Effect of beta-cypermethrin on GPT and GOT activities of crucian serum

In this experiment, the effects of beta-cypermethrin on acute toxicity and serum GPT and GOT of crucian were studied. It was indicated that the 96hLC50 of beta-cypermethrin was 11.4 μg L-1. The crucian serum was treated at the levels, 0 μg L-1, 0.114 μg L-1, 0.57 μg L-1, 1.14 μg L-1 for 0 d 5 d 10 d 15 d and 20 d, respectively. The results showed that beta-cypermethrin could make great damage to crucian biochemical characteristics, and suggested that the effects of toxicant on serum GPT and GOT could be used as an index of toxicological assessment.

Enantioselective separation and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insecticide beta-cypermethrin

Enantioselectivity of chiral pollutants is receiving growing concern due to the difference in toxicology and environment fate between enantiomers.In this study,enantiomers of insecticide beta-cypermethrin （beta-CP） were separated on selected chiral column by HPLC,and the toxicity of enantiomers was evaluated using the zebrafish embryo-larval assays.The enantiomers of beta-CP were baseline separated on Chiralcel OD and Chiralpak AD columns and detected by circular dichroism （CD） at 236 nm.Better separation could be achieved at lower temperature （e.g.,20°C） and with lower levels of polar modifiers.Pure enantiomers were obtained on Chiralcel OD.The CD spectra of enantiomers were recorded.By comparing the elution order with a previous similar study,the absolute configuration of beta-CP enantiomers was determined.The individual enantiomers were used in zebrafish embryo test,and the results showed that beta-CP enantioselectively induced yolk sac edema,pericardial edema and crooked body.The 1R-cis-αS and 1R-trans-αS enantiomers showed strong developmental toxicities at concentration of 0.1 mg/L,while the 1S-cis-αR and 1S-trans-αR induced no malformations at higher concentration （e.g.,0.3 mg/L）.The results suggest that the enantioselective toxicological effects of beta-CP should be considered when evaluating its ecotoxicological effects.

The Effect of Adjuvants on Penetration of beta-cypermethrin Through the Epidermis of Cabbage Leaf

The effects of three types of adjuvant (mineral oil, higher aliphatic acid and nonionic surfactant) on the penetration of beta-cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface were studied. The results showed that the penetration was positively correlated with both the concentration of adjuvant and the time after application, in a given range of treatment. A synergistic effect of two types of adjuvant on the penetration was found. Some physical properties of emulsions were determined. The change of the structures of the cabbage leaf surface by these adjuvants was observed from photomicrographs. The mechanism concerned with the effect of these adjuvants on the penetration of beta- cypermethrin through the cabbage leaf surface was tentatively discussed.

EFFECTIVENESS OF BETA-CYPERMETHRIN ON GLUTAMIC- PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE (GPT) AND GLUTAMIC-OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE (GOT) ACTIVITIES FROM CRUCIAN CARP (CARASSIUS AURATUS) SERUM

Beta-cypermethrin is one of the synthetic pyrethroid, which is widely used to control insect pests and is found to be more effective than organphosphates and carbamates. However, it is also reported to be more toxic than organphosphates and carbamates. It has been suggested that synthetic pyrethroids are readily absorbed by the gills of fish even at very low concentrations. Glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) exist in the cells of every tissue, particularly in the liver. If the liver is damaged, the enzymes are discharged from the cells into the serum. It increases the GPT and GOT metabolic activities quickly. It is, therefore, proposed that the effects of toxicants on serum GPT and GOT could be used as indexes in toxicological assessments. In this experiment, the effectiveness of beta-cypermethrin on the acute toxicity and on serum GPT and GOT concentration of crucian carp was studied. The LC 50 of beta-cypermethrin for crucian carp was 11.4μg/L. The crucian carp serum was treated against beta-cypermethrin levels of 0.114μg/L, 0.57μg/L and 1.14μg/L for exposure times of 0d, 5d, 10d, 15d and 20d, at all concentrations. The results show that when the beta-cypermethrin concentration increases and the exposure time is prolonged, the GPT and GOT activities of serum increased also. The results proved that beta-cypermethrin could cause great damage to crucian carp and its biochemical functions.

