Train post‑derailment behaviours and containment methods:a review

Railway accidents,particularly serious derailments,can lead to catastrophic consequences.Therefore,it is essential to prevent derailment escalation to reduce the likelihood of severe derailments.Train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods play a critical role in preventing derailment escalation and providing passive safety protection and accident prevention in the event of a derailment.However,despite the increasing attention on this field from academia and industry in recent years,there is a lack of systematic exploration and summarization of emerging applications and containment methods in train post-derailment research.For this reason,this paper presents a comprehensive review of existing studies on train post-derailment behaviours,encompassing various topics such as post-derailment contact-impact models,dynamic modelling and simulation techniques,and the primary factors influencing post-derailment behaviours.Significantly,this review introduces and elucidates substitute guidance mechanisms(SGMs),which serve as railway-specific passive safety protection and accident prevention measures.The various types of SGMs are depicted,and their ongoing developments and applications are explored in depth.The review additionally points out several unresolved challenges including the adverse effects of SGMs,and proposes future research directions to advance the theoretical understanding and practical application of train post-derailment behaviours and containment methods.This review seeks to be a valuable reference for railway industry professionals in preventing catastrophic derailment consequences through post-derailment containment methods.

Mechanical behaviours of bedded sandstone under hydromechanical coupling

The combination of the dipping effect and hydromechanical(H-M)coupling effect can easily lead to water inrush disasters in water-rich roadways with different dip angles in coal mines.Therefore,H-M coupling tests of bedded sandstones under identical osmotic pressure and various confining pressures were conducted.Then,the evolution curves of stress-strain,permeability and damage,macro-and mesoscopic failure characteristics were obtained.Subsequently,the mechanical behaviour was characterized,and finally the failure mechanism was revealed.The results showed that:(1)The failure of the sandstone with the bedding angle of 45°or 60°was the structure-dominant type,while that with the bedding angle of 0°,30°or 90°was the force-dominant type.(2)When the bedding angle was in the range of(0°,30°)or(45°,90°),the confining pressure played a dominant role in influencing the peak strength.However,withinβ∈(30°,45°),the bedding effect played a dominant role in the peak strength.(3)With the increase in bedding angle,the cohesion increased first,then decreased and finally increased,while the internal friction angle was the opposite.(4)When the bedding angle was 0°or 30°,the“water wedging”effect and the“bedding buckling”effect would lead to the forking or converging shear failure.When the bedding angle was 45°or 60°,the sliding friction effect would lead to the shear slipping failure.When the bedding angle was 90°,the combination of the“bedding buckling”effect and shear effect would lead to the mixed tension-shear failure.The above conclusions obtained are helpful for the prevention of water inrush disasters in water-rich roadways with different dips in coal mines.

When Fleeing Matters:Differences in Escape Behaviours of Three Northeast Asian Anurans

Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing.Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance,while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat,size,or body condition.Here,we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species:Mongolian toads(Strauchbufo raddei),Amur brown frogs(Rana amurensis),and Japanese treefrogs(Dryophytes japonicus)in Mongolia,Russia,China and DPR Korea.We examined flight initiation distance(FID;the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee)and distance fled(DF;distance between flight initiation and flight termination points)of each species and the effects of microhabitat,sex,and body size.Strauchbufo raddei and R.amurensis had a longer FID than D.japonicus,and S.raddei also had a longer DF than D.japonicus.These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy(snout-vent length)for all individuals.This suggests that the treefrog D.japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected,and the toad S.raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin.Female S.raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species,but body size was not significant for any of the three species.Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies,likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.

Suicidal Behaviours in Sickle Cell Patients at the Douala Sickle Cell Care Centre in Cameroon

