Extraction of Morphometric Bedform Characteristics from Profiling Sonar Datasets Recorded in Shallow Coastal Waters of China

The morphological characteristics of small-scale bedforms were measured by means of an acoustic profiling sonar on the Dafeng tidal flat, Jiangsu, in 2009, and in the Jiulong Estuary, Xiamen, in 2010, respectively. The ＂multi-threshold value＂ method was utilized to reveal the morphological undulations along which bedforms were present. Analyses of the datasets obtained show that： （1） sand ripples can have irregular shapes, and （2） changes in bedform morphology are small within a single tidal cycle but may be significant over several tidal cycles. Fractal and variogram analyses of the seabed roughness revealed the existence of a significant relationship between current speed and the fractal dimension of the seabed roughness. As current speed increases, seabed roughness increases with a trend of smaller-scale bottom structures being replaced by larger-scale structures. Furthermore, the surface of the larger-scale bottom structures can either become smooth due to the absence of smaller-scale features or become rougher due to the presence of superimposed smaller-scale structures.

Glacial bedforms in the Northwind Abyssal Plain,Chukchi Borderland

A series of sub-parallel linear glacial scours are identified on the crest of the Baoshi Seamount in the Northwind Abyssal Plain by compiling new multibeam data acquired during the 9 th Chinese Arctic Research Expedition(CHINARE-Arc9)in 2018 and previously published data.The new data reveal scours that developed at water depths of 850–1030 m with an orientation of about 75°/255°.The maximum water depth occurs in the southernmost scour and is deeper than that from previous investigations,which showed a maximum scouring depth of about 900 m on the seamount.The topographic and geomorphological characteristics suggest that these scours resulted from erosion by the ice shelf extending from the Chukchi margin and/or Laurentide Ice Sheet that grounded on the crest of the seamount and moved in a NE–SW direction.Other possibilities of their genesis include armadas of large icebergs/multi-keel icebergs calved from the Chukchi Shelf or the Laurentide Ice Sheet.The new data provide new constraints for assessing the extent and volume of the ice sheet in the Chukchi area during glacial maxima.

Self-organization Mechanism during the Bedform Process

This paper investigates the functional and morphological self organization phenomena that occur during the bedform process in river systems. The fluvial process has architecturally functional self organization actions that serve to self adjust the river regime. The bedform (or sand waves) process is part of the functional self organization at the middle level of the geometrical scale. By increasing the resistance of the mobile bed and simultaneously decreasing the capacity carrying sediment, the bedform serves to self adjust the river system. The morphological self organization of the bedform process is the basis for the functional self organization. The concept of the water sand interaction region is suggested, and a nonlinear model is constructed to describe the complex interaction among water flow, bed load transport, and local bed deformation, i e , the sand waves. A numerical simulation was developed based upon this model. The primary results show that the model is able to repeat many important phenomena in the bedform process, especially the critical phase transition.

Free Boundary Problem in Bedform Evolution of Alluvial River System

The bedform evolution in an alluvial river system is studied. A mathematical model is designed to simulate the flow in the water sand region and the bedform processes.The model results in a free boundary problem. Features of the free boundary problem are given.Explicit solutions as well as their physical implications for a few special cases of the free boundary problem are presented.

Impacts of vegetation over bedforms on flow characteristics in gravel-bed rivers

In the present study,among six gravel-bed river reaches,two natural gravel-bed river reaches with approximately similar bedforms and flow conditions have been found,one river reach with vegetation on bedforms and the other without vegetation on bedforms.Based on field measurements,the impacts of vegetation over bedforms on flow characteristics have been investigated.Flow velocity,Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity distributions over bedforms with vegetation have been compared with those over gravel bedforms without vegetation.By using the quadrant analysis,the dominant events of turbulent flow structures have been assessed for flows over gravel bedforms with vegetation and without vegetation.Results show that the effect of vegetation enhances the anisotropy in turbulence and generates strong secondary currents,which lead to the occurrence of dip phenomenon at the stoss section and the crest of vegetated bedforms.The change of bed roughness from gravel bed to vegetated bed causes a development of a new boundary layer.This resulted in the different shape of velocity distributions over bedforms with vegetation from those over bedforms without vegetation,which can affect the lives of aquatic animals.Reynolds shear stress at downstream section of gravel bedform without vegetation is much higher than that of vegetated bedform,which shows that the erosion takes place from downstream of vegetated bedforms,while in the bare beds;the deposition is at downstream of bedforms.It is found that the presence of vegetation causes a chaotic distribution pattern of Reynolds shear stress,while it has more orderly pattern at the downstream section of gravel bedform without vegetation.Besides,the distribution of turbulence intensity in the lee side of vegetated bedform has a concave shape and in the stoss section,turbulence is generated in ejections and sweeps near the vegetation cover.These findings are significant to the practice of river ecological restoration.