Efficacy of 1% Permethrin and 2% Permethrin Combined with 1% Piperonyl Butoxide against Rhipicephalus sanguineus Ticks in Naturally Infested Dogs

The aim of the present study was to compare the ixodicide efficacy of 1% permethrin applied as a shampoo-bath in single treatment and a combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder in a single treatment against Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, in naturally infested dogs. Eighteen adult cross-mixed dogs, harboring to at least 20 ticks/animal, were selected on pre-treatment live tick counts. On day 0, the dogs were then divided in 3 groups of 6 animals each, for treatment: Group 1 (G1) received 1% permethrin applied as shampoo-bath (approximately 10 ml/kg bw), according to label instructions. G2 was treated with 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide applied as powder, and rubbed as massage on the body, as recommended by the producer. G3 served as a non-treated control. After the treatment, the dogs were checked out for live ticks counting on days 0, 1, 7, and 14. The ixodicide efficacy was assessed based on the percentage reductions of ticks on the days analyzed post-treatment, with respect to the untreated control. Results showed that permethrin alone removed ticks on 81%, 93.1% and 89.6% for days 1, 7 and 14, respectively. The combined formulation of 2% permethrin + 1% piperonyl butoxide exerted a better efficacy of 98.8, 97.7 and 97.0%, respectively. It is concluded that this combined formulation was highly effective at rapidly repelling and killing Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks on naturally infected dogs, showing a significant effect on days 1, 7 and 14 after tick exposure. The sustained high and quick level of efficacy of this combination may well interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks. It is concluded that the sustained high level of efficacy of the permethrin + piperonyl butoxide combination may well exert an additive effect and could interfere with the transmission of Riphicephalus sanguineus ticks.

防虫蛀纯羊毛绒线中Permethrin残留量的GC/MS测定

毛绒织物样品以 1∶1丙酮—正己烷混合溶剂超声提取后 ,提取液经Celite层析柱净化 ,40℃旋转蒸发浓缩、定容 ,由色—质联用仪测定试样中的氯菊酯 (Permethrin)含量。本方法对目标化合物的检测限量在 0 1～0 5mg kg范围内 ,平均回收率介于 89 1%～ 10 1 2 %之间 ,相对标准偏差为 2 3%～ 4 4 %。

Susceptibility to temephos,permethrin and deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti(Diptera:Culicidae) from Muang district,Phitsanulok Province,Thailand

Objective:To investigate the susceptibility to temephos.permethrin and deltamethrin of Aedes aegypti Ae.aegypti),collected from areas with high incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases in Phitsanulok Province.Thailand.Methods:The F1 progenies of Ae.aegypti colony,originated from five sub-districts including Aranyik.Hua Ro,Nai Muang.Ban Krang and Tha Pho,were used in the bioassays following the procedures of World Heath Organization.For larval bioassay.the late third or early fourth-instar lanae were tested with different concentrations of temephos.For adult bioassay.the females were exposed to 0.75%permethrin or 0.05%deltamethrin.LC_(50)value and mortality rate were analyzed to compare the insecticide susceptibility of the larvae and the adults in each area,respectively.Results:The LC_(50) value of temephos for the larvae from Aranyik.Hua Ro.Nai Muang,Ban Krang and Tha Pho sub-districts was 0.017.0.017.0.026.0.061.and 0.113 ppm,respectively.For permethrin,the highest morlalitv rate(86.84%) was found in the mosquitoes from Aranyik but the others were more resistant with the lower morlality rates(16.00-42.67%).The adult morlality rates after exposing to dellaiiielhrin were higher(82.34-98.67%) in all areas.Conclusions:Ae.acgypti larvae were still susceptible to temephos.Conversely,most tested adults tended to resist the penmethrin and deltamethrin.

