Advances in Microbial Strains and Bedding Materials in a Deep-Litter System for Pig Breeding

The selection and compatibility of the microbial strains and bedding materials in a deep-litter system is the primary issues for this ecological breeding technology. In this paper, we analyzed and summarized the categories of microbial strains and bedding materials suitable for a deep-litter system, the fermentation properties of different microbes, the parameter requirements of bedding materials, and the fermentation process led by functional microbial flora in a deep-litter system, with the objective to provide theoretical bases and practical guidance for the promotion of deep-litter breeding method nationwide.

HORIZONTAL 2-D BASIC EQUATIONS AND SIMULATION OF INTERCHANGE BETWEEN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND BED MATERIALS IN ALLUVIAL RIVER

A set of new 2-D equations of interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials was serived by theoretical deduction based on the systematic summarization and assessment the previous studies of simulating the interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials in the Lower Yellow River. This model was used to simulate the erosion and deposition processes caused by the interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials in a sketch channel. The results show that these equations are well consistent with the laws of interchange between suspended sediment and bed materials. Furthermore, compared with previous models, it has important practical value not only because of strong theoretical foundation, but also for smaller amount of calculating work and convenient application in practice.

Improvement and Application of Grain Size Distribution Characteristics Calculation of Bed Material

Grain size distribution of bed material is an important characteristic for studying evolution of natural river channel by means of experimental ways and numerical modeling of flow and sediment process.In this study,the fractal characteristic of sediment particle has been defined by means of fractal theory based on ana- lyzing the property of grain size distribution of bed material in the river channel.Furthennore,the fractal prop- erty of sediment particle has been applied to judge the process of armorin...

A new formula of recovery factor for non-equilibrium transport of graded suspended sediment in the Middle Yangtze River

Suspended sediment concentrations in the Middle Yangtze River(MYR)reduced greatly after the Three Gorges Project operation,causing the composition of bed material to coarsen continuously.However,little is known about the non-equilibrium transport of graded suspended sediment owing to different bed material compositions(BMCs)along the MYR,and it is necessary to determine the magnitude of recovery factor.Using the Markov stochastic process in conjunction with the hiding-exposure effect of non-uniform bed-material,a new formula is proposed for calculating the recovery factor including the effect of different BMCs,and it is incorporated into the non-equilibrium transport equation to simulate the recovery processes of suspended load in both sand-gravel bed and sand bed reaches of the MYR.The results show that:(i)the recovery rate of graded sediment concentrations at Zhicheng was slower than that at Shashi during the period 2003-2007;(ii)the mean recovery factors of the coarse,medium,and fine sediment fractions in the ZhichengShashi reach were 0.152,0.0012,and 0.0005,respectively,and the coarse sediment recovered up to the maximum sediment concentration of 0.138 kg/m3over a distance of 15 km;and(iii)the results of the new formula that can consider the effect of bed material composition are in general agreement with the field observations,and the spatial and temporal delay effects are inversely related to particle size and BMC.Consequently,the BMC effect on the nonequilibrium sediment transport in different reaches of the MYR needs to be considered for higher simulation accuracy.

Succession of bacteria communities during production and application of dairy bedding by membrane-covered aerobic fermentation

The cost of dairy manure treatment and bedding material purchase increases the operating cost of the dairy farm.Membrane-covered aerobic fermentation system has been widely used for dealing with dairy manure and recycling the final product as bedding material.However,the microbial safety in each processing step is still uncertain.To better understand the bacterial community dynamics during the whole bedding conversion process,a full-chain and large-scale experiment including 16-day membrane-covered aerobic fermentation and 11-day bedding material application was conducted.The results showed that the pile temperatures in the fermentation stage rapidly increased to 80°C and maintained>50°C for more than 11 days and the use of fermentation product as bedding material provided cows with a stable and comfortable bedding environment.The Chao1 and Shannon index decreased at the end of the fermentation stage and remained stable in the application stage,indicating that membrane-covered aerobic fermentation effectively killed some pathogenic bacteria and guaranteed both the maturity and stability of the final product.The dominant bacteria in the fermentation stage were Acinetobacter,Thermus,and Rhodothermus at genus level.Seven common potential pathogens of mastitis(Staphylococcus,Enterococcus,Serratia,Pseudomonas,Corynebacterium,Mycobacterium,and Bacillus)were found at the end of fermentation stage but the relative abundance was low(0.0025%-0.2727%).The dominant bacteria in the application stage mainly included Acinetobacter,Pseudomonas,and Flavobacterium at the genus level.The relative abundance of Pseudomonas increased in the application stage,which was a reminder to the dairy farm to pay attention to the disinfection and timely replacement of bedding material to prevent the occurrence of dairy mastitis.The results of this study contributed deep understanding of the microorganism-driven bedding conversion process and provide practical guidance and cautions for the bedding materials application.

