Operation Benefit of Fruit Dealers in Shizishan Street Farm market

This paper mainly discussed the operation benefits of fruit dealers in farm market. Taking fruit dealers in Shizishan Street Farm market in Wuhan City as the research object,this paper introduced current operation situation of fruit dealers and made a descriptive statistical analysis on characteristics of operators,operation situation,and cognitive status. Besides,it introduced the concept of net cost-benefit ratio to reflect the operation benefits. From further analysis on the operation benefits of fruit dealers,it found that there is little difference in the costbenefit ratio between dealers in the farm market. The average net cost-benefit ratio was 11. 94%. Specifically,if the total cost is 100 yuan,the dealer can obtain 12 yuan net profit. In order to find out how cost factors affect the operation benefits,it established a regression model for cost factors and net cost-benefit ratio. According to the survey results,when the wholesale cost increases 10000 yuan,the cost-benefit ratio will increase by 1. 454 percentage points,thus increasing the wholesale investment is helpful for increasing the net cost-benefit ratio; when the loss cost increases 10000 yuan,the cost-benefit ratio will increase by 7. 501 percentage points,thus the dealers can increase the operation benefits through controlling the loss cost and reducing the operation cost. Finally,it came up policy recommendations from the perspective of government and operators.

Responses of Seed Yield and Economic Benefit of Winter Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.) to Different NPK Ratio and Dose

Field experiments were conducted during 2008-2010 to investigate the effects of NPK fertilization on seed yield and economic benefit of a new hybrid cultivar of winter oilseed rape(Brassica napus L.)- Xiangzayou763,and to determine the optimum NPK ratio and dose in Hunan,China.The results showed that NPK ratio(1:0.50:0.50) with 180 kg/hm2 N,90 kg/hm^2 P_2O_5 and 90 kg/hm^2 K_2O was the optimum combination for the highest seed yield(2 231.13 kg/hm2) and economic benefit(9 816.97 Yuan/hm^2),of which 1 641.23 Yuan/hm^2 being set for fertilizer investment(VCR=4.11).Besides,the effects of N,P and K fertilizers on seed yield and oil production of winter oilseed rape were not identical.N had the greatest effect on plant growth of winter oilseed rape,followed by P and K.Total leaf number,green leaf number,leaf length and width,rhizome diameter,branch number,dry weight per plant and other agronomic characters in high N treatments were higher than those in low N treatments.By correlation and path analysis of yield components,the contribution rate to seed yield was found:effective silique number per plant>seed number per silique>1 000-seed weight.

新业态从业人员参加养老保险的成本收益与收入再分配效应——基于共同富裕视角

基于个人和社会角度,意在探讨哪种参保选择能同时满足个人的“成本收益”效应最大化和社会的“收入再分配”效应最大化,以达到推进共同富裕的效果。采用2018年中国劳动力动态调查微观数据(CLDS),构建精算模型研究发现:新业态从业人员基本养老保险全覆盖可使养老金成本收益比增加,使养老金基尼系数减小;养老金成本收益比随城职保参保率提高而增大,基尼系数随城职保参保率提高而减小;提升城职保参保率与增加缴费指数相结合的政策可以发挥更大的成本收益效应和收入再分配效应。为实现共同富裕的伟大目标,应加快推进新业态从业人员社会保险全覆盖,鼓励新业态从业人员参加城职保。

非人灵长类动物研究能否得到伦理学辩护?