Comparative susceptibility to permethrin of two Anopheles gambiae s.l.populations from Southern Benin,regarding mosquito sex,physiological status,and mosquito age

Objective:To investigate what kind of mosquito sample is necessary for the determination of insecticide susceptibility in malaria vectors.Methods:Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l.(An.gambiae)mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Littoral and Oueme departments.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)susceptibility tests were conducted on unfed male and female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old.CDC susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed,blood fed and gravid female mosquitoes aged2-5 days old.These susceptibility tests were also conducted on unfed and blood fed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old and 20 days old.CDC biochemical assay using synergist was also carried out to detect any increase in the activity of enzyme typically involved in insecticide metabolism.Results:Female An,gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations were more susceptible than the males when they were unfed and aged 2-5 days old.The mortality rates of blood fed female An.gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged 2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when females were unfed.In addition,the mortality rales of gravid female An.gambiae Ladji and Sekandji populations aged2-5 days old were lower than those obtained when they were unfed.The mortality rate obtained when female An.gambiae Sekandji populations were unfed and aged 20 days old was higher than the one obtained when these populations were unfed and aged 2-5 days old.The results obtained after effects of synergist penicillin in beeswax on F1 progeny of An.gambiae Ladji populations resistant to permethrin showed that mono-oxygenases were involved in permethrin resistant F1 progeny from Ladji.Conclusions:The resistance is a hereditary and dynamic phenomenon which can be due to metabolic mechanisms like overproduction of detoxifying enzymes activity.Many factors influence vector susceptibility to insecticide.Among these factors,there are mosquito sex,mosquito age,its physiological status.Therefore,it is useful to respect the World Health Organization criteria in the assessment of insecticide susceptibility tests in malaria vectors.Otherwise,susceptibility testing is conducted using unfed female mosquitoes aged 3-5 days old.Tests should also be carried out at(25±2)°C and(80±10)%relative humidity.

Changes in Myelinated Nerve Fibers and Skeletal Muscle of Rats Exposed to High Doses of Permethrin

Neurological signs and segmcntal demyelination in a cervical nerve were observed in rats treated orally with permethrin (300 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. Inflammatory and degenerative signals were recorded in the diaphragm muscle. These effects were more intense with the trade grade than with the technical grade product. The possible influence of the percentage of cisitrans isomers on the intensity of the observed effects is discussed. 5 imi Academic Press.Inc.

Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of 1%Sodium Chloride(LiceFreee Spray)against 1%Permethrin Creme Rinse on Head Lice Infested Individuals

Head lice are a public health issue, and resistance to available over-the-counter pediculicides is a concern. The objective of this randomized study was to evaluate the pediculicidal activity and safety of 1% Sodium Chloride spray (0.1709 M), (LiceFreee Spray&#174) compared to the current recommended treatment for head lice with 1% Permethrin Crème Rinse. Forty-two subjects were randomized equally into Sodium Chloride or Permethrin group. Products were applied to hair according to the label instructions. After application of the products at Day 1 and Day 8, pediculicidal efficacy and safety were assessed at Day 1, Day 8 and Day 15. Second treatment was only applied on Day 8 to individuals with observed live lice using the same products and protocols as Day 1. Proportion of lice free subjects per group, the reduction in number of live lice per head and adverse effects were recorded after each visit. The results showed significantly higher pediculicidal activity for Sodium Chloride spray (85%) as compared to Permethrin (45%) at Day 15 (p 0.05). Similar numbers of lice per head (21.76 range 10 to 68 versus 21.29 range 10 to 60 for Sodium Chloride and Permethrin groups, respectively) were observed for individuals at Day 1. At Day 15, lice per head infested reduced to 0.55 ± 1.50 in Sodium Chloride spray group compared to 5.45 ± 7.91 in the Permethrin group (p 0.01). No serious adverse effects were observed in both groups. Sodium Chloride spray had superior efficacy to 1% Permethrin Crème Rinse in treating head lice and is a safe and excellent alternative to the current recommended treatment.

