Effect of Bendiocarb (Ficam^®80% WP) on Entomological Indices of Malaria Transmission by Indoor Residual Spraying in Burkina Faso, West Africa

Context: The vector control is essential in malaria prevention strategies in several endemic countries in Africa including Burkina Faso. The high transmission of malaria occurs during the period of high vector abundance (August to October) in Burkina Faso. Therefore, a vector control strategy based on the use of indoor residual spraying targeting this period should provide effective protection against malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bendiocarb applied in indoor residual spraying on entomological parameters of malaria transmission in a pyrethroid resistance area in southwestern, Burkina Faso. Methods: CDC light trap and early morning collections by pyrethrum spray catches were performed monthly to determine the change in entomological parameter within malaria vector in sprayed (Diebougou) and unsprayed sites (Dano). The female’s malaria vectors collected by both methods were used to determine their blood feeding pattern, biting and sporozoites rates as well as the malaria transmission risk estimated by entomological inoculation rate. Results: A total of 26,276 mosquitoes (13,555 anopheline and 12,721 other culicines) were collected using both CDC light trap (9158 mosquitoes) and PSC collection methods (17,118 mosquitoes) from June to December 2012. An. gambiae complex was the predominant species collected. An. gambiae was the predominant species collected (P = 0.0005), comprising 88% of the total collected and the most infected species. Malaria vectors densities were significantly lower in sprayed villages (n = 4303) compared with unsprayed villages (n = 12,569) during post-spraying period (P = 0.0012). In addition, mean human biting rate of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. were significantly lower in sprayed areas compared to unsprayed areas (P < 0.05). Overall, malaria vector transmission risk was significant four-fold lower in villages which received IRS (P = 0.0001) whatever the malaria vectors species (An. gambiae s.l. and An. An. funestus s.l.). Conclusions: The results showed that in the sprayed area (Diebougou), vector densities, human biting rates and malaria transmission risks were very lower than unsprayed areas (Dano). The findings also showed a change in vector behavior especially within An. funestus s.l. which became more zoophagic following IRS. The indoor residual spraying could be promoted as a control tool in areas where malaria transmission occurs during a given period of year.

基质固相分散-气相色谱法测定蔬菜中的恶虫威

寻找一种新的样品前处理法--基于弗罗里硅土-石墨化炭黑的基质固相分散法,并将该方法用于5种蔬菜（菠菜、番茄、黄瓜、大蒜、胡萝卜）中恶虫威的残留分析,并用气相色谱-氮磷检测器（GC-NPD）分析检测.对固相分散剂种类、样品与分散剂用量比例、洗脱溶剂及用量进行了选择和优化.结果表明,5种蔬菜中恶虫威的回收率在80.9%～107.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于8%,可见本法可以用于上述5种新鲜蔬菜样品中恶虫威的残留分析.

Synergists action of piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate on toxicity of carbamate insecticides against Blattella germanica

Objective: To determine the synergists action of piperonyl butoxide(PBO) and S,S,Stributyl phosphorotrithioate(DEF) on toxicity of carbamate insecticides against Blattella germanica in Tehran city.Methods: In the current study, German cockroach strains were collected from several hospitals and dormitories in Tehran.At the beginning, different concentrations of bendiocarb and carbaryl(insecticides belong to carbamate group) were determined by surface contact on a susceptible strain.Then, the level of susceptibility and type of resistance mechanisms in the collected strains from contaminated sites to the aforementioned insecticides were studied by using PBO and DEF synergists with different insecticide ratios to synergist(1:0, 1:1, 1:2, 1:3).Results: The DEF synergist along with bendiocarb and carbaryl completely eliminated the resistance in all strains but PBO did not completely eliminate the resistance in the strains of Mofid, Alvand, Valiasr hospitals and Shariati dormitory.Generally, the impact of DEF was observed in the removing resistance more than PBO.Conclusions: In most of these strains, resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl is completely eliminated by DEF, showing a very high role of estraze enzymes in resistance to bendiocarb and carbaryl.But in most strains PBO does not remove the resistance because other mechanisms, such as reduced cuticle penetration and insensitivity to the acetylcholine esterase enzyme, may be involved.

