Aims: The representativeness of the mandatory bacterial strains specified in European standards for in vitro assay of the bactericidal activity of antiseptics was evaluated by testing the activity of an antiseptic com...Aims: The representativeness of the mandatory bacterial strains specified in European standards for in vitro assay of the bactericidal activity of antiseptics was evaluated by testing the activity of an antiseptic combining chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% and benzalkonium chloride 0.5% against 21 additional bacterial strains, and the positive interaction between these two biocidal agents was assessed. Methods and Results: The bactericidal activity of the antiseptic solution used pure or diluted was assessed according to the European standards EN 1040 and EN 13727. The contact time was 1 min at 20°C. Interfering substances used in the EN 13727 assay were bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes, simulating “dirty” conditions, and hard water. A reduction of colony-forming units by ≥5 log10 was deemed to meet the requirements to conclude bactericidal activity. Under “basic” conditions, the bactericidal activity of the antiseptic was observed against all four mandatory strains specified in the standards as well as against nearly all the additional strains tested, including most of those with acquired antibiotic-resistance. The positive interaction between the two biocidal agents was also confirmed. Under “dirty” conditions, the bactericidal activity of the antiseptic solution was maintained against all the mandatory strains and was reduced against only four of the additional strains tested. Conclusions: With regard to the antiseptic tested and under the experimental conditions described, bactericidal activity evidenced against the mandatory strains appeared to be representative of that manifested against a wide range of the main pathogenic bacteria. Reduced bacterial activity against some of the additional strains tested (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae) was observed under “dirty” conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: EN 13727 with some experimental adjustments represents an additional appropriate standard that needs to be considered for mucocutaneous antiseptic assessment. However, it may be worth including other specific bacterial strains to those specified in the standard, when evaluating antiseptics intended for use in certain clinical situations.展开更多
Objective To develop an optimized BZK gel with good pharmaceutical effect and less toxicity to vaginal mucosa. Methods Four methods as below were used to research the spermicidal activity of BZK gel： 1） in vitro spe...Objective To develop an optimized BZK gel with good pharmaceutical effect and less toxicity to vaginal mucosa. Methods Four methods as below were used to research the spermicidal activity of BZK gel： 1） in vitro spermicidal test; 2） in vivo spermicidal test in rabbits; 3） anti-fertility test in rabbits; 4） contraceptive test in rabbits. Mucosal irritation test was used in rats to evaluate the safety of optimized BZK gel. Microbiological assessments were used to research anti-STI pathogens （including treponema pallidum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomona vaginalis, candida albicans, ureaplama urealyticum, herpes simplex virus type-2, chlamydiae trachomatis） effect of optimized BZK gel. Results In vitro spermicidal test, EC50 of BZK gel was 0.029mg/ml, a little higher than that of N-9 （0.019mg/ml）. The MIC of BZK gel was 0.25mg/ml, similar to that of N-9 （0.20mg/ml）. The vaginal mucosal irritation test in rats showed that 0.429% BZK gel showed only minimal vaginal irritation, and did not damage the vaginal epithelium or cause local inflammation in rats. Microbiological assessments showed that optimized BZK gel could inhibit or inactivate common ST1 pathogens even after 3-fold or 5-fold dilution. Conclusion Optimized BZK gel was an effective microbicides.展开更多
A modified selective medium (modified Cetrimide Agar, mCA) consisting of 200 μg/mL benzalkonium chloride (BKC) was developed for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from raw milk. Initially, a total of 55 isolate...A modified selective medium (modified Cetrimide Agar, mCA) consisting of 200 μg/mL benzalkonium chloride (BKC) was developed for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from raw milk. Initially, a total of 55 isolates were obtained from 14 raw milk samples collected from several dairy plants in Ankara, Turkey. Among these isolates, 19 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28 as Pseudomonas fluorescens, 4 as Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 as Enterobacter intermedium, 1 asEnterobacter agglomerans, and 1 as Escherichia coli using Microbact biochemical test kit. BKC was chosen as a selective agent to suppress growth of competitive flora because it is very effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria while P. aeruginosa is resistant. MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration) for BKC were determined by agar dilution method. The concentration of 200 μg/mL BKC inhibited competitive flora, while 90% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant. When the results of enumeration of P. aeruginosa and other Gram (-) bacteria in Cetrimide Agar (CA) and mCA were compared, it was observed that mCA was more selective than the standard CA in preventing the growth of competitive flora especially of P. fluorescens.展开更多
Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of eye drops without benzalkonium chloride(BAK)in treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension.Methods:The clinical case-control literatures about eye drops without BAK treati...Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of eye drops without benzalkonium chloride(BAK)in treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension.Methods:The clinical case-control literatures about eye drops without BAK treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension were retrieved in PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane and Chinese Biological and Medical database.Mela 5.0 software was used to analyze the literatures.Results:Five clinical control studies were included.The results indicated both eye drops could lower the intraocular pressure,and the intraocular pressurelowering difference between two eye drops was 0.07 mmHg(95%CI:0.04,0.19)(P>0.05).Two adverse reactions occurred more were conjunctival injection(10.78%)and allergic conjunctivitis(4.78%).The odd ratio of two eye drops occurring conjunctival injection and allergic conjunctivitis was 0.67(95%CI,0.25,1.10)and 0.82(95%CI,0.09,1.54),respectively(P<0.05)in fixed effect model.Conclusions:There is no difference between the eye drops with or without BAK in lowering intraocular pressure.but the latter is of higher safety.In consideration of the relatively small sample size of this research,more high-quality clinical research contrasts are needed as evidence.展开更多
Members of the Pseudomonas family are commonly found in nature, some species are pathogenic for humans, as well as being resistant to multiple disinfectants. Various studies have revealed that benzalkonium chloride (B...Members of the Pseudomonas family are commonly found in nature, some species are pathogenic for humans, as well as being resistant to multiple disinfectants. Various studies have revealed that benzalkonium chloride (BKC) has an inhibitory effect on many bacteria but it has no significant effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cetrimide agar medium is recommended for the isolation and enumeration of Ps. aeruginosa in food and environmental samples. However, there are claims that for some food factories and in particular the bottled water industry, the selectivity of this medium is not sufficient. The aim of the current research is the creation of a more selective medium for Ps. aeruginosa with BKC. A total of 28 isolates were isolated with Cetrimide agar from raw water samples and identified using biochemical tests and commercial identification kits. All the bacteria were inoculated in Cetrimide agar plates containing 0 - 625 μg/mL BKC. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37°C and 42°C for 24 h. The results showed that 375 μg/mL BKC was sufficient to suppress Burk. pseudomallei at both incubation temperatures. Ps. fluorescens-35 could not grow at 42°C at any concentration, including the control, and was suppressed at 500 μg/mL BKC. All the Ps. aeruginosa isolates and control strain were grown at both incubation temperatures at 375 μg/mL BKC concentration. In conclusion, the analysis of Ps. aeruginosa showed that the growth of accompanying flora may be suppressed by adding 375-μg/mL BKC into Cetrimide agar and incubating at an elevated temperature of 42°C.展开更多
Background:The goal was to explore the protective effect and potential mechanism of amniotic membrane extracts(AME)on the ocular surface exposed to benzalkonium chloride(BAC).Methods:The human corneal epithelial cell(...Background:The goal was to explore the protective effect and potential mechanism of amniotic membrane extracts(AME)on the ocular surface exposed to benzalkonium chloride(BAC).Methods:The human corneal epithelial cell(HCEC)line SD-HCEC1s was cultured in 5 groups:normal control(NC),NC+AME,BAC,BAC+NC,and BAC+AME.Cell viability analysis,flow cytometry analysis,real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and western blot were employed to measure changes in cell function.Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)and inflammatory cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and activity assays.Results:Real-time PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that the expressional level of caspase-8 was increased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were decreased after treatment with 0.02%BAC for 1 h.When the SD-HCEC1s were withdrawn from the BAC and switched to media containing 10%AME for 2 days,the expression level of capsase-8 was decreased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were increased.Real-time PCR and ELISA demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)were significantly increased after treatment with 0.02%BAC,whereas those of MMP-8 were decreased.When the 0.02%BAC was withdrawn and the SD-HCEC1s were cultured in 10%AME,the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αwere decreased,while those of MMP-8 were increased.MMP-8 activity assays confirmed that IL-1βand TNF-αdownregulated the protein levels of MMP-8.Conclusions:AME protects SD-HCEC1s when stressed in BAC via upregulation of MMP-8 and downregulation of IL-1βand TNF-α.AME may have the potential functions to be employed as a topical adjunctive therapy in eyes chronically exposed to BAC.展开更多
