Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Vertical bearing capacity of pile based on load transfer model

The load transfer analytical method is applied to study the bearing mechanism of piles with vertical load in this paper. According to the different hardening rules of soil or rock around the pile shaft, such as work-softening, ideal elasto-plastic and work-hardening, a universal tri-linear load transfer model is suggested for the development of side and tip resistance by various types of soil (rock) with the consideration of sediment at the bottom of the pile. Based on the model, a formula is derived for the relationship between the settlement and load on the pile top to determine the vertical bearing capacity, taking into account such factors as the characteristics of the stratum, the side resistance along the shaft, and tip resistance under the pile tip. A close agreement of the calculated results with the measured data from a field test pile lends confidence to the future application of the present approach in engineering practice.

Estimation of Axial Pile Bearing Capacity According to Shear Strength Parameters of Soil

At pesent, it is very popular to estimate pile bearing capacity by use of empirical formula and physical indexes of soil provided in the design codes for civil construction in China. This paper attempts to apply mechanical indexes of soil and semi-empirical formulas, which are based on soil mechanical theories and were summarized and presented by Meyerhof in 1976, to calculate the axial pile bearing capacity. Loading test results of 24 single piles in Tianjin area have been collected and compared with the proposed calulation approach.

Uplift Pile Test in Rocks and Its Bearing Capacity

This paper reports in situ tension test and laboratory model test for large diameter, manually digging anchorage piles in the 2nd Luzhou Changjiang Bridge. Tension behavior, uplift bearing capacity and influence of rock characteristics on bearing capacity are discussed. Proposes are presented with respect to issues related to the construction and design of uplift piles.

Effect of Bearing Capacity on Designing Foundations in Iraq Using STAAD Pro-v8i

Most of Iraqi soil is classified as Quaternary deposits, especially in the Mesopotamian plain and tributaries of the River Tigris. Soil varies from north to south of Iraq. These differences in soil affected the process to select the suitable type of foundation. This research is to study the effect of bearing capacity on shallow foundations in different regions of Iraq. Seventy nine samples were collected from 23 boreholes at three different locations (Mosul at the North, Baghdad at the middle and Basrah at the south of Iraq). The samples were collected at varying depth between 1 to 24 m. They were subjected to the following testes: Atterberg limits, sieve and hydrometers, consolidation, direct shear, unconfined compression and the filed (SPT test). The values of the bearing capacity parameters ( and c) were obtained from the above tests. The results obtained were used in the application of the general equation of the bearing capacity. Then, the model of a building was designed (two floors, with mat foundation type) using STAAD Pro software. The average values of bearing capacity in each region were applied in the program (Mosul = 177 KPa, Baghdad = 125 KPa and Basrah = 84 KPa). In addition, the worst bearing capacity values were also used for the three regions (Mosul = 77 KPa, Baghdad = 68 KPa and Basrah = 24 KPa). The results obtained from the average and worst bearing capacity indicated that for Mosul, we could use shallow foundation (spread and mat used if there was basement) for different areas and for buildings with many stories. For Baghdad region, shallow foundation was more suitable for building not higher than five stories. Finally, for Basrah region, shallow foundations were an appropriate selection, but for most areas deep foundation was the right choice.

Evaluation of ultimate bearing capacity of Y-shaped vibro-pile

Based on Mindlin stress solution, a numerical computational method was proposed to calculate the stresses in the ground induced by side friction and the resistance of Y-shaped vibro-pile. The improved Terzaghi's and ЪерезанцевВГ's methods for ultimate bearing capacity evaluation were proposed by considering the stress strength induced by friction resistance at pile head level of Y-pile. A new method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of Y-pile was also proposed based on the assumptions of soil failure mode at the tip of Y-pile and the use of Mohr-Coulomb soil yield criterion and Vesic compressive correction coefficient with the induced stresses in the ground. Based on the comparisons with the field static load test results, it is found that the improved Terzaghi's method gives higher ultimate capacity, while the other two methods shows good agreement with the field results.