伦理学研究者的基本工作之一是伦理学辩护。伦理学辩护是通过运用逻辑推理用证据或理由证明已经采取的或建议采取的行动或决策是正确的或合乎伦理的,并可在此基础上,提出政策或法规法律方面的建议。因非人灵长类动物与人类相似,再加上“高保真”观念的影响,所以估计每年有超过10万的非人灵长类动物被用于生物医学研究。但是,越来越多的人认为这种研究不符合伦理,因为非人灵长类动物跟人一样能够敏感地感受到痛苦,而不能从研究中受益。此外,一些研究表明,人与非人灵长类动物在各种组织和基因类别方面的差异性明显超过相似性,这让一些科学家坚持的“高保真”观念遭到质疑。从伦理学角度,之所以反对非人灵长类动物实验,一是风险-受益比、成本-效益比并不理想,非人灵长类动物受到了非常明显、严重且不可逆的伤害;二是非人灵长类动物的感受能力接近于人,拥有接近于人所具有的完全的道德地位和边缘性人格地位,将其囚禁于实验室,并用于自身不能受益的研究,不符合伦理规范。综合来看,人类应该逐渐用符合伦理、对科学实际有益、更实用、可重复以及风险-受益比和成本-效益比理想的模型取代非人灵长类动物研究。在逐渐取代过程中,若必须使用非人灵长类动物,则需进行伦理审查和风险-受益比的评估,并坚持3R原则。

公共健康权益可及性对少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响

以人口高质量发展支撑中国式现代化,提高人口整体素质是关键。而流动人口公共健康权益的可获得性和可及性程度又是增强流动人口身体素质、定居意愿、城市融入的关键因素。通过分析2018年全国流动人口动态监测数据(China Migrants Dynamic Survey,简称CMDS),聚焦少数民族流动人口在流入地公共健康权益的现状,进一步使用二分变量对数比回归模型实证分析少数民族流动家庭公共健康权益可及性对定居意愿发生比的影响,关注家庭主要劳动力(个体)和家庭其他成员(幼童、孕产妇)公共健康权益可及性对少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响,并探讨不同特征的少数民族流动人口健康权益可及性对家庭定居意愿的异质性影响。研究发现:一是公共健康权益可获得性、可及性程度对少数民族流动人口定居意愿存在显著正向影响,且影响效应存在差异。家庭成员公共健康权益的影响效应大于个体影响效应,但孕产妇公共健康权益可获得性与家庭定居意愿没有显著相关关系。二是不同健康权益项目对单个个体健康权益可及性的影响权重不同。健康档案项目对个体公共健康权益的影响效应最大,疫苗接种项目对幼童公共健康权益的影响效应最大,孕产妇四项公共健康权益项目的作用相差不大。三是不同个体获得公共健康权益数量越多,其定居意愿发生比越高,但影响效应不同。公共健康权益可及性程度对于受教育程度低、夫妻两地分居、省内跨市流动的少数民族流动人口定居意愿的影响更大。

北方稻渔综合种养新模式效益分析初报

构建一种北方稻渔综合种养新模式并进行经济效益分析,该模式在稻蟹生态种养的基础上,添加了南美白对虾、中华长臂虾和鲢鳙鱼。结果表明,此模式2022年和2023年水产生物中产值最多是河蟹,达到31212元/hm2和32965元/hm2,产投比最大的为南美白对虾,两年分别为17.74和21.32。此模式比水稻单一种植模式增收27809元/hm2和29329元/hm2,对综合效益有正面作用。

基于客观权重赋权-优劣解距离法的水光互补能源基地补偿效益分摊

针对水光互补系统各电站补偿关系复杂且补偿效益分摊难以量化的问题,提出一种适用于量化水光互补系统效益补偿关系的求解方法,通过对梯级优化调度及水光互补优化调度后发电量的对比,得出水光互补动态过程指标和静态特性指标,建立水光互补补偿效益分摊模型,并采用改进的客观权重赋权-优劣解距离法(criteria importance through intercriteria correlation-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution,CRITIC-TOPSIS)求解补偿效益分摊比例,明晰各电站之间的损益关系。以澜沧江上游西藏段水光互补清洁能源基地为例进行求解,结果表明该方法考虑梯级水电站与光伏电站间的利益关系,同时兼顾梯级水电站内部的效益得失,分摊结果公平合理,可以平衡各主体之间的利害关系,有利于调动施益主体参与互补运行的积极性,实现清洁能源基地整体效益最大化。