目的探讨苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗联合克霉唑阴道栓对外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效及生活质量的影响。方法选取2020年1月—2023年3月福建医科大学附属第二医院外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者125例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(62例)与观...目的探讨苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗联合克霉唑阴道栓对外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效及生活质量的影响。方法选取2020年1月—2023年3月福建医科大学附属第二医院外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者125例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(62例)与观察组(63例)。对照组给予克霉唑阴道栓阴道栓塞治疗,观察组患者在克霉唑阴道栓的基础上,给予0.01%苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗。比较2组的疗效、欧洲五维健康量表(EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire,EQ-5D)评分、治疗满意度及不良反应发生率。结果观察组有效率为80.95%(51/63),对照组为62.90%(39/62),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.763,P=0.034)。观察组疼痛/不舒服、焦虑/抑郁、总体状态等方面的生活质量评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而行动能力、自己照顾自己、日常活动评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组总满意度为87.30%(55/63),对照组为77.42%(48/62),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.822,P=0.033)。结论苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗联合克霉唑阴道栓可以提高外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效,改善生活质量,提高护理满意度,安全性高。展开更多
The effect of ultraviolet(UV)radiation and biocide benzalkonium chloride(BKC)on fungal-induced corrosion of AA7075 induced by Aspergillus terreus(A.terreus)was deeply studied using analysis of biological activity,surf...The effect of ultraviolet(UV)radiation and biocide benzalkonium chloride(BKC)on fungal-induced corrosion of AA7075 induced by Aspergillus terreus(A.terreus)was deeply studied using analysis of biological activity,surface analysis,and electrochemical measurements.Results demonstrated that the planktonic and sessile spore concentrations decline by more than two orders of magnitude when UV radiation and BKC are combinedly used compared with the control.UV radiation can inhibit the biological activity of A.terreus and influence the stability of passive film of AA7075.Except for direct disinfection,the physical adsorption of BKC on the specimen can effectively inhibit the attachment of A.terreus.The combination of UV radiation and BKC can much more effectively inhibit the corrosion of AA,especially pitting corrosion,due to their synergistic effect.The combined application of UV radiation and BKC can be a good method to effectively inhibit fungal-induced corrosion.展开更多
文摘Aims: The representativeness of the mandatory bacterial strains specified in European standards for in vitro assay of the bactericidal activity of antiseptics was evaluated by testing the activity of an antiseptic combining chlorhexidine digluconate 0.2% and benzalkonium chloride 0.5% against 21 additional bacterial strains, and the positive interaction between these two biocidal agents was assessed. Methods and Results: The bactericidal activity of the antiseptic solution used pure or diluted was assessed according to the European standards EN 1040 and EN 13727. The contact time was 1 min at 20°C. Interfering substances used in the EN 13727 assay were bovine serum albumin and sheep erythrocytes, simulating “dirty” conditions, and hard water. A reduction of colony-forming units by ≥5 log10 was deemed to meet the requirements to conclude bactericidal activity. Under “basic” conditions, the bactericidal activity of the antiseptic was observed against all four mandatory strains specified in the standards as well as against nearly all the additional strains tested, including most of those with acquired antibiotic-resistance. The positive interaction between the two biocidal agents was also confirmed. Under “dirty” conditions, the bactericidal activity of the antiseptic solution was maintained against all the mandatory strains and was reduced against only four of the additional strains tested. Conclusions: With regard to the antiseptic tested and under the experimental conditions described, bactericidal activity evidenced against the mandatory strains appeared to be representative of that manifested against a wide range of the main pathogenic bacteria. Reduced bacterial activity against some of the additional strains tested (e.g. Enterobacteriaceae) was observed under “dirty” conditions. Significance and Impact of the Study: EN 13727 with some experimental adjustments represents an additional appropriate standard that needs to be considered for mucocutaneous antiseptic assessment. However, it may be worth including other specific bacterial strains to those specified in the standard, when evaluating antiseptics intended for use in certain clinical situations.
