Integrating linear and nonlinear models to assess the built environment’s impact on older adults’behaviors in China

China is experiencing rapid population aging.The one contributing factor affecting senior citizens’lives is the disconnect between the built environment in urban and rural areas and the behavioral preferences of older adults.However,research on the relation between the built environment and the behavior of older individuals has been limited.Thus,this paper uses the most recent health tracking data on factors influencing aging in China released in 2020(China Senior Health Survey Tracking Survey).Applying traditional regression,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression,and two decision tree optimization models from machine learning,a comprehensive comparative study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the built environment and the physical activity,dietary habits,and social interactions of older age groups.The findings reveal that built environment variables most significantly impact physical activity,accounting for 52.525%,followed by social interaction behaviors at 50.202%and dietary intake at 47.991%.Furthermore,the authors identify population density and greenness rate as the built environment factors having considerable effects on the behavior of older adults.Thus,this study establishes a theoretical foundation for developing age-friendly community environments for older adults.

Randomized control trial of a culturally adapted behavioral activation therapy for Muslim patients with depression in Pakistan

BACKGROUND Behavioral activation therapy(BA)is as effective as cognitive behavior therapy(CBT)in treating depression and can be delivered by practitioners with much less psychological training,making it particularly suitable for low resource settings.BA that is culturally adapted for Muslims(BA-M)is a culturally adapted form of BA that has been found acceptable and feasible for Muslims with depression in the United Kingdom and Turkey;however,this is the first time that its efficacy has been determined through a definitive randomized controlled trial.AIM To compare the effectiveness of BA-M with CBT for Muslim patients with depression in Pakistan.METHODS One hundred and eight patients were randomized 1:1 to treatment arms in a parallel-group randomized controlled trial in hospital or community sites in Lahore,Pakistan.Recruitment followed self-referral or referrals from clinicians,consultants or relevant professionals at each site.Four measures were recorded by blinded assessors:The patient health questionnaire-9(PHQ-9);the BA for depression scale short form(BADS-SF);symptom checklist-revised and the World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Brief Scale.All measures were recorded at baseline and post treatment;PHQ-9 and BADS-SF were also recorded at each session and at three month follow up.The primary analysis was to regress the PHQ-9 score after therapy upon the PHQ-9 score before therapy(baseline)and the type of therapy given,that is,analysis of covariance.In addition,analysis using PHQ-9 scores collected at each therapy session was employed in a 2-level regression model.RESULTS Patients in the BA-M arm experienced greater improvement in PHQ-9 score of 1.95 units compared to the CBT arm after adjusting for baseline values(P=0.006)The key reason behind this improvement was that patients were retained in therapy longer under BA-M,in which patients were retained for an average 0.75 sessions more than CBT patients(P=0.013).Patients also showed significant differences on physical(P<0.001),psychological(P=0.004)and social(P=0.047)domains of Quality of Life(QoL)at post treatment level,indicating an increased QoL in the BA-M group as compared to the treatment as usual group.Some baseline differences were noted in both groups for BA scores and two domains of QoL scale:Physical and environment,which might have influenced the results,though the BA-M group showed more improvement at completion of therapy.CONCLUSION Results proved the efficacy of BA-M in reducing symptoms for depressed patients in Pakistan,indicating BA-M is a promising treatment modality for depression in future,particularly in low resource settings.

Correlation and pathways of behavioral activation systems mediating physical activity level and depressive symptoms among college students

BACKGROUND Depression is a common mental disorder among college students.The main symptoms include being persistent low mood,sad emotional experiences,lack of pleasure,listlessness,and impaired cognitive function accompanied by tendencies of self-harm and suicide.AIM To clarify the pathways and effects of the behavioral activation system between physical activity and depressive symptoms in college students with depressive symptoms.METHODS This cross-sectional research screened 3047 college students.Of these,472 had depressive symptoms,with a depression detection rate of 15.49%.Furthermore,442 college students with depressive symptoms were analyzed.A one-way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation,linear regression,and structural equation modeling analyses were used to explore the correlations and pathways of the interactions between the variables.RESULTS Depressive symptoms were significantly negatively correlated with physical activity(r=-0.175,P<0.001),the behavioral activation system(r=-0.197,P<0.001),and drive(r=-0.113,P=0.017).Furthermore,it was negatively correlated with fun-seeking(FS)(r=-0.055,P=0.251);however,it was not significant.Physical activity was significantly positively correlated with reward responsiveness(RR)(r=0.141,P=0.003)and drive(r=0.124,P=0.009)and not significantly positively correlated with FS(r=0.090,P=0.058).The mediating effect of RR between physical activity and depressive symptoms was significant[B=-0.025,95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.051 to-0.008,P=0.001].The direct and total effects of physical activity on depressive symptoms and were significant(B=-0.150,95%CI:-0.233 to-0.073,P<0.001;B=-0.175,95%CI:-0.260 to-0.099,P<0.001),respectively.CONCLUSION As physical activity levels increased,depression scores among college students decreased.The mediating effect of RR between physical activity and depressive symptoms was significant.Therefore,colleges and universities should encourage college students with depression to increase their physical activity and improve their behavioral activation system.Particular attention should be paid to RR,which may reduce the prevalence of depressive symptoms.