基于性能和寿命周期成本的路面预防性养护措施选择

为践行《广东省“十四五”干线公路养护管理提升行动方案》,在归纳总结近年来高速公路沥青路面预防性养护成功经验的基础上,结合某高速公路沥青路面实际技术状况检测结果,探索以养护措施性能和寿命周期费用为指标的最佳预防性养护方案的确定方法。研究结果有益于完善全寿命周期效益最优的公路养护科学决策体系,规范现有高速公路预防性养护措施选择程序,为高速公路预防性养护方案和施工图设计提供科学依据。

基于遗传算法的路网级桥梁养护与安全分析

随着交通网络的发展和桥梁结构的老化,养护工作变得更加重要,而传统的养护决策存在工作繁琐、效率低下的问题。因此,研究提出建立桥梁安全风险分析体系,并借助带精英策略的非支配排序遗传算法进行路网级桥梁养护决策。试验结果显示,研究方法在150次迭代后完成收敛,共得出100种有关竹埠港湘江大桥养护的决策。选择其中具有代表性的决策进行分析,考虑次要结构时最优决策经费为252万元,效益费用比达到0.99,不考虑次要结构的最优决策经费为129万元,效益费用比为1.60。且养护后撞击力降低了44.91%,吸收撞击能量提高了38.13%。研究为路网级桥梁的养护与安全风险分析提供了系统、科学的方法,对于提高桥梁养护效益、减少养护成本,以及确保桥梁结构安全具有积极意义。

不同精粗比饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌对绵羊羔羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究不同精粗比条件下饲粮添加凝结芽孢杆菌(BC)对绵羊羔羊生长性能和消化代谢的影响。试验采用2×2因子完全随机设计,2个因素分别为精粗比[40∶60(低精料)、70∶30(高精料)]和BC[不添加和添加1.0×1010CFU/kg BC]。选取48只4月龄的杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,按体重随机分为4个组,分别饲喂低精料饲粮(LD组)、添加BC低精料饲粮(LD+BC组)、高精料饲粮(HD组)、添加BC高精料饲粮(HD+BC组),每组12只。生长性能试验共计70 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期60 d;消化代谢试验共计7 d,其中适应期4 d,取样期3 d。结果显示:1)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊的末重(FBW)和平均日增重(ADG)显著或极显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.05或P<0.01),并且料重比(F/G)极显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.01);24只饲喂添加BC饲粮羔羊的ADG显著高于24只饲喂不添加BC饲粮羔羊(P<0.05)。2)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊对干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的表观消化率极显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.05),而对酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的表观消化率则极显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.01);24只饲喂添加BC饲粮羔羊对DM、OM、NDF的表观消化率显著高于24只饲喂不添加BC饲粮羔羊(P<0.05)。同时,饲粮精粗比和BC在羔羊对OM和NDF的表观消化率上有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。HD+BC组的OM和NDF的表观消化率显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。3)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊的粪能、总能表观消化率、总能代谢率极显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.01);24只饲喂添加BC饲粮羔羊的总能表观消化率显著高于24只饲喂不添加BC饲粮羔羊(P<0.05)。饲粮精粗比和BC在粪能和总能表观消化率上有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。4)24只饲喂高精料饲粮羔羊在氮表观消化率、微生物蛋白(MCP)合成量上显著或极显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮羔羊(P<0.05或P<0.01);饲粮精粗比和BC在摄入氮、粪氮、可消化氮、沉积氮、氮沉积率以及血清中尿素氮含量上有显著的交互作用(P<0.05)。综上所述,饲粮中添加BC较不添加BC可提高绵羊羔羊对饲粮中OM、DM、NDF的消化吸收,有效提高总能表观消化率,进而促进羔羊生长。相较饲喂精粗比为60∶40的饲粮,饲喂精粗比为70∶30的饲粮可提高绵羊羔羊对饲粮中OM、DM、NDF的消化吸收,有效提高总能表观消化率、氮表观消化率和MCP合成量,提高羔羊的生长性能。因此,BC可以作为一种新型的益生菌制剂应用于羔羊生产中,且在精粗比为70∶30的高精料饲粮中添加效果更优。

