenuron (15 g·ai·ha-1), glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + carfentrazone (35 g·ai·ha-1) and glyphosate (1800 g·ae·ha-1) + tribenuron (15 g·ai·ha-1) + carfentrazone (35 g·ai·ha-1) applied PP 1 - 2 days prior to seeding dry beans. Glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone, applied PP, caused 5%, 5% and 9% bean injury at 1 WAE;7%, 6% and 10% bean injury at 2 WAE and 6%, 5% and 8% bean injury at 4 WAE, respectively. At 8 WAE, there was 0, 1% and 4% injury in azuki bean;1%, 2% and 2% injury in kidney bean;3%, 2% and 3% injury in small red bean;and 6%, 3% and 2% injury in white bean with glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone, and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP, respectively. The injury was significantly greater with glyphosate + tribenuron in small red and white beans compared to the azuki and kidney beans. There was no difference between injury levels among market classes of dry been with glyphosate + carfentrazone or glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone applied PP. There was no effect of glyphosate + tribenuron, glyphosate + carfentrazone and glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone on dry bean plant stand, maturity and seed yield. However, dry bean biomass was reduced as much as 15% with glyphosate + tribenuron and 13% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone compared to the untreated control. Dry bean height was reduced 4% with glyphosate + tribenuron + carfentrazone but was not affected with other treatments. Based on these results, there is potential for using glyphosate plus tribenuron or carfentrazone for preplant weed management in dry bean production.

Tolerance of Four Dry Bean Market Classes to Pre-Emergence Applications of Sulfentrazone

Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha-1. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha-1) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively;and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.