Model tests on uplift capacity of double-belled pile influenced by distance between bells

To optimize the distance between the bells in pile design,this paper reports a series of small scale tests on the uplift capacity of double belled piles embedded in dry dense sand considering different bell space ratios.Finite element modelling is also performed to evaluate the range of soil failure around the piles during pile uplift displacement.Test results show that when bell space ratio is 6 or 8,the uplift capacity reaches the peak value.The upper bell bears more load than the lower one for the piles with bell space ratio less than 6,while the lower bell bears more load than the upper one for the piles with bell space ratio larger than 8.

Prediction of bearing capacity of pile foundation using deep learning approaches

The accurate prediction of bearing capacity is crucial in ensuring the structural integrity and safety of pile foundations.This research compares the Deep Neural Networks(DNN),Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN),Recurrent Neural Networks(RNN),Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM),and Bidirectional LSTM(BiLSTM)algorithms utilizing a data set of 257 dynamic pile load tests for the first time.Also,this research illustrates the multicollinearity effect on DNN,CNN,RNN,LSTM,and BiLSTM models’performance and accuracy for the first time.A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted,employing various statistical performance parameters,rank analysis,and error matrix to evaluate the performance of these models.The performance is further validated using external validation,and visual interpretation is provided using the regression error characteristics(REC)curve and Taylor diagram.Results from the comparative analysis reveal that the DNN(Coefficient of determination(R^(2))_(training(TR))=0.97,root mean squared error(RMSE)_(TR)=0.0413;R^(2)_(testing(TS))=0.9,RMSE_(TS)=0.08)followed by BiLSTM(R^(2)_(TR)=0.91,RMSE_(TR)=0.782;R^(2)_(TS)=0.89,RMSE_(TS)=0.0862)model demonstrates the highest performance accuracy.It is noted that the BiLSTM model is better than LSTM because the BiLSTM model,which increases the amount of information for the network,is a sequence processing model made up of two LSTMs,one of which takes the input in a forward manner,and the other in a backward direction.The prediction of pile-bearing capacity is strongly influenced by ram weight(having a considerable multicollinearity level),and the effect of the considerable multicollinearity level has been determined for the model based on the recurrent neural network approach.In this study,the recurrent neural network model has the least performance and accuracy in predicting the pile-bearing capacity.

A Reliable Method of Pile Load Test on Cast-in-Situ Pile Group of Existing Building for Retrofitting

Following the foundation failure of a building, with an aim of economical solution to strengthen other existing buildings of the same project, a new arrangement was implemented experimentally to test the adequacy of load bearing capacity of a few selected cast-in-situ RCC （reinforced cement concrete） pile groups without demolishing the existing buildings. In this test, the column bottom of an existing building was removed by the help of scaffolding and after that a frame system consisting tension piles and hollow beam was constructed over the pile cap of the to be tested pile group. The load was tested by the help of hydraulic jack system and the constructed frame system. This paper contains the detailed plan, arrangement and method of the test with illustrations. The deflection and loading data analysis is also included which was performed to determine the outcome of the test. Through this test method the appropriate assessment of capacity of pile group of existing building could be done successfully and in result the structure could be saved by only super structure retrofitting.

Research on pile performance and state-of-the-art practice in cold regions

A pile foundation is commonly adopted in geotechnical engineering to support structures, and its application has been extended to cold-regions engineering. In past decades, a host of scholars investigated pile behaviors and proposed design guidelines for seasonally frozen ground or permafrost. This paper reviews the research with respect to pile performance and engineering practice in cold regions, organized as follows:(1) creep tests and bearing capacity,(2) frost-jacking hazards,(3) laterally loaded piles,(4) dynamic responses,(5) refreezing due to concrete-hydration heat, and(6) improved countermeasures and design methods. We first summarize previous research and recent progress; then, predict the development trend of pile foundations in cold regions and recommend further research.