Introduction: Sickle cell anaemia is a hereditary disease that combines physical and psychological manifestations, including suicidal tendencies. So far, to our knowledge, no study has been conducted on suicidal behaviours among people with sickle cell disease in Cameroon. This is what justifies our study on the prevalence and factors related to suicidal behaviors in our study population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, analytical study of 171 sickle cell patients aged from 12 years upwards who came to the sickle cell disease care service of the Laquintinie Hospital in Douala, over a period of 6 months, that is, from 1 January to 31 June 2022. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with questions on suicidal behaviours based on the “MINI” (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). The data were processed using the SPSS 26.0 software. The related factors were studied in both a bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Female sickle cell patients accounted for 60.2% of the sample. The mean age was 23.36 ± 8.42 years. Suicidal ideation was prevalent in 56% of cases and 13% attempted suicide. The factors most associated with suicidal ideation were: primary level of education (OR = 0.08 (0.09 - 0.79);p = 0.03), feeling unworthy of life (OR = 0.40 (0.08 - 1.96);p = 0.02), not often being considered by those around them (OR = 2.97 (1.26 - 6.99);p = 0.01), lack of family support (OR = 0.34 (0.15 - 0.77);p = 0.01). Meanwhile, the factors associated with suicide attempts were: the fact of being rarely exposed to suicide-related media (OR = 4.17 (1.40 - 71.80);p = 0.03), and a constant feeling of sadness when returning home (OR = 18.02 (1.59 - 20.55);p = 0.01). Conclusion: More than half of sickle cell patients had had suicidal thoughts and 1/6 had made at least one suicide attempt, women and young adults being the most concerned. It is therefore necessary to ensure optimum psychological care for patients with sickle cell disease.

A novel model of drug cue-induced behaviours in rhesus macaque subjected to chronic ketamine exposure

To the Editor,Non-human primate(NHP)models are advantageous for mimicking human addiction with high behavioural validity.1 However,current NHP drug addiction models(eg,self-administration)often require a comprehensive behavioural training paradigm,relatively expensive apparatus and invasive surgical procedures.

Shear behaviours and roughness degeneration based on a quantified rock joint surface description

The asperity wear of rock joints significantly affects their shear behaviour.This study discusses the wear damage of the asperities on the joint surface,highlighting the roughness degradation characteristics during the shear process.The direct shear experiment of artificial specimens containing rock joints was conducted under different normal stresses based on three-dimensional scanning technology.These experimental results showed the contribution of joint wear to roughness degeneration,such as the height,zone,and volume of asperity degeneration.The wear coefficient of the rock joint was obtained based on the volume wear of asperities in the laboratory experiment.The functional relationship between the friction coefficient and wear coefficient is subsequently determined.To quantitatively analyse the wear damage of a joint surface,a calculation method for determining the wear depth of the rock joint after shearing was proposed based on wear theory.The relationship between the ultimate dilation and wear depth was analysed.A coefficient m,which can describe the damage degree of the joint surface,and a prediction method of joint surface roughness after shearing are established.Good agreement between analytical predictions and measured values demonstrates the capability of the developed model.Lastly,the sensitivity factors on the wear depth are explored.

Risk behaviours associated with HIV and AIDS among couples in Rwamiko Sector, Gicumbi District, Rwanda

Background:Risk behaviours have been linked to the spread of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)epidemic in both urban and rural areas.Despite the progress made in the fight against HIV,it remains a public health concern worldwide.Risk behaviours such as not using condoms,having multiple sexual partners,and engaging in early sexual activity increase the risk of HIV infection.Therefore,it is important to assess these risk behaviours and understand the relationship between different factors and HIV,specifically among couples,in order to better understand the dynamics of the epidemic.The main objective of this study was to assess risk behaviours for HIV and AIDS among couples in Rwamiko sector,Gicumbi District,and suggest appropriate interventions for this group.Methods:This cross-sectional survey aimed to assess associated HIV and AIDS risk behaviours among couples in Rwamiko Sector,Gicumbi District,in order to determine the dynamics of the epidemic in this group and suggest appropriate interventions.Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a multistage cluster random sampling technique.The collected data was then computed,analyzed,and presented in the form of tables and figures.Descriptive statistics were used to analyze all variables.Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals(CI)to investigate the relationship between the assessed factors,such as independent and dependent variables.The association between the studied factors was described using odds ratios with 95%CIs.Results:The majority of respondents were in the age group of 30-39 years.All respondents were married,and approximately 45%had completed primary education.The majority of respondents were unemployed.Respondents reported receiving HIV information from multiple sources,including radio,TV,films,school,church,health workers,parents,and friends.The findings of this study showed that some participants had knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention,while others did not.The proportion of respondents with a high level of HIV and AIDS knowledge was 30.61%(n=60),while moderate knowledge accounted for 53.57%(n=105).Furthermore,the proportion of respondents with a low level of knowledge on HIV and AIDS was 15.81%(n=31).The attitude towards HIV and AIDS was positive for 58.16%(n=114)of respondents,while 41.83%(n=82)had a negative attitude.None of the respondents reported using injection drugs.Significant associations were found between age(P-value=0.002,odds ratio(OR)=3.4,95%CI=1.59-7.67),gender(p=0.001,OR=2.6,95%CI=1.44-4.68),and alcohol consumption.There was also an association between age(P=0.001,OR=5.13,95%CI=2.04-12.91)and having multiple sexual partners.Conclusion:The majority of couples in Rwamiko Sector,Gicumbi District have a moderate level of knowledge and a positive attitude towards HIV and AIDS.However,the proportions of respondents with a low level of knowledge and a negative attitude should not be overlooked.The results of this study suggest the need to improve communication messages related to HIV,its transmission risks,and safer sexual behavior,particularly among couples in Rwamiko Sector,Gicumbi District.