The Entomological Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) Combined with a Pyrethroid in Insecticide-Treated Nets for Malaria Prevention: A Village-Based Cohort Study Prior to Large-Scale Deployment of New Generation Mosquito Nets in Burkina Faso

The efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is increasingly compromised by the prevalence of malaria vectors resistant to pyrethroids. In response to this issue, a new generation of ITNs has been developed that incorporate synergistic components, such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The purpose of this study is to provide entomological evidence for the efficacy of a PBO-based ITN brand at the village level, serving as a basis for decision-making before large-scale net deployment. During the high malaria transmission period, ITNs were distributed in each group and vector sampling was conducted biweekly in selected households. Bionomic data were collected to assess the resistance of wild An. gambiae populations to various chemical insecticides. There was a significant disparity in total An. gambiae sl. collected between the ITN arms, the intervention arm (ITN arms), and the control arm (P = 0.003). An. coluzzi was identified as the predominant species in the study area, as confirmed by PCR analysis. Analysis of the blood-feeding inhibition rate revealed that 100% permethrin + PBO ITN exhibited significantly greater inhibition than 66.81% permethrin only ITN. According to the log-time probit regression analysis, permethrin exhibited a knockdown time of 256 min without synergists, while it decreased to 139 min (P = 0.001) when pre-exposed to PBO. The evidence from this trial supports the use of PBO ITNs over standard ITNs for pyrethroids to combat pyrethroid resistance and improve protection against malaria for both individuals and communities, particularly in areas with high pyrethroid resistance.

7种驱避剂驱蚊效果实验观察

目的 :实验观察 7种驱避剂驱蚊效果。方法 :将标准驱避剂避蚊胺与氯菊酯和高分子聚合物缓释剂相结合 ,研制成PD -Ⅰ、PD -Ⅱ、PD -Ⅲ型长效驱避剂 ,在实验室对白纹伊蚊进行驱避效果试验 ,与Deet原油及 3种市售驱避剂的驱避效果比较。结果 :人体按 1.5 μl/cm2 或 1.5mg/cm2 处理 ,PD型驱避剂对白纹伊蚊的平均有效驱避时间达 10～ 11h ,使用 12h后的有效保护率分别为 92 .3%、91.2 %和 88.3% ,优于其它 3种驱避剂和Deet原油。结论 :PD型驱避剂使用方便 ,无油腻感 ,效果较好。

取代苯甲醛肟羧酸酯的合成及生物活性研究──Ⅰ.取代苯甲醛肟二氯菊酸酯的合成及生物活性

探讨了α-取代苯甲醛肟合成的新方法，合成了20种新型菊酸肟酯类化合物，并对其进行了初步生物活性测试，化合物5a，5f具有很好的抗病毒活性．

气相色谱法快速测定杀虫气雾剂中残杀威、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯的含量

目的 :快速测定氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂残杀威与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯在杀虫气雾剂配方中的有效成分含量。方法 :气相色谱法。结果 :色谱柱为 2 %SE - 30 ChromosorbWHP ,以邻苯二甲酸二壬酯为内标。在所建立的色谱操作条件下 ,三者可同柱达到良好分离 ,残杀威、氯菊酯与氯氰菊酯的变异系数分别为 1.36%、0 .4 1%、0 .4 3%。结论 :气相色谱法测定气雾剂中杀虫剂的含量简便、快速、准确。

