Establishing the relationship between land use land cover,normalized difference vegetation index and land surface temperature:A case of Lower Son River Basin,India

The study explores the intricate interplay between land use land cover(LULC),normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI),and land surface temperature(LST)within the Lower Son River Basin in India from 1991 to 2020.The region’s ecological balance has been increasingly strained due to rapid urbanization and changing land use patterns.Through a combination of Landsat TM&OLI/TIRS satellite imageries and geospatial analysis techniques,this study unveils the intricate connection between land use and land cover changes,vegetation,and land surface temperature variations.The study area is classified into three altitudinal zones(Zone Ⅰ:39–300 m,Zone Ⅱ:301–600 m and Zone Ⅲ:601–1,247 m)to examine the changes in depth.The area has seen significant changes in LULC,vegetation and LST in all the three altitudinal zones.The findings hold significant implications for sustainable land management and environmental conservation strategies in the Lower Son River Basin.As per the result,103,438 ha of vegetation was converted into agriculture land and 82,572 ha of agricultural land was transformed into settlements from 1991 to 2020.This trend shows human pressure on the land resource in the study area.Minor increase in water body is seen which is attributed to commissioning of Bansagar dam.Zone Ⅰ has seen highest settlement growth while Zone Ⅲ experienced severe deforestation of around 15%.Zone Ⅱ and Ⅲ needs attention for holistic sustenance.Analysis of LST shows that it has increased by 0.82℃ from 1991 to 2020 which is a red flag.The study underscores the critical importance of balanced land use practices to preserve ecological integrity and mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization and climate change.

Seasonal Dynamic of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Maize Crop in the Sub-Sudanese Zone of Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, maize (Zea mays L) is the second most cultivated cereal after rice. Since the first report of Spodoptera frugiperda in Côte d’Ivoire, maize production in the northern regions has been affected resulting in maize production losses. This study aims to study the seasonal dynamic of Spodoptera frugiperda in maize fields in the sub-Sudanese zone, main zone of maize cultivation in Côte d’Ivoire. The study was done using pheromone trap lures. The results revealed a variation in the moth population at various growth stages during rainy and dry seasons. Notably, the highest numbers of moths were consistently trapped during the whorl stage with counts ranging from 131 ± 35.7 during the rainy season to 70.6 ± 15.01 in the dry season. The lowest numbers of moths were observed during pod maturation, with counts ranging from 30.3 ± 13.05 during the rainy season to 11.7 ± 3.05 in the dry season. Between the 7th and 21st days after sowing, the count of moths displayed a consistent upward trajectory, reaching 188 moths during the rainy season. The damages were particularly observed at whorl stage. The relationship between the numbers of moths and some climatic variables revealed a negative correlation between moths numbers and rainfall (r= −0.44) and relative humidity (r= −0.684). In contrast, there were positive relationships with temperature (r = 0.16), highlighting the significant impact of temperature changes on moth population dynamics. The research highlights the need for integrated pest management strategies that consider climatic factors and growth stages of maize to mitigate the impact of this insect pest on maize.

The Tragic Marriage of the Morel Couple in Sons and Lovers

In Sons and Lovers,one of William Faulkner's most famous novels,the marriage between Walter Morel and Gertrude Coppard was inarguably a tragic one.However,as for the reason,it was not explicitly represented in the novel.This paper attempts to delve into the reason of this failed marriage and put forward an argument that this failure could be attributed to the conflict between sex and social class with the help of the theory of dominance and subordinance put forward by Kate Millett.

A NOTE ON COMPARISON THEOREM OF TWO-STAGE ITERATIVE METHOD FOR HERMITIAN POSITIVE DEFINITE LINEAR SYSTEMS

We discuss two-stage iterative methods for the solution of linear systemAx = b, and give a new proof of the comparison theorems of two-stage iterative methodfor an Hermitian positive definite matrix. Meanwhile, we put forward two new versionsof well known comparison theorem and apply them to some examples.