Exploring“Enabling Behaviours”of Wives of Persons with Substance Use Disorder in Chapter 8 of the Big Book of Alcoholic Anonymous

Substance use disorder has a damaging effect on the family members of alcoholics and drug users.On the other hand,the reactions and behaviours of family members may negatively influence a person with substance use disorder.The behaviours of significant others of a person with substance use disorder that contribute to the maintenance of substance use disorder are called enabling.This study aimed to explore enabling behaviours of wives of persons with substance use disorder in Chapter 8 of Alcoholic Anonymous’Big Book by utilising qualitative content analysis.Alcoholics Anonymous(AA)is one of the most commonly used programs for recovery from alcoholism.The current study sought to help mental health professionals get a better understanding of the views and premises of the AA program in reference to enabling behaviours of wives by conducting a qualitative content analysis of the AA Big Book.The study also discusses the healthy behaviours suggested by the authors of the Big Book and the comprehensiveness of the text for the readers.

“互联网+健康管理”模式在健康体检外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病检出人群的干预效果分析

目的外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)是当前育龄期女性常见的一种下生殖道感染性疾病,VVC除了对患者生殖器官和功能造成一定的损害外,还因其反复发作、顽固难愈引发了患者心理健康、生活质量和社会功能等一系列相关问题。为加强VVC患者对疾病的防治意识,提高卫生服务质量和妇女的生殖健康水平,现探讨应用“互联网+健康管理”模式对健康体检外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病(VVC)检出人群的干预效果。方法选择2019年7月—2020年3月医院200例被确诊为VVC的育龄期女性为研究对象,按照组间基本特征具有可比性的原则分为观察组和对照组,各100例。对照组采用常规基本的健康体检管理方式,发放体检结果及健康指导建议、建立健康体检档案,电话或短信提醒患者按时复诊等;观察组在对照组基础上应用“互联网+健康管理”模式,建立管理小组,搭建医患沟通平台,健康科普宣教,健康风险评估,个性化干预,定期健康随访。比较两组患者干预前后疗效、VVC复发率、遵医行为及VVC相关知识得分情况。结果干预3个月、6个月后,观察组患者各项VVC相关知识评分高于同期对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后观察组患者的遵医行为、临床总有效率及VVC复发率据低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论“互联网+健康管理”模式可促进健康体检VVC检出人群健康生活方式的养成,提高患者治疗依从性,延缓患者VVC发展,降低VVC的复发率,实现了预期的管理目标。在防治VVC的发展起到了“治未病,防患于未然”的作用。该管理模式具有高效率、广覆盖、低成本的特点,适宜在健康管理和临床护理领域应用。

基于扎根理论的中国数据新闻受众接受行为研究

数据新闻是随着媒介技术的发展而出现的一种新型报道形态,自2011年以来各大媒体争相使用数据新闻报道新闻。然而,由于受众对数据新闻的类型特征、创新意义和新闻价值认知不足,导致数据新闻的社会接受度不高,严重影响了数据新闻的舆论影响力和社会效益。研究以扎根理论为基础,通过深度访谈收集数据新闻作品温度、媒体资质和网络环境等因素对受众接受行为的影响,继而对访谈资料进行开放式编码、主轴式编码和选择性编码,构建出影响数据新闻传播的理论模型。研究发现:环境因素、渠道因素、内容因素、有媒体因素和受众因素影响数据新闻的发展和传播。基于相关实证研究和理论探索,本文针对性提出打造智慧新闻平台、技术赋能新闻生产、构建信度指标体系、稳步推进信息定制等创新策略和建议,为数据新闻的持续健康发展提供有益借鉴。