快康灭蚊效果实验研究

目的 :试验观察快康 (Ficam)的灭蚊效果。方法 :实验室为常规圆筒法 ,现场为滞留喷洒。结果 :0 .3%快康溶液 ,实验室对淡色库蚊和家蝇的KT50 及 95 %可信限分别为 3.96( 3.2 4～4.65 )、6.2 2 ( 5 .46～ 7.0 9)min ,2 4h死亡率均为 10 0 % ;现场滞留喷洒 1、15、30、45、60、90d的灭蚊效果分别为 10 0 %、10 0 %、97.0 5 %、94.12 %、97.0 5 %和 91.18%。结论 :快康 80 %可湿性粉剂对蚊类成虫有良好的速杀和滞留药效 ,是理想的灭蚊替换和换代药物。

自驱蚊纺织品的制备与表征

用双组分复合法配置噁虫威/顺式氯氰菊酯药剂整理液,采用轧-烘-焙工艺,在丙烯酸类胶黏剂的作用下将药物颗粒固定在纺织品表面,通过对纺织品分别进行药物防蚊层与防水洗层整理,制备得到耐水洗性能良好的防蚊纺织品(蚊帐),实现纺织品的自驱蚊功能。通过高效液相色谱法(HPLC)检测水洗前后蚊帐表面防蚊剂活性成分的含量,计算残余率来表征制备的防蚊蚊帐的耐水洗性能,重点研究了胶黏剂的浓度对耐水洗防蚊整理的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和拉曼光谱(RS)等测试方法,表征整理后蚊帐的形貌及化学组成,并对其耐水洗防蚊层的形成机理进行了一定的说明。研究结果表明,整理后的蚊帐经20次水洗后,药物的残余率可达到80%,耐水洗性能较好。

噁虫威原药高效液相色谱分析方法研究

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈+水为流动相,使用以ZORABX SB-C18、5μm为填料的不锈钢柱和二极管阵列检测器,在275nm波长下对试样中的噁虫威原药进行分离和定量分析。结果表明噁虫威的线性相关系数为0.9998;标准偏差为0.30;变异系数为0.32%;平均回收率为99.49%。

农药“噁虫威”的合成工艺路线、性能及国内外发展概况

本文主要介绍农药“虫威”的合成工艺路线、性能及国内外发展概况 ,尤为重要的是本合成工艺路线中的原料之一充分应用了我省的五倍子资源———焦性没食子酸。

安徽省中北部淡色库蚊对多种杀虫剂抗性及其kdr基因突变研究

目的了解安徽省中北部地区淡色库蚊对多种杀虫剂的抗药性现状及其kdr基因突变情况。方法 2014年6-9月在淮北市、蚌埠市和滁州市3地采集淡色库蚊幼虫,带回实验室饲养至成虫,采用WHO成蚊接触筒药膜滤纸接触法对其进行0.05%溴氰菊酯、5%马拉硫磷、0.1%噁虫威、4%DDT抗性生物测定。以PCR扩增经溴氰菊酯抗性测定的库蚊抗性相关kdr基因并进行测序,统计L1014位点突变情况。结果上述3个地区淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯、马拉硫磷、噁虫威、DDT 4种杀虫剂都产生了不同程度的抗药性,对DDT产生的抗性较高;虽然3地淡色库蚊接触DDT后的死亡率差异无统计学意义(F=1.027,P>0.05);但接触溴氰菊酯、马拉硫磷、噁虫威后的死亡率差异均有统计学意义(F=23.823、33.955、128.841,P均<0.01)。3地淡色库蚊种群的kdr基因1014位点均存在L1014F、L1014S这2种非同义突变;L1014F突变频率与溴氰菊酯抗性水平呈正相关(r2=0.718,P<0.01)。结论安徽省中北部地区淡色库蚊对溴氰菊酯、马拉硫磷、噁虫威、DDT均产生了较强的抗性,kdr基因L1014F突变频率与溴氰菊酯抗性水平呈正相关;各地区卫生部门需加强对媒介蚊虫抗性的动态监测。

噁虫威原药毒性实验研究

目的探讨噁虫威最大无作用剂量,为拟定人类接触该化学物的工作场所职业接触限值(OEL)提供基础资料。方法按照《化学品毒性鉴定技术规范》对噁虫威原药进行急性经口、经皮、眼刺激、皮肤刺激、皮肤致敏实验和大鼠亚慢性经口毒性实验。结果噁虫威原药雌、雄大鼠急性经口LD50均为31.6 mg/kg,属高毒类化学品;大鼠急性经皮LD50均>2150 mg/kg,属低毒类化学品;对实验兔眼睛和皮肤无刺激性;对白色豚鼠的致敏率为0%,属弱致敏类化学品。大鼠经口喂饲90 d染毒后,在中、高剂量水平,可引起雌鼠总蛋白、血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、血肌酐、乳酸脱氢酶增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),雄鼠尿素氮明显增高(P<0.01);在高剂量水平,可引起雌鼠球蛋白、尿素氮明显增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),白球比明显降低(P<0.05),雄鼠血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶、血肌酐明显增高(P<0.05或P<0.01),全血胆碱酯酶活力明显降低(P<0.05)。结论该药属高毒类化学品,可能对肝脏、肾脏有损伤作用,在本实验条件下,噁虫威原药对雌、雄SD大鼠亚慢性(90 d)经口毒性实验的最大无作用剂量分别为0.10 mg/kg.d和0.09 mg/kg.d,OEL推算结果为0.0045 mg/m3,在制造、储运和使用过程中,须加强职业防护。