小浪底水库运用对黄河下游河道水流阻力的影响

小浪底水库运用后,黄河下游河床冲刷粗化严重、水流阻力变化十分明显。为定量描述小浪底水库运用对水流阻力的影响,基于黄河下游水文站流速、河宽、床沙粒径、曼宁系数等实测数据分析,结合床面形态控制数理论及实测床面形态资料,建立了包含床面形态因子的动床阻力计算公式,计算精度得到了黄河下游水文站1508组实测数据的验证。分析计算表明:黄河下游床沙粒径上段粗、下段细的特征更加突出,高村以上游荡型河段沙垄发育、动床阻力增加明显;高村以下河段,河床冲刷粗化程度明显减少,动床阻力变化相对较小,但河槽断面趋于窄深,洪水期岸壁阻力增大明显。小浪底水库运用促进了黄河下游床面形态的发育,增大了各河段的水流阻力。

床面形态渗透率对潜流交换特性的影响

为了研究床面形态物理特性对潜流交换的影响,通过环形水槽实验,采用概化的2维离散床面形态研究了床面形态组成单元的渗透率与潜流交换通量之间的定量关联和变化特征,并分析了床面形态组成单元的渗透率变化对有效扩散系数的影响.实验结果表明,床面形态组成单元的渗透率变化对潜流交换起着不可忽视的作用.在该实验参数变化范围内,床面形态的存在引入了附加的泵吸交换,而泵吸交换对潜流交换通量的相对贡献与床面形态组成单元的渗透率变化密切相关,当其渗透率相对较低时泵吸交换和湍流渗透均趋于减弱,与平整底床相比其有效扩散系数总体上呈不同程度的减小趋势.

过渡型流体转换对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义

洪水型重力流是重力流沉积学的研究热点,以往研究认为洪水型重力流具有紊流支撑的流体性质,对于其流体性质转化及其沉积记录的识别不够深入。近年研究揭示重力流沉积过程中可形成多种过渡型流体,具有特殊流体转换机制和沉积特征。通过调研国内外最新文献,系统介绍了过渡型流体基本特征、沉积机制方面的研究进展,并讨论了其对洪水型重力流沉积研究的启示及地质意义。研究结果表明:在少量黏土矿物影响下,沉积物重力流流体的性质即可由紊流向层流转化,形成特殊的过渡型流体。转化过程主要取决于黏土矿物含量和类型控制的流体内聚力和流速控制的紊流应力二者之间的相互作用。过渡型流体可以产生大型流水沙纹(large current ripple)、砂质纹层—泥质纹层间互形成的低幅度沙波(low amplitude bed wave)等独特的底床类型。尽管实验研究揭示了过渡型流体可能形成的沉积底床特征,针对洪水型重力流沉积记录中过渡型流体的解释仍十分缺乏,尤其是过渡型流体转换机制及其沉积响应仍亟待深入探索。过渡型流体的沉积底形是研究洪水型重力流沉积动力机制的重要载体,可为深入理解洪水型重力流沉积过程提供新视角,同时可能具有更广泛的沉积学研究意义。

西非科特迪瓦盆地深水底形样式及成因分析

通过三维地震资料海底平面成像和浅层地震剖面解释、分析,识别和描述了西非科特迪瓦盆地深水底形类型。研究区发育下切水道、侵蚀冲坑、周期阶坎、小型沉积物波、大型沉积物波多种深水底形。下切水道表现为直线型,地形坡度从上斜坡5°过渡到下斜坡1.9°,水道历经多次合并,合并后水道内部起伏地貌指示侵蚀—沉积交互作用;识别出孤立状、串珠状和猫爪状三种类型侵蚀冲坑;在斜坡限制性水道内部地形坡度1.9°~3.1°之间识别出8个不同波长和波高的“周期阶坎”底形,周期阶坎具有剖面上向上游方向迁移、平面上呈新月形态的特征,从上游到下游波长有逐渐变短的趋势。小型沉积物波发育于水道内和水道外两种环境,其中限定性环境小型沉积物波发育在周期阶坎上游方向,非限定环境小型沉积物波发育地形坡度为1°左右,具有加积或轻微向下迁移的内部反射结构。大型沉积物波发育在非限定环境中,显示为长波长、低幅度浅层构造特征,分析认为早期滑塌地貌对晚期大型沉积物波的形成具有重要的控制作用。在现象描述基础上,对不同底形的成因、形成过程、控制因素和其发育的深水动力学背景与环境展开探讨,加深了对西非赤道段科特迪瓦盆地深水底形成因的认识,可对未来深水区油气勘探砂体分布预测提供借鉴和参考。