Evaluation of Hydrogeology of the Lower Son Valley Based on Remote Sensing Data

Remote sensing, one of the most important reconnaissance and feature identifying tools generally applied for surface and groundwater investigation, was used for water resources mapping for the lower Son Valley in this study. The mapping was done with the help of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite imagery IRS-LISS- 1-B1 for January 29, 1991 obtained during the day transit time. The area under study comprises adjoining parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states of India and extends over the seven districts, namely Bhojpur, Rohtas, Patna, Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Ballia and Chapra. Geology of the study area is quite complex, tectonically disturbed and shows four major cycles of depositions after erosions during last one billion years (since Cretaceous). Two lineaments mapped by GSI (Geological Survey of India) in western side of river Son in the Bhojpur district can also be identified by the satellite imagery. In the present study, apart from these lineaments, two new lineaments have been investigated, which run almost parallel to river Ganga in northwest parts of the area in Ballia district. The lineaments may play a very vital role in groundwater monitoring in the area. The detailed study of geomorphology, vegetation and geology of the Lower Son valley on the basis of photo-interpretation techniques for surface features, drainage pattern and density, and drainage texture has been carried out to determine alluvial type, permeability, tributary, etc. These studies and Darcy velocity analysis show that the prospect of water is very good for entire lower Son valley. The Bhojpur district is most prospective for groundwater exploitation.

On the Themes of Sons and Lovers

The current research attempts to explore the main themes of Lawrence's masterpiece Sons and Lovers from five the following aspects:Man/woman Love,the maturation of an artist,class conflict,Industrial life Vs.nature and Opposite forces:light and dark.It is great hope that this paper will make a small contribution to assist anyone who appreciates Sons and Lovers.

On the Three Forms of Fruitless Love in Sons and Lovers

David Herbert Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelists of the 20th century. He is not only a turn-of-the-century social reformer, but also an artist deeply concerned with human relationships. His famouse work--Sons and Lovers （1994）, describes the process of young Paul＇s growth with young Lawrence＇s personal life as the model. The present paper, first of all, gives a brief introduction of the novel. Then the three forms of unreal love in the story are what the present paper mainly explored. Firstly, the love between Paul and his mother is a distorted love between a mother and a son. Secondly, the love between Paul and Miriam is an immature love of young people. Thirdly, the love between Paul and Clara is physical and short-lived. The three forms of love are unreal and doomed to be fruitless

Under the Bourgeois Ideological Interpellation:An Althusserian Reading of Sons and Lovers

"Under the Bourgeois Ideological Interpellation:An Althusserian Reading of Sons and Lovers"traces the authority behind the familial affairs and examines its influences on the individuals in D.H.Lawrence’s masterpiece Sons and Lovers.Based on the theory of Althusser’s"ideological interpellation",it explores the theme of bourgeois ideological interpellation within the working-class domestic sphere.

Effects of two kinds of transgenic poplar on protective enzymes system in the midgut of larvae of American white moth

The leaves of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) transgenic poplar (Populus nigra L.) and CpTI (Cowpea trypsin inhibitor) transgenic poplar ((P. tomentosa×P. bolleana)×P. Tomentosa) were taken to feed the 4th-5th-instar larvae of American white moth (Hyphantria cunea (Drury)) for determination of the activities of the protective enzyme system inside larvae’s body. The physiological and biochemical effects of the transgenic poplars on the larvae were studied. The results showed that the two kinds of transgenic poplars had similar effects on the protective enzyme system in the midgut of larvae. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in midgut of the larvae increased gradually, reached the highest value at a certain time, and then decreased suddenly. For the larvae that were fed with the leaves of Bt transgenic poplar, the peak value of superoxide dismutase and catalase presented at the time of 24-h feeding, while the peak of peroxidase took place at the time of 12-h feeding. The activities of these protective enzymes for the larvae that were fed with leaves of CpTI transgenic poplar peaked 12 h later than that of those fed with leaves of Bt transgenic poplar. The comparison of activities of the protective enzymes was also carried out between the larvae with different levels of intoxication. It was found that the activities of protective enzyme of the seriously intoxicant larvae were higher than that of the lightly intoxicant larvae. This difference was more obvious in the group treated with CpTI transgenic poplar.

