Impacts of Changes in Structure of Rural Land Property Rights on Agricultural Performance

In the reform process of the rural land property rights system,the incentive mechanism of the rural land property rights system has a crucial impact on the production activities of rural economic entities.Due to the different rights structures of the property rights system in different social and economic development stages,the land rights and interests enjoyed by rural economic subjects are different,and the degree of incentives for farmers is also different.This difference in incentives affects farmers investment in agricultural production factors,which in turn affects agricultural performance.This paper analyzes the incentive impacts of the structure of rural land property rights on the changes of farmers land rights and agricultural performance since the founding of the People s Republic of China,in order to further deepen the reform of the land system,protect the rights and interests of farmers,promote the modernization of agriculture and rural areas,and explore the realization form and operation mechanism of the rural collective land system in the new era.

Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Issues concerning Farmland Transfer in the Development of China's Agricultural Modernization——Based on the Survey of Farmers in 21 Townships of Sichuan Province

Based on the actual survey of 724 rural households in 21 townships of Sichuan Province,this article analyzes the basic information,basic characteristics and problems in current China's farmland transfer.The results show that the rural land contractual management right is relatively stable;in farmland transfer market,the degree of development of farmland transfer-out market is higher than that of farmland transfer-in market;at the same time,there are many problems,such as fragmentation of rural land resources allocation,incomplete land property rights system,too powerful land security function,single land transfer pattern and unsound transfer system.Corresponding countermeasures are put forward as follows:unifying urban and rural planning,and adjusting distribution pattern of rural land in concert with the course of urbanization;improving land property rights system,so that the farmers have the land contractual management right with real right tendency;strengthening the legal construction of land transfer,regulating the land transfer process,and guiding regularized and legalized development of land transfer;promoting farmers' cognitive level,and establishing the intermediary platform to provide land transfer information,ensuring information symmetry between both sides of transfer;providing more non-agricultural jobs,establishing and improving social security system for farmers,and diluting the social security function of land.

Analysis of the Price of Development Right of Agricultural Land in China

According to the viewpoints of predecessors, we define the signification of development right of agricultural land and connotation of the price of development right of agricultural land as follows: the development right of agricultural land is to change the former use nature of agricultural land, so as to become the right of construction use land; the price of development right of agricultural land refers to the price that is difference between the price of construction use land, and summation of the price of former agricultural land, the expense of developing agricultural land, the expense of management, and profit, after the agricultural land is transformed into non-agricultural construction use land. By using the principle of economics of land, this paper expounds the generation mechanism of the price of development right of agricultural land, namely the diversity of agricultural land use and the change of demand and supply of development right of agricultural land. The influencing factors of the development right of agricultural land are analyzed, and there are mainly the price of agricultural land, the price of construction use land, the contradiction of demand and supply of urban land, land use, and agricultural land.

Problems in Rural Land Management Right Confirmation Pilots and the Countermeasures

The affirmation registration and certification of land contracted management right are the essential conditions for the effective promotion of land management right circulation and the development of agricultural moderate scale management. However, the following problems are found in the process of the pilot work： insufficient propaganda work, inconsistent recognition of affirmation registration work, low enthusiasm of grass-roots work; lack of unified regulations, each company working on their own; requiring large amount of manpower and resources for rural land contracted management rights, and severe shortage of national and municipal inputs; incomplete land ownership information and lack of marks between land plots, leading to resolving difficulty of the disputes; urgent need of strengthening subsequent work, untimely adjustment of related policies. Therefore, it needs to intensify propaganda, so that farmers can know the land right confirmation registration and certifi- cation, and recognize its importance; unify the introduction of job specification and results storage standard, making it convenient for the unified use of the results unified; set up special funds, and make experiments first in the areas with better economic conditions; establish arbitral institutions for land ownership disputes; earnestly make great effort to the supporting and subsequent work for right confirmation registration, and give full play to the role of land registration results.

Developing the Commons: Models of Rural Land Trust in China

In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.

农地资源市场配置法律机制的完善

我国以土地承包经营权和土地经营权为基础的农地市场配置的法律机制,既存在市场机制的固有缺陷,也存在农村集体经济组织和集体土地所有权缺位的特定性局限。为实现市场对农地资源的有效配置,需充分发挥农村集体经济组织的民事治理作用和政府的市场管理与调控作用。应当完善农地市场民事法律机制,明确农村集体经济组织介入农户承包地经营权流转的法律地位和权利,扩大农村集体经济组织流转土地经营权的范围,完善农村集体经济组织的监督权利。应当完善对农地市场的管理调控法律机制,更好地发挥政府在农地用途管制、农业补贴政策和价格调控、产业政策引导、健全市场服务体系以及营造良好市场环境等方面的作用。