海底沙波对光缆铺设放缆余量计算的影响

海底光缆是现代国际通信的主要基础设施。海底沙波运动的存在,给海床上光缆铺设时放缆余量的计算带来困难。如果放缆余量偏少则会造成铺设完的光缆在沙波两个波峰间存在悬空段,悬空段光缆在洋流和内波的作用下产生的涡激振动及与底床的往复运动会产生磨蚀,因而缩短光缆安全寿命。因此,海底光缆工程设计时,合理计算放缆余量是十分主要的工作内容。本文探讨海底沙波的成因、沙波床面上光缆受害的机理,分析了光缆放缆余量的计算方法,为海底光缆工程设计提供参考。

东海扬子浅滩砂质底形研究

根据 198 0至 2 0 0 0年间数次专项调查获得的高分辨率地球物理、沉积学等资料 ,并结合水动力环境的分析 ,探讨了东海扬子浅滩砂质底形的成因、形态特征、活动性以及发育的地层年代。研究表明 ,扬子浅滩砂质海底广泛发育沙波地貌 ,按其发育规模可以分为沙波和大型波痕 2类 ,大型波痕按其形态又可分为直线形、弯曲形和格子形 3种。平坦宽阔的地形、丰富的中细砂物源以及较强的潮流和风暴浪流是沙波地貌发育的有利环境条件。柱状岩芯分析和年代测定表明 ,发育沙波地貌的物质的沉积始于冰消期晚期 ,即 10～ 11KaB .P ,全新世中、晚期该区继续接受砂质沉积。扬子浅滩发育的沙波地貌与现今的动力环境相适应 ,仍处于发育和运移状态。

卵石床面清水冲刷稳定形态及其水流结构试验研究

由于测试手段的局限性,对粗化稳定的水流结构,尤其是河床粗化层不断调整的水流结构变化研究较为缺乏。借用多普勒声速仪(Sontec-ADV)和尼康全站仪(Nikon-DTM),测试了不同水沙组合卵石床面,在清水冲刷条件下的稳定形态及其水流结构。试验表明:在相近的水流条件下,粗化稳定后粗颗粒在床面的暴露程度和排列位置受原始铺沙与前期粗化程度的影响。清水冲刷卵石推移质输沙过程、稳定形态及其相应的水流结构具有较强的相互作用关系。在一定的水沙、床面形态条件下,平均流速分布沿相对水深的变化可由单一的对数分布转变为S形曲线,且其流速极值转捩位置也受水沙及床面形态条件的影响。

海南岛西部岸外沙波的高分辨率形态特征

利用SIMRAD—EM3000多波束探测系统和DGPS定位系统，对海南岛东方岸外的沙波沙脊区进行了高精度探测，分析结果表明：从海岸到陆架底形具有明显的分带性，依次出现弱侵蚀底形段、沙波沙脊底形段和平坦底形段。沙波仅发育于沙波沙脊段，介于水深20～50m之间，沙波形态有二维与三维两种，沙波波高多为0．7～2．5m，波长20～70m，沙波指数（L／H）为20～60，对称指数为1～3；沙波沙脊区沉积物的搬运方向有明显的规律性，在沙脊的西侧，沉积物主要向北搬运；在沙脊的东侧，沉积物主要向南搬运；沙波的形成和发育主要受潮流场控制，热带风暴对其有改造作用。

床面形态驱动下潜流交换试验

为揭示河床形态特征引起的潜流交换规律,构建循环式水槽装置,通过Na Cl示踪对比分析了4种河床地形驱动下的潜流交换规律,并基于扩散理论探讨了潜流交换与地表水水动力及床沙渗透特性之间的关系。结果表明,潜流交换可以发生在平坦河床地形,且交换速率随地形起伏度和雷诺数的增大而增大;在相似的地形条件下,地表流速是影响潜流交换速率的主导因素,地表水深对潜流交换速率影响较弱;此外,分析表明,有效扩散系数与河床特征粒径之间具有2次方幂率函数关系,且与河床渗透系数成正比;交换深度d正比于雷诺数Re的1/2次方。