On the Symbolic Meaning of Imaginary Son in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

According to the relationship between symbol and meaning in semiotics,this paper analyzes the symbolic meaning of the imaginary son and the meaning of killing him in Albee’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?,and concludes that killing the imaginary son is the only way to escape the bondage of rigid social morality and come back to the reality.

Sons and Mothers

Susan Moon 居住在加利福尼亚洲的伯克利(Berkeley)市,在一所大学教授写作课程。这篇感人至深的文章描述的是一位母亲在儿子即将离家时依依不舍的心情——尽管她的儿子是要去哈佛上学。

The Son of DOOM 第一人称射击类游戏

丰富多变的场景,各种各样威力强大的武器,以及从人类到异形,甚至是庞大机械的众多敌人,玩家们将在这些复杂元素所构成的游戏中充分体验近乎于真实的感官刺激。这就是第一人称射击类游戏(简称:FPS游戏)的魅力所在。在适应了最初轻微的眩晕感之后,你会深深地喜欢上这种游戏,在游戏中发泄生活所带来的压抑感。尽管不断受到过于血腥或过于暴力的指责,但FPS游戏的魅力仍然让众多的游戏玩家为之痴迷,为之疯狂。

A Son of the People

FIFTEEN YEARS have gone by since Chuna adopted the policy of reform and opening to the outside world.As we point out in"Deng Xiaoping and Reform in China,'our special article this month on China's senior statesman,it 15.umpossible to discuss the tremendous changes that have taken place,and are continuing to take place,in China without mentioning the name of Deng Xiaoping,the man who created the policy.Our article gives an outine of Deng's life and describes how he suceeded in bringing about the great reform.

Father,Son and A Horse

Once there lived a very old peasant in a village. His name was Jack.He had a horse.It was almost as old as him. One day he set off with his young son to sell the horse before it died.They walked because the father did not want the horse to be too tired. They met two neighbours (邻居)on their way.The neighbours said, "Hello,why are

Development of synthetic volatile attractant for male Ectropis obliqua moths

The tea geometridEctropis obliquais one of the most serious leaf-feeding insect pests in tea （Camelia sinensis） in East Asia. Although several volatile chemicals emitted from tea plants have been reported to be attractive toE. obliqua moths, no synthetic attractants for E. obliqua moths have been developed. By measuring the behavioral responses of the moth to a series of chemicals in the lab, we found that a blend containing a ternary mixture containing （Z）-3-hexenal, （Z）-3-hexenyl hexanoate and benzyl alcohol clearly attracted toE. obliqua moths of both sex and that （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate could enhance the attractiveness of the ternary blend. Moreover, we found that the volatiles emitted from the plant-E. obliqua larva com-plex have the same attractiveness as： 1） the blend of volatiles containing the ternary mixture and 2） the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture to both male and female moths. In a ifeld bioassay, more male moths were observed on traps that were baited with the blend containing （Z）-3-hexenyl acetate plus the ternary mixture than on control traps. Our study raises the tantalizing possibility that synthetic blends could be deployed as attractants for pests in the ifeld.

Decoding Phthorimaea operculella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the new age of change

Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L.production.Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests’biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length,changes in population growth rates,number of generations,crop-pest relationship,and therefore affecting their expansion.Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae)is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide.Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves,stems,and tubers,while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable.Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P.operculella,but many factors determine the success of the control chosen.This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.

Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM),Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller),is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide.To evaluate the infestation,reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM,field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM.Three intercropping patterns were tested,which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2,3,or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M,2 P:3 M,and 2 P:4 M),and the monocropped potato as the control,2 rows of potatoes,without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M).Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M,due to the enhancement of natural enemies.Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns.The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M,2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M.We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations,and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism.The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize.These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.