有机肥替代化肥对大棚黄瓜生产的影响

本研究旨在通过对比分析不同比例有机肥配施对大棚黄瓜生产的影响,筛选出黄瓜种植中有机肥配施最佳比例,为设施黄瓜生产的科学施肥提供参考。本试验在大棚黄瓜上增施有机肥,减施不同数量的化肥,探究其对黄瓜产量、效益和品质的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥+减施不同比例的配方肥与习惯施肥比较,均能明显提高黄瓜产量,增产6483.45~11382.60 kg/hm^(2),增幅达10.7%~18.8%,黄瓜种植效益和施肥效应明显增加。生产中增施有机肥同时减施16%化肥,可以达到减少化肥施用量,提高经济效益的效果。此外,施用有机肥能明显降低黄瓜硝酸盐含量,增加其可溶性蛋白含量,降低其有机酸含量,从而改善产品品质。

有机肥与化肥配施对土壤理化性状和花生产量、品质、经济效益的影响

以花生粤油7号为试验材料开展了田间小区试验,共设置了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、有机无机配施-M替代15%氮(T2)、有机无机配施-M替代30%氮(T3)、磷替代-M替代30%磷(T4)、磷替代-M替代60%磷(T5)6个处理,探究有机肥化肥配施对花生产量、品质、土壤肥力及经济效益的影响,筛选出适宜花生生长的有机肥与化肥配施的最佳比例。结果表明,各施肥处理的土壤养分含量、花生产量和品质及经济效益较CK均有所提高;其中T5处理的产量最高,T3处理的O/L值、投入产出比最高,有利于延长花生及其制品的储存时间,提高其经济效益;随着有机肥比例的增加,氮肥、磷肥中的有效成分能被花生更好地吸收利用,提高肥料利用率。

日粮精粗比对牦牛犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标和经济效益的影响

文章旨在探究日粮精粗比对牦牛犊牛生长性能、血清生化指标和经济效益的影响。试验将80头体重相近,健康状况良好的牦牛牛犊随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每重复4头。其中试验组1精粗比为30∶70;试验组2精粗比为40∶60;试验组3精粗比为50∶50;试验组4精粗比为60∶40。试验为期107 d,包括10 d预试验和97 d正式试验。试验结果表明,精粗比50∶50和60∶40组牦牛犊牛终末体重分别显著提高6.9%和12.81%(P<0.05),平均日增重分别显著提高10.72%和22.47%(P<0.05);平均日采食量分别显著降低6.11%和17.11%(P<0.05);料重比分别显著降低15.20%和32.41%(P<0.05)。随着精饲料添加量的提高,牦牛犊牛血清总蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯和葡萄糖含量显著提高(P<0.05);日粮精粗比对牦牛犊牛血清白蛋白、尿素氮含量、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05)。随日粮精粗比的提高,牦牛犊牛增重成本先升高后降低,分别为49.30、59.27、53.43和47.93元;毛利润分别为471.10、265.22、436.87和746.66元。综上所述,在本试验条件下,日粮精粗比60∶40组牦牛犊牛经济收益最高。

Economic Viability of Smallholder Agroforestry and Beekeeping Projects in Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania: A Cost Benefit Analysis