文摘Objective To develop an optimized BZK gel with good pharmaceutical effect and less toxicity to vaginal mucosa. Methods Four methods as below were used to research the spermicidal activity of BZK gel： 1） in vitro spermicidal test; 2） in vivo spermicidal test in rabbits; 3） anti-fertility test in rabbits; 4） contraceptive test in rabbits. Mucosal irritation test was used in rats to evaluate the safety of optimized BZK gel. Microbiological assessments were used to research anti-STI pathogens （including treponema pallidum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomona vaginalis, candida albicans, ureaplama urealyticum, herpes simplex virus type-2, chlamydiae trachomatis） effect of optimized BZK gel. Results In vitro spermicidal test, EC50 of BZK gel was 0.029mg/ml, a little higher than that of N-9 （0.019mg/ml）. The MIC of BZK gel was 0.25mg/ml, similar to that of N-9 （0.20mg/ml）. The vaginal mucosal irritation test in rats showed that 0.429% BZK gel showed only minimal vaginal irritation, and did not damage the vaginal epithelium or cause local inflammation in rats. Microbiological assessments showed that optimized BZK gel could inhibit or inactivate common ST1 pathogens even after 3-fold or 5-fold dilution. Conclusion Optimized BZK gel was an effective microbicides.
文摘A modified selective medium (modified Cetrimide Agar, mCA) consisting of 200 μg/mL benzalkonium chloride (BKC) was developed for the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from raw milk. Initially, a total of 55 isolates were obtained from 14 raw milk samples collected from several dairy plants in Ankara, Turkey. Among these isolates, 19 were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 28 as Pseudomonas fluorescens, 4 as Acinetobacter baumannii, 2 as Enterobacter intermedium, 1 asEnterobacter agglomerans, and 1 as Escherichia coli using Microbact biochemical test kit. BKC was chosen as a selective agent to suppress growth of competitive flora because it is very effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria while P. aeruginosa is resistant. MICs (minimum inhibitory concentration) for BKC were determined by agar dilution method. The concentration of 200 μg/mL BKC inhibited competitive flora, while 90% of P. aeruginosa strains were resistant. When the results of enumeration of P. aeruginosa and other Gram (-) bacteria in Cetrimide Agar (CA) and mCA were compared, it was observed that mCA was more selective than the standard CA in preventing the growth of competitive flora especially of P. fluorescens.
基金supported by Science and Technology Research Projects of Henan Province(991170529)
文摘Objective:To explore the safety and efficacy of eye drops without benzalkonium chloride(BAK)in treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension.Methods:The clinical case-control literatures about eye drops without BAK treating glaucoma and ocular hypertension were retrieved in PubMed,EMBASE,Cochrane and Chinese Biological and Medical database.Mela 5.0 software was used to analyze the literatures.Results:Five clinical control studies were included.The results indicated both eye drops could lower the intraocular pressure,and the intraocular pressurelowering difference between two eye drops was 0.07 mmHg(95%CI:0.04,0.19)(P>0.05).Two adverse reactions occurred more were conjunctival injection(10.78%)and allergic conjunctivitis(4.78%).The odd ratio of two eye drops occurring conjunctival injection and allergic conjunctivitis was 0.67(95%CI,0.25,1.10)and 0.82(95%CI,0.09,1.54),respectively(P<0.05)in fixed effect model.Conclusions:There is no difference between the eye drops with or without BAK in lowering intraocular pressure.but the latter is of higher safety.In consideration of the relatively small sample size of this research,more high-quality clinical research contrasts are needed as evidence.
文摘Members of the Pseudomonas family are commonly found in nature, some species are pathogenic for humans, as well as being resistant to multiple disinfectants. Various studies have revealed that benzalkonium chloride (BKC) has an inhibitory effect on many bacteria but it has no significant effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cetrimide agar medium is recommended for the isolation and enumeration of Ps. aeruginosa in food and environmental samples. However, there are claims that for some food factories and in particular the bottled water industry, the selectivity of this medium is not sufficient. The aim of the current research is the creation of a more selective medium for Ps. aeruginosa with BKC. A total of 28 isolates were isolated with Cetrimide agar from raw water samples and identified using biochemical tests and commercial identification kits. All the bacteria were inoculated in Cetrimide agar plates containing 0 - 625 μg/mL BKC. The Petri dishes were incubated at 37°C and 42°C for 24 h. The results showed that 375 μg/mL BKC was sufficient to suppress Burk. pseudomallei at both incubation temperatures. Ps. fluorescens-35 could not grow at 42°C at any concentration, including the control, and was suppressed at 500 μg/mL BKC. All the Ps. aeruginosa isolates and control strain were grown at both incubation temperatures at 375 μg/mL BKC concentration. In conclusion, the analysis of Ps. aeruginosa showed that the growth of accompanying flora may be suppressed by adding 375-μg/mL BKC into Cetrimide agar and incubating at an elevated temperature of 42°C.