Molecular Taxonomy of Conogethes punctiferalis and Conogethes pinicolalis(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

Conogethes punctiferalis（Guenée）（Lepidoptera： Crambidae） was originally considered as one species with fruit-feeding type（FFT） and pinaceae-feeding type（PFT）, but it has subsequently been divided into two different species of Conogethes punctiferalis and Conogethes pinicolalis. The relationship between the two species was investigated by phylogenetic reconstruction using maximum-likelihood（ML） parameter estimations. The phylogenetic tree and network were constructed based upon sequence data from concatenation of three genes of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I, II and cytochrome b which were derived from 118 samples of C. punctiferalis and 24 samples of C. pinicolalis. The phylogenetic tree and network showed that conspecific sequences were clustering together despite intraspecific variability. Here we report the results of a combined analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from three genes and morphological data representing powerful evidence that C. pinicolalisand C. punctiferalis are significantly different.

Sub-Lethal Effects of Fenvalerate on the Development, Fecundity, and Juvenile Hormone Esterase Activity of Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella (L.)

The toxicities of fenvalerate （20% EC） to the 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth （DBM）, Plutella xylostella （L.）, reared on three host plants viz., radish, oilseed rape, and cabbage were tested. The LC50 values of fenvalerate to the 3rd instar larvae of DBM varied with host plants, however, there wasn＇t any significant difference among them （P〉 0.05）. Similarly, DBM fed on three host plants had same pupal weight, pupal period, pupation rate, adult emergence rate, female ratio, and fecundity. The activity of juvenile hormone esterase （JHE, EC 3.1.1.1） in the 3rd instar larvae of DMB did not significantly vary with host plants, either. These suggested that DBM had similar fitness on the three host plant species. When fed on the host plants pretreated with fenvalerate at the concentrations equivalent to LC20, LC50 and LC50, the pupation rate, pupal weight, adult emergence rate, female ratio, fecundity, and JHE activity of the tested insects were declined as compared with insects in control treatments fed on the same host plant species. Furthermore, the pupal period of the tested insects was extended after fenvalerate treatment. The decrease in JHE activity after fenvalerate treatment in the tested insects could partly explain the changes in the mentioned growth parameters. Whether the role of fenvalerate in the inhibition of JHE activity could serve as a new way to control DBM needs further investigation.

The comparisons on total RNA from different source-original neurons applied in LMPC

Objective To compare the quality and quantity of total RNA from different source-original neurons applied in LMPC technique. Methods （ 1 ） Aglient 2100 bioanalyzer and RT-PCR were used to check the concentration and fragmentation of total RNA from unfixed, temporal fixed and fixed 12 h hypothalamus sections; （2）Different neurons of PVN and SON were collected by LMPC, CRH, TRH, AVP, OT mRNA level were measured by RT-PCR; （3）Labeled neurons by injecting CTB into stomach and non-labeled neurons in DMV collected by LMPC were checked for house keeping genes by RT-PCR. Results （ 1 ） Unfixed section had higher concentration and better quality of total RNA compared with fixed sections applied in LMPC ; relative short amplicons such as GAPDH, NSE, MCH and MCAR were successfully obtained from fixed and unfixed and long amplicon of GR can only be obtained from unfixed material; （2） In magnocellular PVN and SON the expressions of AVP and OT were more special than those in the parvocellular PVN. Oppositely, the expressions of CRH, TRH in the parvocellular were more special than the other two ; （3） The expressions of house keeping genes had no significant difference between labeled and non-labeled DMV neurons. Conclusion The quality and quantity of total RNA from unfixed brain tissues were better than fixed tissues applied in LMPC and the CTB tracer which may differentiate neurons had no significant effect on physiology of the neurons applied in LMPC. The results showed that the LMPC technique is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative study on individual neurons at mRNA level.