大食物观下耕地用途管制的法制优化

耕地用途管制法制优化是在不改变耕地农用的基础上的耕地用途管制的法制优化,即耕地农作物转换种植管制的法制优化。梳理耕地用途管制的措施,探讨大食物观背景下耕地用途管制的法制优化方向及难点,重点阐述大食物观与既有耕地用途管制措施的耦合、既有耕地用途管制与大食物观的匹配度分析以及耕地用途管制优化的法治路径。结果表明:我国农产品需求结构发生变化已经成为不可逆转的趋势,而现有的耕地用途管制措施在一定程度上已经不能适应我国农产品需求结构的变化所带来的农产品供给结构的变化,因此需要对耕地用途管制进行法制优化,推动农产品供给侧结构性改革进一步深化发展,以改善耕地利用不平衡、不充分的现状,使耕地资源利用满足人们食物需求结构的变化。

农村土地经营权信托要素的优化配置

发轫于“两权分离”背景下的农村土地承包经营权信托,在“三权分置”背景下已迭代为农村土地经营权信托。土地经营权被立法确认为民事权利,有利于破除土地经营权以信托方式流转的法律障碍。但是,既有土地经营权信托要素配置存在失衡的困境,主要表现在信托主体资格错位、土地经营权转移标准不明确及信托目的定位模糊等方面。信托要素的合理配置是促进土地经营权信托发展的内在要求,更是完善土地经营权信托相关制度的重要手段。应遵循是否有利于保障农户的土地权益、是否有利于彰显信托机理的功能优势及是否有利于克服信托实践中“市场失灵”的基本准则,从厘清信托主体资格、构建土地经营权信托登记制度及将信托目的重塑为社会性目的等方面着力,对土地经营权信托要素进行优化配置。

信托:土地经营权抵押权实现方式的创新

折价、拍卖和变卖不适合作为土地经营权抵押权实现的方式,现有的其他方式也存在着各自的局限性。信托是土地经营权抵押权实现方式的创新,在理论上和实践中均可行。作为抵押权实现方式的土地经营权信托的设立须经抵押权人同意,以抵押权人为唯一或第一顺位受益人,并办理信托登记。受托人的权利应有所限制,即受托人不得将土地经营权以转让、入股等方式流转给他人;应允许信托合同对受托人的分别管理义务另行作出规定,细化受托人谨慎管理义务的要求。应设置专门的信托监察人对受托人经营管理农地的行为进行监督。

强国建设两阶段农业劳动生产率目标预测与提升路径

提高农业劳动生产率是建设社会主义现代化强国和农业强国的关键任务。农业劳动生产率的增长来源于农业劳动力劳均经营土地面积的增加、土地产出率的提高与单位农产品价值的提升。改革开放以来,中国农业劳动生产率大幅提高,其中土地单产上升的贡献率持续下降,而劳均经营土地面积增加的贡献率不断上升。2010—2020年,中国农业劳动生产率的增长中19.9%来自土地单产上升,67.8%来自劳均经营土地面积增加。综合考虑按总增长率、按构成项的增长率和按与农业发达国家的相对水平进行预测,中国农业劳均增加值在2035年将超过19000美元(2015年不变价格),在2050年将超过50000美元,达到农业发达国家水平。未来较长一段时间,中国农业劳动生产率的增长将主要来自劳均经营土地面积的增加,在此过程中,要促进新型农业经营主体培育,促进劳动节约型技术进步,促进农地经营权流转并保障经营权稳定,促进以增值增效为导向的农业结构优化调整。

从经营方式演化看中国农业现代化的前沿问题

在对家庭联产承包责任制改革确立农户主体地位及土地流转和规模化过程进行梳理的基础上,研究了正在蓬勃发展的几种有代表性的农业组织形式的特点和现代农业演化趋势,针对租佃高成本、超大规模垄断性经营和政府补贴等方面的问题,提出了相应的政策建议。

中国农业土地经营模式探索与创新:利益联结与金融支持——基于四川实践的分析

党的二十大报告首次提出加快建设农业强国战略,强调要发展农业适度规模经营。土地经营规模化是推动农业适度规模经营的重要途径,但涉及农户、村社集体、社会化组织、农业企业等多类利益主体,其利益联结机制的有效性和稳定性成为农业规模经营可持续的关键,并对金融活动产生显著影响。本文对我国主要土地规模经营模式及其利益联结机制进行比较研究,结合四川实践深入分析了金融在土地规模经营利益联结关系中的角色作用,并在借鉴国际经验的基础上提出相关政策建议。

Agricultural Land Contract and Management Rights:Transferring Price and Countermeasures in Typical Agricultural Areas of China