River width and depth as key factors of diurnal activity energy expenditure allocation for wintering Spot-billed Ducks in the Xin'an River Basin

Rivers are important habitats for wintering waterbirds.However,they are easily influenced by natural and human activities.An important approach for waterbirds to adapt to habitats is adjusting the activity time and energy expenditure allocation of diurnal behavior.The compensatory foraging hypothesis predicts that increased energy expenditure leads to longer foraging time,which in turn increases food intake and helps maintain a constant energy balance.However,it is unclear whether human-disturbed habitats result in increased energy expenditure related to safety or foraging.In this study,the scan sample method was used to observe the diurnal behavior of the wintering Spot-billed Duck(Anas poecilorhyncha) in two rivers in the Xin’an River Basin from October 2021 to March 2022.The allocation of time and energy expenditure for activity in both normal and disturbed environments was calculated.The results showed that foraging accounted for the highest percentage of time and energy expenditure.Additionally,foraging decreased in the disturbed environment than that in the normal environment.Resting behavior showed the opposite trend,while other behaviors were similar in both environments.The total diurnal energy expenditure of ducks in the disturbed environment was greater than that in the normal environment,with decreased foraging and resting time percentage and increased behaviors related to immediate safety(swimming and alert) and comfort.These results oppose the compensatory foraging hypothesis in favor of increased security.The optimal diurnal energy expenditure model included river width and water depth,which had a positive relationship;an increase in either of these two factors resulted in an increase in energy expenditure.This study provides a better understanding of energy allocation strategies underlying the superficial time allocation of wintering waterbirds according to environmental conditions.Exploring these changes can help understand the maximum fitness of wintering waterbirds in response to nature and human influences.

Elementary Research on Activity Behavior of the Crust in Funan-Huoqiu Area, Southern Border of the North China Active Block Region

The Funan-Huoqiu area is located in the border tectonic belt between the North China and South China active block regions. By means of seismological and geological surveys and synthetic analysis, evidences of tectonic deformation in lower intensity have been found in the area since Late Pleistocene, where small earthquakes are distributed linearly along the main faults, conjugate shear joints are developed in the Upper Pleistocene nearby the faults. In the south of the studied region, fissures with different lengths, widths and directions occurred successively in Gushi, Huoqiu, Funan and other places of the area, in the 1970’s, and the direction of the fissures is approximately consistent with that of the Feizhong fault and Wanglaorenji fault. The authors hold that the clustering of small earthquakes, the conjugate shear joints developed in the Upper Pleistocene, the crumpled deformation of materials on fault plane, and the development of modern surface fissures in the area all reflect that the energy in the crust was slowly released, and that the weak deformation took place in corresponding faults. There was only one destructive earthquake taking place in the area (the Jiangkouji {M_S43/4} earthquake). Altogather, there has been weak activity in the area since the Late Quaternary, and it is mainly shown as a creep-slip.

Inhibition in Action-Inhibitory Components in the Behavioral Activation System

Over the past two decades, the neurobiological substrates of the reinforcement theory have been discussed in terms of a behavioral activation system (BAS) and a behavioral inhibition system (BIS). While the BAS has been conceptualized as both an activating system and an approach-related system, the empirical evidence for either approach remains inconclusive. In the current study we hypothesize that the inclusion of self-regulatory capacity contributes to a better understanding of the BAS. In a sample of 29 volunteers motor response inhibition elicited by a stop-signal task and heart rate variability (HRV) as a proxy of self-regulatory capacity were related to BAS scores (BIS/BAS scales [1]). Results show significant positive associations between inhibitory capacity and the sensitivity of the behavioral activation system, suggesting markers of self-regulation as components of the BAS.