Experimental Study on Stability of Breakwaters with Penetrating Box Foundations

The breakwater with top sealed, shallow and wide penetrating box foundations is a new type of structure, applicable to deep water and soft seabed. The relations of horizontal and vertical bearing capacities of the box foundation structure as well as the instability induced failure modes to its dimensions and external loads are discussed through static model tests and wave tests. The mechanical properties of the stability of the box foundation are similar to those of embedded rigid foundations, i.e. the vertical stresses at the bottom of the box are distributed in a linear pattern under the action of vertical loads, and passive and active soil pressures are developed at the front and back sides of the box under the action of horizontal loads; there are two instability induced failure modes of the foundation structure-horizontal slide along the box base and tilting due to insufficient local vertical bearing capacity of the soil beneath the box base. The stability of box foundations can be analyzed by use of the methods applied to analysis of the embedded rigid foundations. To increase the width of the box is the most effective way to improve the stability of box foundations.

Comparison between bearing characteristics of pervious concrete pile composite foundations with different replacement ratios

The replacement ratio is an essential factor in evaluating the bearing capacity characteristics of compositefoundations. This study focuses on the bearing capacity of a pervious concrete pile with different replacementratios. The axial force, skin friction, and settlement were evaluated using a model test to assess the performance ofthe pervious concrete pile composite foundation. When the replacement ratio was reduced from 9.26% to 2.32%,the characteristic bearing capacity value was only 14%. Therefore, it may be unreasonable to use the settlementratio method to evaluate this composite foundation's bearing capacity in a model test. Appropriate loading cansignificantly improve the bearing capacity of a pervious concrete pile composite foundation with a lowreplacement ratio. The pile–soil stress ratio exhibited different decreasing ranges in the later loading stage. As theload increased, the axial force of the pervious concrete piles was small and nonobvious, and the average sidefriction resistance of the piles in the foundation with a lower replacement ratio slowly increased.

动力打桩桩周泥岩损伤特性与损伤模型

针对泥岩地基同施工场地条件下动力打入桩的承载力差异性大且部分打入桩承载力不足等异常现象,文章开展了桩周0.2m处打桩前后的桩周泥岩单轴抗压强度对比试验,和打桩后的桩端中风化泥岩三轴压缩试验,明确打桩后桩周泥岩的损伤特性,基于统计损伤理论建立考虑受打桩影响的桩周泥岩损伤本构模型,并对泥岩地基打入桩的承载性能进行探讨。研究表明:打桩后桩周0.2m处泥岩强度平均损伤28.2%,弹性模量平均损伤41.4%;桩端中风化泥岩损伤后抗剪强度参数平均值为c=217.2kPa、φ=21.6°,φ仅是同场地原状强风化和全风化泥岩的49.1%和51.4%;打桩后桩周泥岩应力-应变曲线的损伤模型计算值的与实测值吻合较好,验证模型的合理性;泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常特征为桩端受力小,但桩端沉降显著,静载破坏时桩端阻力的平均占比为5.25%;动力打桩对桩周泥岩的损伤是泥岩地基打入桩承载力异常的重要原因;泥岩地基打入桩的设计计算与数值模拟采用原状泥岩力学参数不合理,泥岩损伤后不易恢复,建议按损伤特性赋予参数。研究结果对泥岩地基打入桩的设计、施工、承载力评价有较强的参考价值。

后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载机理及其桩盘力学性能研究

为了有效提高桩基础承载力,创新性提出后顶扩臂压浆技术与后顶扩臂压浆桩基础形式。其桩臂顶扩压浆后形成的桩盘力学以及承载特性直接影响基础承载力。为此,在砂土中开展后顶扩臂压浆桩模型试验以及桩盘力学性能试验,通过分析荷载位移变化规律、荷载分担比、桩盘破坏模式等,探究后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载特性以及桩盘的力学性能,揭示桩盘承载机理以及后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力提升机制。试验结果表明:通过后顶扩臂压浆技术,不仅提高桩土接触面积同时提升桩周土体强度,压浆效果呈圆柱型,桩臂包裹效果较好。以压浆量250mL为例,单盘后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力是普通桩的5.0倍左右,是其他桩型的2.0~3.0倍,承载力提升效果显著。单桩盘分担荷载占总荷载的80%~90%,且盘径比越大、桩盘个数越多,桩盘分担荷载越高。桩盘承载力与压浆量成线性关系,压浆量越高桩盘承载力越大。根据试验结果,建立了桩盘力学模型以及后顶扩臂压浆桩竖向承载力简化计算模型,提出桩盘承载力计算方法以及后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力计算方法。并与试验结果进行对比验证,以期可为后顶扩臂压浆桩承载力计算提供参考。