Effect of media heights on the performance of biological aerated filter

The optimum media height of carbon oxidation and nitrification in a down-flow biological aerated filter was determined, and the distribution of the heterotrophic and nitrifying populations through studying the changes of organic carbon contents and ammonia concentration at different media height was got. The results showed that as a down flow BAF with granular media, the active layer of nitrifiers was deeper than heterotrophs in BAF. And the optimum media height for the removal of SS, COD Cr and NH + 4-N was 40 cm,60 cm and 80 cm respectively. The removal efficiency of SS, COD Cr and NH + 4-N was 79.1%, 63.9% and 96.4% respectively under the influent COD Cr and NH + 4-N of 122.1 mgCOD Cr /L and 14.84 mgNH + 4-N/L, the influent flux of 15.8 L/h, air to liquid ratio of 3∶1.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Bed Material Amount and Fuel Particle Size on Load Change of Circulating Fluidized Bed

The large-scale integration of new energy generation has put forward higher requirements for the peak-shaving capability of thermal power.The circulating fluidized bed(CFB)depends on the advantages of a wide load adjustment range and low cost of pollutant control to become a good peak shaving power supply.However,the large delay and inertia caused by its unique combustion mode make it very difficult to change the load quickly.To further understand the factors that affect the load change of CFB,and explore the method of increasing CFB load change rate,the load change experiment on the combustion side was carried out in the 0.1 MW CFB experiment platform.The influence law of bed material amount and fuel particle size on load change of CFB combustion side was revealed for the first time.The results indicated that the increase of bed material amount was beneficial to improve the load change rate on the combustion side of CFB and reduce the carbon content of fly ash,but had no obvious effect on NO_(x)emission.When the bed height at rest increased from 200 mm to 400 mm,the load change rate of the CFB combustion side load from 50%to 75%increased from 0.78%/min to 1.14%/min,and the carbon content of fly ash at 75%load decreased from 26.6%to 24.9%.In addition,the reduction of fuel particle size positively improved the load change rate on the combustion side of the CFB and reduced NO_(x)emission but had a negative effect on reducing the carbon content of fly ash.When the fuel particle size decreased from 0-1 mm to 0-0.12 mm,the load change rate of CFB combustion side load from 50%to 75%increased from 0.78%/min to 1.09%/min,and the NO_(x)emission and carbon content of fly ash at 75%load decreased from 349.5 mg/m^(3)to 194.1 mg/m^(3)and increased from 26.6%to 31.8%,respectively.

Experimental Study on Oxy-Fuel Combustion and NO Emission in a Spouted-Fluidized Bed with under Bed Feeding

The spouted-fluidized bed is modified from the classical fluidized bed device,which combines the features of spouted and fluidized beds.In the present work,the performance of oxy-fuel spouted-fluidized bed combustion with under bed feeding and its effect on NO emission were systematically investigated.The results revealed that it was feasible to use a spouted-fluidized bed combustor for oxy-fuel combustion with real flue gas recycling.The transition from air combustion to oxy-fuel combustion was smooth and the concentration of CO_(2) in the flue gas could be as high as 90%steadily(dry base).Increasing the reaction temperature exhibited a negative effect on NO emission.Compared with that under the shallow bed,the concentration of NO in the flue gas was lower under the deep bed condition.Besides,the utilization of crush particles was favorable for suppressing NO emission because of the promoted mixing between coal particles and solid bed materials.Furthermore,the addition of limestone was proven to undesirably increase the NO emission during oxy-fuel spouted-fluidized bed combustion.