Henan is a large agricultural province and one of China’s major grain-producing areas. Agricultural land transfer and large-scale operations will have a profound impact on regional economic development and food security. This is a case study taken in Xiwan village in Qinyang city, Henan. This paper builds a transferring pricing model using land use rights assessment and characteristic correction of land contract and management rights. Results show that the transferring price of land contract and management rights should include the economic price, social price and corrected price. The use of a price model should focus on the distinction of theory and practical application. If there is no change in agricultural project,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price and social security price. If there is a change in agricultural projects,such as cropland into cash crops,the actual transferring price should be the sum of the economic price, social price and corrected price. Because of the complexity of income distribution following the transfer, transferring gains should follow a rational distribution in the outflow side, inflow side, managers and land owner. The government should establish reasonable and orderly contracted management of land circulation transferring and use this to build a land transferring price system.

农地流转如何影响农业机械化——基于1878个水稻种植户的实证分析

在农业农村现代化不断推进的背景下,利用1878份南方水稻种植户调查数据,运用规模经济、农业分工和交易成本理论,探讨农地流转对水稻种植户机械化水平及其模式的影响。研究发现,农地流转显著提升了农业机械化水平,并促使机械化模式发生转变。利用农户产权安全感知度作为农地流转的工具变量,克服模型内生性,结果仍然稳健。具体而言,农户转入土地面积每增加一个百分点,其水稻种植机械化作业面积将增加0.386个百分点。同时,农户转入土地后自置农机的概率上升,而雇佣机耕和机收服务的概率下降,致使农机社会化服务市场转型。异质性分析表明,土地细碎化程度越高则更可能降低农地流转对农业机械化的正向影响;同时,中青年农户相比老年农户的农业生产机械化程度更高。为进一步推动小农户向现代农业转型,加快我国农业农村现代化进程,还需要加强土地产权保护、促进农地流转。

农地产权稳定性与农业低碳发展——基于新一轮农地确权改革的考察

研究目的:探析增强农地产权稳定性对农业低碳发展的影响及其内在机制,为深化农村土地产权制度改革和促进农业低碳发展提供理论支撑和经验证据。研究方法:基于2012—2021年中国市级面板数据,以2013—2019年开展的新一轮农地确权改革为准自然实验,采用交错双重差分模型探讨农地产权制度改革对农业低碳发展的影响。研究结果:农地产权稳定性的增强显著降低了农业碳强度,提升了农业碳效率,对农业低碳发展产生积极影响。这一结果在考虑内生性问题、异质性处理效应并进行一系列稳健性检验后依然成立。进一步分析表明,增强农地产权稳定性通过“规模经营”和“长期投资”效应促进农业低碳发展,同时也因市场化程度和普惠金融发展水平的不同产生异质性。研究结论:农地产权稳定性的增强在农业低碳发展过程中发挥了重要作用,应深化农村土地产权制度改革,因地制宜优化内外部发展环境,优化配套政策,多措并举推进农业低碳发展。

农地经营权流转价格剪刀差形成的原因及对策分析

从农地的高价流转和低价流转两种现状进行分析,得出农地经营权流转价格剪刀差进一步扩大的原因在于农村熟人社会自发形成的土地流转价格相对较低;以村委会引导的土地规模化流转,其价格高位运行,两者呈现出剪刀差的发展趋势。基于此,提出政府要创建统一的流转信息平台,促进土地流转市场的公开化;降低恋土情结,弱化人情经济;构建完善的定价机制以及价格指数的动态调整机制;采取股份制换取农民土地,警惕炒地行为。

农民和土地利益关系下土地流转的阶段性问题与动态调整

土地是农业发展的核心要素,是农村改革的关键所在,事关农民的根本利益。实现农业农村现代化,要深化农村土地制度改革,巩固和完善农村基本经营制度,不断创新土地要素的经营方式,助力农业新质生产力。土地经营权流转是解决我国“三农”问题、实现农业农村现代化的有效路径,必须坚持以农民为中心的发展思想,正确处理好农民和土地的利益关系,认清我国农业农村现代化是一个复杂的动态的历史过程,具有鲜明的阶段性特征,要不断创新土地流转形式,通过农业生产效率和农民利益高水平动态平衡的调整机制,不断提升农业农村现代化水平。

国有农用地资源资产清查价格体系优化研究

基于农用地样点价格测算清查价格结果的合理性,以及不同农用地价格体系间价格水平的衔接性等因素,对于准确估算国有农用地价值至关重要。本文尝试从当前国有农用地处置配置相关政策研究入手,分析不同权利类型、不同测算标准对清查价格造成差异的原因,最后针对技术流程、价格内涵、参数指标等构建清查价格体系的关键技术要点提出相应的优化建议。