Agroforestry and beekeeping are widely promoted as prospective Nature- Based Income Generating Activities (NIGAs) to improve livelihoods while at the same time enhancing biodiversity conservation in degrading agro-ecologies. These activities can diversify and increase famers’ incomes and support instinctive biota and fauna resilience. However, evidence to showcase and compare their long-term benefits is scant. We use the case of Uluguru Mountains in Tanzania to evaluate and compare viability of agroforestry and beekeeping projects using the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) approach. The results of analysis yielded positive NPVs for both agroforestry and beekeeping projects at discount rates not higher than 8.2% and 8.5% respectively. Overall, the comparison of economic viability between agroforestry and beekeeping projects revealed that the former was relatively more profitable than the later in terms of both the NPV and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) criteria. However, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for beekeeping was slightly higher than that of agroforestry. Yet, we underscore the fact that these two projects can jointly be implemented to enhance livelihoods of farmers and support biodiversity conservation in the study area and other parts with similar agro-ecologies in developing countries. However, farmers in these agro-ecologies need to be supported by governments and non-government development partners in terms of training and inspiration to shift from orthodox farming to sustainable NIGAs.

长优1103单季晚稻肥料配比试验

采用“3414”试验方案,研究氮磷钾不同配比施肥对长优1103单季晚稻产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:在氮、磷、钾土壤肥力分别表现为中等、丰(高)、丰(高)的条件下,氮、磷、钾肥对长优1103均有一定的增产效应,其中以氮肥的增产效应较为明显;最佳施肥量为纯N 218.40 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)101.50 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 214.34 kg/hm^(2),氮磷钾肥配比为1∶0.46∶0.98;最佳施肥量产量为11639.83 kg/hm^(2)。

Benefit-cost analysis of raising Pinus wallichiana seedlings in different capacities/sizes of root trainers in the nursery

Modern nursery methods of seedling production in different sized root trainers, were compared by raising seedlings of Pinus wallichiana involving costs incurred and benefits received. In order to provide a common basis for the comparisons, the study involved the raising of 1000 seedlings annually on a continuous basis for seven years. A relative economic analysis of raising P. wallichiana seedlings in 300, 150 and 100 cm^3 root trainers was carried out and we estimated that the root trainers of 300 cm^3 capacity recorded the highest total input cost of Rs. 35571 and Rs. 40018 for 1000 seedlings produced annually at discount rates of 12% and 6%. Seedlings raised in 100 cm^3 root trainers recorded the lowest total input cost of Rs. 23390 and Rs. 27737 per 1000 seedlings annually at discount rates of 12% and 6%. Hence, returns per rupee invested in raising seedlings in the 100 cm^3 root trainers accounted for the maximum benefit-cost ratio （i.e., 1.56 and 1.61） at discount rates of 12% and 6%. Thus seedlings raised in 100 cm^3 and 150 cm^3 root trainers were found to be most cost effective when compared with seedlings grown in 300 cm^3 root trainers. The results can be attributed to the larger number of cells per tray （higher growth density） in the 100 and 150 cm^3 root trainers, compared to the number of seedlings in the 300 cm^3 root trainers.

Dry Season Feeding Technologies: Assessing the Nutritional and Economic Benefits of Feeding Hay and Silage to Dairy Cattle in South-Western Uganda

South-western Uganda annually experiences prolonged drought that results in dramatic drop in milk production of dairy cattle. This study was conducted to assess the nutritional value and economic benefits of feeding silage and hay to dairy cattle in the sub-region. The cross-sectional study covered seven districts with 105 farmers interviewed during the wet and 45 others in the dry season. Up to 88 soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil texture, soil pH, organic matter and total Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Sodium and Magnesium. Likewise, 148 forage (105 fresh, 25 silage and 18 hay) tissues from 21 pasture species were collected and analyzed for nutritional values. Using a questionnaire, data on production costs and milk revenues were collected for cost-benefit analysis. Results showed that silage of Napier grass treated with molasses (10.2 MJ/kg) and hay of naturally established pastures (10.6 MJ/kg) had the highest metabolisable energy (ME) values, while the lowest (8.30 MJ/kg) was for star grass. Hay of star grass presented the highest level of crude protein (21.4%) with maize (corn) showing the lowest (9.38%). Digestibility of hay of naturally established mixed pastures was the highest (64.4%), followed by that of silage of Napier grass treated with molasses (62.0%), while star grass hay had the lowest (52.6%). With exception of silage made from maize, all the other six forms of silage had a good crude protein (CP) content. Regardless of the good CP content (≥9.9%), all silage untreated with additives was poor in quality since its ME was less than 9.9 MJ ME/kg and ration digestibility less than 67%. Nonetheless, feeding of silage and hay increased milk yield and farm productivity with a benefit-cost ratio of 5.5 and 2.7 for silage and hay respectively.