科研用户生成式信息搜索行为研究——以ChatGPT为例

AIGC技术与信息搜索的深度融合,使得人与信息的连接方式产生了检索、推荐以外的另外一种模式——生成式信息搜索。文章以Chat GPT为例,基于UTAUT模型、创新扩散理论和感知风险理论构建了科研用户使用行为影响因素模型,并运用结构方程理论进行验证分析,从用户微观视角探究了生成式信息搜索在科研领域迅速传播和应用的内在规律。研究结果表明:绩效期望、努力期望、社会环境、相对优势、个人创新均会正向影响科研用户对Chat GPT的使用意愿;其中相对优势是影响科研用户使用意愿的最关键因素;感知风险会对科研用户的使用意愿产生负向影响;科研用户的使用意愿会进一步对其实际使用行为产生正向影响;便利条件直接影响科研用户对Chat GPT的使用行为。研究结果对丰富和拓展科研用户信息搜索行为的研究内容具有重要作用,还能为科研领域制定策略以应对Chat GPT类AIGC引发的挑战和风险提供数据参考。

滥用数据优势行为的竞争法规制

数字经济时代滥用数据优势行为不仅诱发了直接排斥效应、供给挤压效应和市场封锁效应等竞争损害,而且阻滞了创新要素流通利用,不利于数据要素价值充分释放。我国《反垄断法》与《反不正当竞争法》均已围绕新兴业态开展数字化变革,但如何协调两者关系以塑造体系化数据竞争规则,迄今尚缺乏定论。我国宜以市场支配地位和相对交易优势地位的分层建构规制滥用数据优势行为,同时由反垄断法调整排他性滥用行为,并以保证特定数据的可获取性为重点;由反不正当竞争法调整剥削性滥用行为,以保障公平交易权为重点。

同情聚焦疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者认知功能与病耻感的影响

目的 探讨同情聚焦疗法对脑卒中偏瘫患者认知功能与病耻感的影响。方法 选择本院收治的100例脑卒中偏瘫患者作为研究对象,其中2020年12月至2021年12月收治的50例作为对照组,2022年1月至2023年1月收治的50例作为观察组。对照组予以认知行为疗法干预,观察组在对照组的基础上予以同情聚焦疗法干预。比较干预前后两组患者羞耻感、认知功能、自我批评情况。结果 干预后观察组患者病耻感水平评分低于对照组,认知功能评分低于对照组,自我批评水平得分低于对照组,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 同情聚焦疗法可降低脑卒中偏瘫患者自我批评水平、羞耻感,促进患者认知功能恢复。

代际支持视角下脑卒中失能患者就医行为的影响因素研究

目的研究脑卒中失能患者就医行为现状及主要影响因素,探讨代际支持对脑卒中失能患者就医行为的影响,为促进其合理就医行为提供理论依据。方法采用便利抽样法,于2023年1月至3月对608例脑卒中防治工程管理专项数据库中的患者进行网络问卷调查,问卷内容包括患者一般资料、失能程度、代际支持情况、就医行为现况4个方面,并使用多因素线性回归分析脑卒中失能患者就医行为的影响因素。结果608例脑卒中失能患者就医行为得分为(30.30±5.22)分、代际支持得分为(16.91±0.83)分。多因素线性回归分析结果显示,年龄、月收入、就医距离、子代陪护照料、就医接送、情感交流程度及情感交流频次为脑卒中失能患者就医行为的影响因素(P<0.05),可解释总变异的41.6%。结论脑卒中失能患者就医行为总体较为合理,代际照料支持和代际情感支持对脑卒中失能患者就医行为呈正向促进作用,应重点关注高龄、低收入水平、居住偏远地区的失能患者,同时制定合适的措施增加子女代际支持能力,以期改善患者就医行为。

铁矿氧化球团低温还原粉化性能的影响因素评述

在高炉和气基竖炉工艺中,为使炉况良好,应保证上升还原气能快速且均匀地穿过料柱,而含铁炉料的低温还原粉化和还原膨胀是恶化料柱透气性的两大主要原因.本文主要综述了影响铁矿氧化球团低温还原粉化性能的因素,并在此基础上讨论了改善球团矿低温还原粉化性能的主要措施.影响球团矿低温还原粉化性能的主要因素包括:球团矿的化学成分(碱度、SiO_(2)、MgO、Al_(2)O_(3)含量等)、物相组成、微观结构和碳沉积等.在实际生产中,可以通过优化球团矿成分(适当提高碱度或MgO含量等)和固结形式(发展部分液相固结)、调控球团矿孔隙结构(喷洒或涂层降低球团孔隙率)等来降低还原速率,减少还原过程产生的内应力,从而改善球团矿的低温还原粉化性能.