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

波浪荷载下海上风力机桩基础滞回效应及水平承载力变化特性研究

该研究以海上风电桩基础为研究对象,采用自主设计的水平加载装置模拟波浪荷载,结合粒子图像测速(PIV)技术开展缩尺模型试验。着重探究不同幅值的波浪荷载加载过程中,桩周土体的循环变形特征及加载前后,海上风力机桩基础水平承载能力变化。试验结果表明:桩顶累积转角随加载次数呈线性增长、缓慢增长和稳定发展的三阶段变化特性;桩周土体呈现典型的刚性桩两区域破坏形式,桩右被动区土体位移矢量场和位移云图影响范围受加载幅值变化影响显著;桩顶循环加载荷载位移曲线表现出明显的滞回性,滞回圈随加载次数右移并产生累积位移。伴随着滞回圈面积减小和割线刚度增大,桩周土体由以塑性变形向弹性变形为主导变化;循环加载后的滞回圈有明显捏缩,耗能能力减弱。桩基础水平承载能力及弹性变形能力较加载前均明显提高。

黏土中筒型基础竖向承载影响深度研究

开展筒型基础在上黏下砂成层土中模型试验,提出“砂层下探法”确定竖向荷载影响深度。分析结果发现:均质黏土中,宽浅式筒型基础竖向承载影响深度约为筒端以下0.5倍筒径,随着长径比的增加,竖向承载影响深度缓慢增加;在强度随深度线性增长的黏土中,竖向承载影响深度与土体不均匀系数呈反比。

卷积神经网络与随机场分析桩梁基础承载力

岩土体的参数在空间上随机分布,为能更好地反应实际工程地质条件,在桩基础承载力研究中考虑土体的不确定性,并建立具有重要工程价值的承载力预测模型,将基于随机场理论的岩土参数空间变异性引入桩梁基础的研究中,采用数值方法建立桩梁基础与群桩基础的二维随机有限元模型分析承载能力,并与模型试验结果验证。随后通过卷积神经网络建立土体参数随机场图像与基础极限承载力之间的模型进行承载力预测,并基于预测模型研究不同参数的影响。结果表明:考虑土体空间变异性的基础承载力与试验结果基本吻合,随机结果均高于确定性分析;随机场下桩梁基础与群桩基础的承载力均为正态分布;采用卷积神经网络建立的基础承载力预测模型精度较高,且可以用于参数分析,基础承载力随着土体参数的增加而增加,随变异系数的增加而下降。随机条件下,桩梁基础的承载力高于群桩基础,可以充分发挥土体强度并抵御参数不确定性带来的承载力损失。

土工袋路基基础加固效果及影响因素试验研究

文章利用室内物理缩尺模型试验,研究不同土工袋加固层数、加固宽度以及首层埋置深度条件下的路基基础加载破坏试验,通过分析路基基础坡面裂缝率、荷载-沉降关系曲线以及路基基础内部土压力沿水平方向传递和竖直方向分布规律等,研究土工袋加固层数、加固宽度及首层埋置深度对路基基础加固效果的影响及其规律。结果表明:土工袋对基础内部土压力的分布有显著影响,且荷载越大土工袋加固效果越明显;土工袋加固层数及加固宽度越大,路基基础加固效果越好,但在保证经济成本的条件下并不是加固层数越多、加固宽度越大越好;顶层土工袋距加载板越近越有利于控制路基基础沉降,但不利于抑制裂缝的开展,因此建议实际工程中适当保留一定的首层埋置深度,以利于控制裂缝的开展。