长江口南支-南港沙波的稳定域

1997年枯季和 1 998年特大洪水后期 ,在长江口南支 -南港用直读式海流计和Ende co/YSIInc .1 74SSM流速仪定点测量近底和表层流速大小和方向 ,并采集床面泥沙样品经室内分析得到底沙粒径 ,用声学测深仪和UltraElectronics旁侧声纳仪走航测量床面形态。结果表明 :1 )枯、洪季时落潮流近底和表层流速比涨潮流流速大 ,落潮流周期比涨潮流周期长 ,且洪季落潮流表层流速大于枯季时 ,洪季落潮流周期比枯季时长 ;2 )床面泥沙枯季时为粗粉砂至极细砂 ,而洪季时为极细砂至细砂 ;3)枯、洪季床面上的沙波形态受落潮流控制 ,波高与波长之比值以及背流面坡度较小 ,洪季时沙波波高比枯季时高 ,波长比枯季时长。显然 ,长江口南支 -南港落、涨潮流和床面泥沙粒径及沙波形态的特征均与季节性变化的径流有关。此外 ,在VandenBergandVanGelder ( 1 993)底形稳定相图中 ,作者提出了一个新的沙纹与沙波间的转化边界。

台湾浅滩大型沙波、潮流结构和推移质输运特征

对2006年8月所获台湾浅滩的底质、水深、多层位流速、流向以及CTD观测数据进行了分析，探讨了台湾浅滩大型沙波区水流的时空分布特征、沉积物输运过程及影响因素，结果表明，台湾浅滩动力作用较强，底质为粗砂，其上发育的沙波波长为325-822 m，波高为14.4-20.3 m，较接近由前人总结的沙波波高、波长的关系式计算出的波高和波长。沙波波峰、波谷、迎水面和背水面流速以12.5 h为周期沿顺时针方向旋转；底部最大流速出现在半日潮周期的同一时段，对应的方向均为偏南方向，且沙波迎水面的流速大于背水面的。在两个半日潮过程中研究区域的沉积物输入量大于输出量，处于淤积状态。在潮流作用下沉积物输运量较少，沙波脊线移动较小，而台湾浅滩有较大规模的沙波运动，故认为改造沙波的主要作用力应该是风暴流。在观测的断面中涨潮推移质输运量大于落潮的，且第一个半日潮涨落潮的输运能力均较第二个半日潮的大，这可能与潮流的流速-时间不对称特征及潮能变化形式有关。

长江口水下高分辨率微地貌及运动特征

在 1997年枯季和 1998年全流域特大洪水后期 ,用旁侧声纳、热敏式双频测深仪、差分GPS、2 4道浅地层剖面仪、声学悬沙浓度剖面仪、流速仪等对长江口区主航槽进行走航测量和定点探测 ,第一次获得了长江口大量细颗粒大尺度底形沙波三维实测图像、数据以及底形运动的连续时间序列可视图像和数据。对这些图像和数据的分析结果对河口动力沉积和动力地貌过程、河口地形演变、大比例尺水下地形测量、三维流场的数值模拟、港口航道的疏浚以及深水航道的稳定性研究等具有重要意义。

河流中潜流交换研究进展

河水和地下水交换——潜流交换对溶质和污染物的归宿起着重要作用。潜流交换机理主要包括泵吸交换和冲淤交换。泵吸交换是由于河床形态引起的水头梯度,这些水头梯度诱导了对流传输;冲淤交换发生是由于移动河床截留和释放孔隙水。潜流交换的主要影响因素包括:河道流量、河床水力传导性、河床形态、河道弯曲、河床不均匀和背景条件。还探讨了反应性溶质、胶体颗粒共存情况下潜流交换的规律。对潜流交换研究现存的主要问题及未来研究展望提出了看法。

明渠紊流拟序结构及其与泥沙运动相互作用的研究综述

从研究方法、明渠紊流拟序结构、泥沙运动与床面形态、拟序结构与泥沙运动和拟序结构与床面形态等方面，总结了近年来国内外有关研究进展．在展望了研究趋势后，提出今后应该进行更加精细的实验研究，加深对拟序结构与泥沙运动相互作用的理解．

琼州海峡东口底形平衡域谱分析

1993年用GPY浅地层剖面仪对琼州海峡东口中水道两个水深18～40m的浅段进行网格状探测,通过对探测记录的平衡域谱分析近似计算底形运动速率。探测、分析和计算结果表明:分布在深处的大型不对称沙波平均波长416m、平均波高8 8m,平均运动速率0.92cm h;分布在浅处的小型对称、不对称沙波平均波长144m、平均波高4.9m,平均运动速率5 13cm h。虽然这些底形运动速率大于用经验公式和其它理论公式的计算值,却接近于近年来的原位观测值和相似尺度底形风洞实验值,所以平衡域谱分析是一种相对简便准确的小尺度底形稳定性评估方法。