行人过街事件网联HUD预警系统对驾驶行为的影响

为探索行人过街事件网联环境下平视显示预警系统在不同天气条件下对驾驶行为的影响,以论证预警系统的有效性。文中首先设计基线条件(Baseline)、低头显示(HDD)、平视显示(HUD)3种预警系统,依托驾驶模拟平台开发晴天和雾天天气条件下城市道路网联场景,通过实验测试提取驾驶行为参数;然后,从微观层面刻画行人过街事件网联HUD预警系统作用下驾驶行为的整个空间变化过程,分析预警系统和天气状况两种因素对驾驶行为的作用规律,构建包含避险阶段和恢复阶段的驾驶行为影响模式,提出了反映避险阶段安全水平、恢复阶段恢复水平以及全过程稳定水平等3个层面的综合指标体系,包括首次制动距离、最小冲突距离、恢复稳定时间、速度恢复量、最大减速度和最大加速度;最后,量化不同预警系统(Baseline/HDD/HUD)、天气状况(晴天/雾天)以及两因素间交互作用对驾驶行为的影响。结果表明:行人过街网联HUD预警系统对驾驶人在避险阶段和恢复阶段中的驾驶行为存在显著性作用,显著提高避险阶段驾驶行为的安全水平,同时对恢复阶段恢复效率具有明显的提升作用,也显著影响全过程运行特性的稳定水平;在雾天条件下行人过街网联HUD预警系统表现出更为明显的优势。

社区老年人慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛自我管理行为意向的质性研究

目的 探讨社区老年人自我管理慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛的行为意向,为制订改善老年人自我管理行为干预措施提供依据。方法 应用描述性质性研究方法,采用目的抽样法,选取2023年2月—4月广州市某社区卫生服务中心就诊的13例65岁及以上慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛患者,基于计划行为理论进行面对面半结构式访谈。应用NVivo12软件和内容分析法分析访谈资料并提炼主题。结果 提炼出社区老年人自我管理慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛行为意向3个主题,包括:自我管理疼痛行为态度存在差异,自我管理疼痛主观规范支持不足,自我管理疼痛感知行为控制能力不强。结论 社区慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛老年人自我管理疼痛的行为意向有待提升,应制订针对性的干预措施改善其自我管理行为,提高其生活质量。

老年在线声乐学习的需求、行为特征与促进策略

老年在线声乐学习是教育数字化转型下的实践场域,其有助于提升老年人的幸福感和生命价值。通过选取参与在线声乐学习的老年群体开展问卷和访谈调研,探明了老年群体参与在线声乐学习的缘由、学习行为特征和学习障碍等;发现老年用户在线声乐学习行为特征匹配五类学习需求——应对需求、表达需求、贡献需求、影响需求和超越需求。探明了促进老年在线学习的有效策略,即提供老年在线学习支持和代际互助、发展老年用户粘性、构建学习共同体、实施平台无障碍设计及适老化改造、提供适合老年用户的优秀教师等。

轨道交通换乘站厅携物老人行为-空间适配研究

老年人群作为轨道交通客流中的生理性弱势人群,其携物出行具有差异化的特征与需求,面临环境客观存在的行为障碍。从行为与空间的适配关系切入,调研分析不同携物状态下,轨道交通老年人群的行为分异特征及需求范畴,聚焦精细化空间矛盾点。在此基础上,从空间、设备、标识系统、公共家具等类别的前沿技术的可行应用方面,讨论应对携物老人这类特殊群体行为需求的轨道交通地下换乘站厅空间适配优化设计对策,并通过人因工程仿真软件JACK进行微观模拟,以验证对策的有效性。研究成果可为微观层面空间与行为仿真模拟,以及地下交通建筑公共空间精细化设计提供参考。

浸润“中国哲学元素”教学范式创新研究

“组织行为学”依然是新时代培养新商科人才的基础必修课程。以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观,特别是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,提出将“中国哲学元素”与本体模块、创新模块、实践体验模块、能力模块、文化模块等五个教学模块有机嵌入,充分浸润,重构“组织行为学”课程体系与知识体系,并通过完善教学质量闭环反馈机制,创建“中国哲学元素”浸润“组织行为学”课程嵌入式教学新范式,构建理论与实际相结合的“组织行为学”课程体验式教学新范式,打造线上与线下相结合的“组织行为学”课程混合式教学新范式。