基于含权k-壳分解的分组教学虚拟网络映射算法

提出一种两阶段的基于含权k-壳分解的分组教学虚拟网络映射算法。该算法根据含权k-壳分解法对底层网络进行预处理,然后沿着节点间的最短路径映射链路,并结合分组教学优化模型的分组、教学、自学与互学的优化策略,实现节点和链路的协调映射,从而进一步提高解的质量。仿真结果表明,所提算法作为一种多目标的虚拟网络映射算法,能够有效减少链路开启量,提升虚拟网络请求接受率及长期收益成本比。

不同间作方式对玉米/大豆的光合性能、产量和土壤微生态特征的影响

为研究不同间作方式对玉米和大豆两种作物土壤微生态、光合作用、产量和经济效益等方面的影响,本研究以大豆(绿领九号)和玉米(董浜黄金小玉米)为试验材料,设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆2∶2间作和玉米-大豆2∶4间作4个处理,每个处理3个重复,采用完全随机区组设计,研究两种农作物在不同处理下土壤养分、叶绿素含量和土地当量比(LER)等指标的变化。结果表明,与单作相比,不同间作处理下玉米、大豆植株的根际土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性提高,其中2∶2间作下玉米过氧化氢酶活性显著提升36.96%,2∶2间作下大豆脲酶活性显著提升44.24%。就玉米而言,2∶2和2∶4间作下的土壤水分利用效率分别提高21.9、30.6个百分点。玉米、大豆不同时期叶绿素活性均提高,两种作物群体产量和经济效益也明显提升,其中2∶2间作下LER为1.40±0.21,2∶4间作下LER为1.44±0.14。研究表明,玉米和大豆间作可活化土壤养分库,提高土壤酶活性,增加作物的叶绿素含量,提升系统的光合作用能力,从而提高间作系统产出和经济效益。

东亚小花蝽对温室辣椒及茄子花内西花蓟马的控害作用

天敌投放的益害比是其田间应用的重要参数。为明确东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)(Hemiptera:Anthocoridae)对茄科作物花内西花蓟马Frankliniellaoccidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera:Thripidae)的防治效果及其最佳益害比,本研究在辣椒和茄子生产温室中以5个益害比水平释放东亚小花蝽后,测定了西花蓟马的种群变化;并在温室条件下比较了释放东亚小花蝽和使用生物农药对茄子、辣椒花内蓟马的防治效果。结果表明,在短期内,与不释放东亚小花蝽的对照相比,释放东亚小花蝽5龄若虫处理的辣椒、茄子花内西花蓟马2龄若虫密度在48 h后显著降低。当益害比为5:30时(即每30头蓟马释放5头东亚小花蝽),辣椒、茄子花内的西花蓟马密度最低,分别为0.67头/花和1.17头/花,防治效果分别为97.67%和95.93%。东亚小花蝽对辣椒上的西花蓟马防治效果略高于茄子,但不存在显著差异。此外,当益害比为1:30~5:30时,按不同益害比释放东亚小花蝽的处理对温室辣椒、茄子花内西花蓟马防治效果与益害比均呈正相关性。在长期内,与使用生物农药相比,释放东亚小花蝽对温室辣椒和茄子花内西花蓟马具有良好的持久控制作用。本研究表明东亚小花蝽能够用于防治辣椒、茄子花内的西花蓟马,并明确了最佳释放的益害比水平范围为1:30~5:30,为作物花内蓟马的防治和东亚小花蝽的大规模田间应用提供基础数据。