Hydrogen storage properties of Laves phase Ti_(1-x)Zr_x(Mn_(0.5)Cr_(0.5))_2 alloys

The activation behaviors and hydrogen storage properties of the Laves phase Ti1-xZrx(Mn0.5Cr0.5)2 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.32, 0.5) alloys were investigated by the pressure-composition-temperature (P-C-T) measurements. All the studied alloys show the single C14-type Laves phase structure based on the XRD data. Except for the alloys with very low Zr content of x=0 and x=0.1, all these alloys can be fully activated. The P-C isotherms of the activated alloys show that, the introduction of Zr induces the decrease of the equilibrium pressures and the steeper plateaus. As the x increases, the maximum hydrogen absorption also increases, whereas the desorption of hydrogen decreases. These two effects result in a maximum reversible hydrogen storage capacity of H/M=3.03 for the alloy at x=0.32. Furthermore, the well-defined plateau associated with the smallest hysteresis also appears at x=0.32.

Enhancement of hydrogenation kinetics and thermodynamic properties of ZrCo1-xCrx(x=0-0.1)alloys for hydrogen storage

The vacuum arc melting method was used to prepare ZrCo1-xCrx(x=0,0.025,0.05,0.075,0.1)alloys.Afterward,the crystal structure,hydrogenation kinetics,thermodynamic properties,and disproportionation performance of ZrCo1-xCrx(x=0-0.1)alloys were investigated.The x-ray diffraction spectra demonstrated that ZrCo1-xCrx(x=0-0.1)alloys contained ZrCo and ZrCo2 phases,and their corresponding hydrides consisted of ZrCoH3 and ZrH phases.The activation behaviors of Cr-substituted samples were significantly promoted.The activation time of ZrCo was 7715 s while that of ZrCo0.9Cr0.1 was 195 s.The improvement of kinetics can be attributed to the catalytic hydrogenation of ZrCr2.The activation energy for the hydrogenation of ZrCo was 44.88-kJ·mol^-1 H2 and decreased to 40.34-kJ·mol^-1 H2 for ZrCo0.95Cr0.05.The plateau pressure and width of the pressure-composition-temperature curves decreased slightly as Cr content increased.The extent of disproportionation of ZrCo was 83.68%after being insulated at 798 K for 10 h and decreased slightly to 70.52%for ZrCo0.9Cr0.1.The improvement of anti-disproportionation performance can be attributed to increase in the activation energy of disproportionation from 167.46-kJ·mol^-1 H2 for ZrCo to 168.28-kJ·mol^-1 H2 for ZrCo0.95Cr0.05.

Comparison of Diurnal,Seasonal and Solar Cycle Variations of High-latitude,Mid-latitude and Low-latitude Ionosphere

Comparison of regular(diurnal,seasonal and solar cycle)variations of high-latitude,mid-latitude and low-latitude ionospheric characteristics has been provided on basis of local empirical models of the peak electron density and the peak height.The local empirical models were derived from the hand-scaled ionogram data recorded by DPS-4 digisondes located at Norilsk(69°N,88°E),Irkutsk(52°N,104°E)and Hainan(19°N,109°E)for a 6-year period from December,2002 to December,2008.The technique used to build the local empirical model is described.The primary focus is diurnal-seasonal behavior under low solar activity and its change with increasing solar activity.Both common and specific features of the high-latitude(Norilsk),mid-latitude(Irkutsk)and low-latitude(Hainan)regular variations were revealed using their local empirical models.

Effect of electroless plating nickel treatment on electrode properties of Zr-based AB_2 type alloy

An electroless plating nickel treatment was processed to improve the active behaviors and discharge capacities of Zr based AB 2 alloys. The effects of the nickel coating on the surface appearance, the structure of the alloy powders and the electrode characteristics were investigated. It is found that the Ni rich layer formed through electroless plating nickel treatment plays an important role on the initial activation property and the discharge capacity of Zr based alloy. The optimal content of electroless plating nickel is about 15%, and the discharge capacity of the electrode can be increased to 400?mA·h·g -1 after 6 cycles. Although coated nickel is beneficial for quick activation and discharge capacity, excessive electroless plating nickel can result in a decreased discharge capacity.

Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of Physical Activity Social Cognitive Scales for Brazilian Adolescents

SCT （social cognitive theory） provides a useful framework to explain why people acquire and maintain PA （physical activity） behaviors among adolescents. This study aimed to adapt modernized Australian social cognitive scales of PA to the Portuguese language and evaluate their factorial and convergent validity and reliability. The adapted scales were tested in an adolescent sample from low-income communities in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil （n = 173; 56.1% male）. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine model-fit for each scale. The scales were assessed against self-report measures of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity for convergent validity. Reliability properties （ICC （lntra class confidence） and Cronbach＇s Alpha） were also determined. Each social cognitive scale represented a statistically sound measure： fit indices indicated each model to be adequate-to-exact fit to the data; significant correlations between most scales and either light, moderate or vigorous intensity PA behavior demonstrated good convergent validity; internal consistency was acceptable-to-good （α = 0.51-0.80）; rank order repeatability was acceptable-to-strong （ICC = 0.62-0.92）. Adapted social cognitive scales for physical activity for use among adolescents in the Brazilian context showed acceptable reliability and validity properties and may be useful to identify potential social cognitive correlates of PA, mediators of PA behavior change and the testing of theoretical models of SCT.

The Creation of Public Nature in Community Public Space Design

The rational design of urban public space has more and more attention of the community; in the end, people need public spaces of an active exploration and attempt. Through human experience of urban public space, the design of public space in the city questioned the rationality, emphasized the human behavior activities on public space design requirements, and emphasized the place of people, human behavior activities, and the activities of the Trinity design ideas. By comparing the two public spaces Analysis of Chongqing, it further emphasized the left of human activity, human stories and spirit; public space has lost its significance.

Crystallization Behavior of Nd_2O_3 Doped Na_2O–CaO–SiO_2 Laser Glass-ceramics

For the desirable laser optical property, transition metals or rare-earths are always doped into parent glasses as active ions, and this doping will affect the crystallization of the precursor glasses inevitably. In this work, crystallization behavior of NaO-CaO-SiO2 system glasses doped with Nd2O3 was investigated. The crystallization kinetic parameters including the crystallization apparent activation energy （E） and the Avrami parameter （n） were also measured. The results show that the NaO-CaO-SiO2 system glassceramics with the NaxCa2Si3O9 crystal as primary phase can be highly crystalized as above 90%. The Nd2O3 doping has a significant influence on the crystallization apparent activation energy and the Avrami parameter, which affect the crystallization behavior and morphology of the transparent glass-ceramics of this system.

Electrochemical behavior of praseodymium and Pr-Al intermetallics in LiCl-KCl-AlCl_3-PrCl_3 melts

The electrochemical behavior of Pr（Ⅲ） and formation process of Pr-Al intermetallics were investigated by different electrochemical methods. The reduction of Pr（Ⅲ） ion to metallic Pr is an one-step three-electrons reaction. The reversibility of Pr（Ⅲ）/Pr（0） system was evaluated by cyclic voltammograms with different scan rates. The co-reduction of Pr（Ⅲ） and Al（Ⅲ） ions formed three different Pr-Al intermetallics at electrode potentials around-1.40,-1.80,and-1.95V vs.Ag/AgCl at 723 K,respectively.Open-circuit chronopotentiometry and electromotive force（emf） measurements were carried out to estimate the relative molar Gibbs energies of Pr for the formation of different Pr-Al intermetallics in the temperature range of 723–843K.The activities of Pr in the Pr-Al intermetallic compounds were calculated.

Effect of intensity and duration of anthropic noises on European mink locomotor activity and fecal cortisol metabolite levels

Human activities involving noise emission can affect wild animals.European mink was exposed to road noise and human voice playbacks to analyze how sound intensity level and duration of both noises altered the time that individuals were active and if their fecal cortisol metabolite(FCM)levels varied.A Hierarchical Analysis Cluster was performed to establish 2 mink groups with respect to both noise source type:short duration/low intensity(SL)and long duration/high intensity(LH).We performed general linear mixed models to evaluate the variation in locomotor activity duration(s)and FCM(nanogram per gram)levels,respectively.The results showed both road noise and human voices decreased locomotor activity duration in SL more sharply compared with LH,and human voices were the triggers that induced the most pronounced response to both exposure conditions.FCM(ng/g)levels increased in SL compared with LH during road noise while the opposite happened during human voices.Differences based on sex and age of individuals were observed.In conclusion,noise characteristics given by the sound type determined the variations in locomotor activity duration while noise exposure level determined the variations in FCM(ng/g)levels.Attention should be paid to noisy activities(e.g.,recreational activities for visitors in protected natural areas)and loud groups of people to conserve wildlife,especially noise sensitive species.