STUDY ON SIMILARITY LAWS OF A DISTORTED RIVER MODEL WITH A MOVABLE BED

WT5”BZ]In this study, by considering the scale ratio related to the specific gravity of the submerged bed material, and introducing a degree of distortion, n the similarity laws for a distorted river model with a movable bed were derived under the conditions that the values of dual dimensionless parameters in a regime-criterion diagram for the bars are the same in a model as they are in a prototype, and that a resistance law such as the Manning-Strickler-type formula is to be valid for a model and a prototype. The usefulness of the similarity laws derived in this study was verified by comparing the bed forms from the distroted model experiments with the bed forms from the 1/50-scale undistorted model experiments, which were performed by the Hokkaido Development Bureau (H. D. B.), Japan, to examine the tentative plan for the improvement of a low-flow channel in the Chubetsu River, which is a tributary of the Ishikari River. It is considered that the distorted model experiments to be valid with either sand or lightweight bed material. [WT5”HZ]

Fluvial processes and their impact on the finless porpoise's habitat after the Three Gorges Project became operational

Since the filling of the reservoir of the Three Gorges Project(TGP)dam in the Yangtze River in 2003,erosion downstream from the dam site has affected the finless porpoise’s habitat.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)fluvial process mathematical model is used to calculate flow and sediment transport in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River,including the finless porpoise’s habitat.By analyzing the calculation results for the water resources,suspended load,and bed materials in the finless porpoise’s habitat after the riverbed deformation,we evaluated the possible impact on this rare Yangtze River aquatic animal.The results show that,with the erosion of riverbed over the next 20 years,the water quantity comprising the habitat will decrease to half of its present amount,and the bed materials will be eroded to coarse grading,such that the reserve will become a gradually disappearing stream.Effective engineering measures should be used to decrease the erosion in the main channel,in case the overall erosion cannot be stemmed and controlled,to ensure an adequate water volume flows into the finless porpoise’s habitat.

MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF DEGRADATION AND FLUVIAL PROCESS DOWNSTREAM RESERVOIRS

To research into the problem of degradation and fluvial process downstream reservoirs and its influence on flood control and navigation, a 1-D mathematical model of degradation and fluvial process downstream the reservoir was established in this paper. The non-equilibrium transport of non-uniform suspended load, the non-uniform bedload transport and bed material sorting were considered in the model. Some techniques were suggested for some problems in calculation, such as the effective suspended load carrying capacity of the different reaches of bed materials, the coefficient of suspended load carrying capacity, the recovering coefficient of carrying capacity, the mixed layer thickness, the bedload transport width, bifurcation and confluence of main and branch channel, and the distribution of deposition and erosion along the cross section, etc. The model was tested by the data of degradation downstream the Danjiangkou reservoir on the Hanjiang River and the data of degradation downstream the Gezhouba Project on the Yangtze River.

SCOUR OF FINE SEDIMENT BY A TURBULENT WALL JET

A total of 66 experiments were conducted to investigate the scour of fine finesediment by a turbulent wall jet. The independent variables studied were the flow velocity, the jet size, the grain sine, and the water temperature.Three Closely sized grades of bed material were used, and their median diameters were 0. 273mm, 0. 050mm, and 0. 030mm. The jet velocities varied from 0. 30m/s to 1. 10m/s for the coarse sediment (D =0. 273mm), and from 0. 30m/s to 0. 70m/s for the fine grades (D = 0. 050mm , and D= 0. 030mm). The jet size was set to 3. 18mm, 6, 35mm, and 9. 53mm for each grade size, and the water temperature varied from about 60 degrees Fahrenheit to about 85 degrees Fahrenheit.The independent variables were analyzed using dimensional analysis. Three dimentsionless Parameters, namely U(=pu2/ΔpgD), B(b/D), and G(=ΔpgD3/pv2), were obtained. These parameters enabled a close correlation of all experimental results. Other studies were also found to correlate well with these parameters.