基金This study was supported by the“Yangcheng Scholar”Youth Research Backbone Training Project of Guangzhou Municipal College(No.1201581612)Guangzhou Science and Technology Project(No.201804010038)Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China(2020A1515010276,No.2015A030313479).
文摘Background:The goal was to explore the protective effect and potential mechanism of amniotic membrane extracts(AME)on the ocular surface exposed to benzalkonium chloride(BAC).Methods:The human corneal epithelial cell(HCEC)line SD-HCEC1s was cultured in 5 groups:normal control(NC),NC+AME,BAC,BAC+NC,and BAC+AME.Cell viability analysis,flow cytometry analysis,real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR),and western blot were employed to measure changes in cell function.Matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs)and inflammatory cytokines were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and activity assays.Results:Real-time PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that the expressional level of caspase-8 was increased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were decreased after treatment with 0.02%BAC for 1 h.When the SD-HCEC1s were withdrawn from the BAC and switched to media containing 10%AME for 2 days,the expression level of capsase-8 was decreased while the levels of Muc1,Muc4,and Muc16 were increased.Real-time PCR and ELISA demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α)were significantly increased after treatment with 0.02%BAC,whereas those of MMP-8 were decreased.When the 0.02%BAC was withdrawn and the SD-HCEC1s were cultured in 10%AME,the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1,MMP-3,MMP-13,CXCL1,IL-1β,IL-6,and TNF-αwere decreased,while those of MMP-8 were increased.MMP-8 activity assays confirmed that IL-1βand TNF-αdownregulated the protein levels of MMP-8.Conclusions:AME protects SD-HCEC1s when stressed in BAC via upregulation of MMP-8 and downregulation of IL-1βand TNF-α.AME may have the potential functions to be employed as a topical adjunctive therapy in eyes chronically exposed to BAC.
文摘目的探讨苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗联合克霉唑阴道栓对外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效及生活质量的影响。方法选取2020年1月—2023年3月福建医科大学附属第二医院外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病患者125例作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(62例)与观察组(63例)。对照组给予克霉唑阴道栓阴道栓塞治疗,观察组患者在克霉唑阴道栓的基础上,给予0.01%苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗。比较2组的疗效、欧洲五维健康量表(EuroQol Five Dimensions Questionnaire,EQ-5D)评分、治疗满意度及不良反应发生率。结果观察组有效率为80.95%(51/63),对照组为62.90%(39/62),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.763,P=0.034)。观察组疼痛/不舒服、焦虑/抑郁、总体状态等方面的生活质量评分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而行动能力、自己照顾自己、日常活动评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组总满意度为87.30%(55/63),对照组为77.42%(48/62),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.822,P=0.033)。结论苯扎氯铵阴道冲洗联合克霉唑阴道栓可以提高外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病的疗效,改善生活质量,提高护理满意度,安全性高。
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(No.2023A1515012146)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52271083)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.22qntd0801)the Shanghai Engineering Technology Research Centre of Deep Offshore Material,China(No.19DZ2253100)。
文摘The effect of ultraviolet(UV)radiation and biocide benzalkonium chloride(BKC)on fungal-induced corrosion of AA7075 induced by Aspergillus terreus(A.terreus)was deeply studied using analysis of biological activity,surface analysis,and electrochemical measurements.Results demonstrated that the planktonic and sessile spore concentrations decline by more than two orders of magnitude when UV radiation and BKC are combinedly used compared with the control.UV radiation can inhibit the biological activity of A.terreus and influence the stability of passive film of AA7075.Except for direct disinfection,the physical adsorption of BKC on the specimen can effectively inhibit the attachment of A.terreus.The combination of UV radiation and BKC can much more effectively inhibit the corrosion of AA,especially pitting corrosion,due to their synergistic effect.The combined application of UV radiation and BKC can be a good method to effectively inhibit fungal-induced corrosion.