海口市白纹伊蚊对菊酯类杀虫剂的抗药性及击倒抗性基因突变分析

目的了解海口市白纹伊蚊对溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯的抗药性,并检测其击倒抗性(kdr)基因突变型,阐明抗性表型与kdr基因突变的关系。方法在海口新埠岛、龙塘镇、石山镇、白沙门和花卉市场采集白纹伊蚊幼虫,应用浸渍法测定其对溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯杀虫剂的敏感性,以抗性倍数确定抗性级别。对应生物测定的样品扩增和分析白纹伊蚊的kdr基因部分片段,采用χ2检验比较抗性表型与kdr突变基因型的差异性。结果海口白纹伊蚊花卉市场和白沙门群体对溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯均产生抗性,花卉市场群体对溴氰菊酯的抗性倍数高达436.36,为高度抗性。龙塘镇和石山镇群体对氯菊酯均为敏感,对溴氰菊酯的抗性为低度(9.09)或中度(18.18)。新埠岛群体对溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯均为敏感。在对应检测的317只白纹伊蚊的kdr基因中,发现1 534位点存在点突变,检测到2种突变等位基因(TGC/C、TCC/S)。5种基因型和频率分别为野生型TTC/TTC(62.15%)、野生/突变型杂合子TTC/TGC(0.63%)和TTC/TCC(16.09%)、突变型纯合子TCC/TCC(20.82%)以及突变型杂合子TGC/TCC(0.32%)。χ2检验结果显示,接触菊酯类杀虫剂后敏感表型与抗性表型个体中,kdr基因型间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),在抗性表型群体中的kdr突变型基因型的频率(42.94%)大于敏感表型个体(31.97%)。结论海口市白纹伊蚊多个群体对溴氰菊酯和氯菊酯同时存在抗性,抗性表型与kdr突变基因型密切相关。本研究首次记录了kdr新的等位基因TCC/S。

红外光谱测定β-CD-氯菊酯包合物主-客体比的研究

氯菊酯 (P)是目前我国茶园允许使用的拟除虫菊酯仿生农药品种之一 ,有见光易分解的特点 ,将其制成环糊精包合物 (IC) ,可以增加其稳定性 ,从而减少用量、减少在茶叶等作物上残留量。包合比是包合物加工的重要参数之一。作者用饱和水溶液法制备了 β 环糊精 (CD) 氯菊酯包合物 ,并对其进行了红外光谱分析。结果显示主、客体各吸收峰的位置和强度均不因形成包合物而改变。首次用红外内标法测得 β CD 氯菊酯的包合比为 1∶1。所选内标物质为硫氰化钾 ,因为它仅在 2 10 0cm- 1 处有一个强吸收峰 ,以该峰为硫氰化钾的定量峰。以 5 80cm- 1 处 β CD的环振动特征吸收 ,为 β CD的定量峰。将硫氰化钾与 β CD以一定的质量比混合 ,进行红外光谱分析 ,建立内标工作曲线。为超分子主。

玉米中氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯SPE净化及不确定度分析

应用SPE净化代替GB/T5009.146-2003的传统净化法,并对其玉米中氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯测定数据的不确定度进行了分析。研究结果表明:用15mL石油醚/乙酸乙酯(体积比95∶5)淋洗氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯的回收率最高,分别达到了102.07%和80.86%,且在0.005～1mg/L之间具有0.995以上相关性。通过对应用SPE测定的不确定分析,氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯都具有较小的不确定度,分别为1.86%和1.91%,其不确定的主要来源为标准溶液的配制和样品的称量、定容。

淡色库蚊氯菊酯抗性相关基因PR-OP全长cDNA的克隆及生物信息学分析

【目的】克隆淡色库蚊氯菊酯抗性相关视蛋白基因,并进行生物信息学分析,为阐明视蛋白基因的抗性机制及研制新型卫生杀虫剂奠定基础。【方法】依据库蚊抗性与敏感品系差异表达的EST片段设计PCR引物,采用RACE技术克隆淡色库蚊氯菊酯抗性相关基因PR-OP全长cDNA序列,并对其生物信息学进行分析。【结果】获得了长度为1 402 bp的淡色库蚊氯菊酯抗性相关基因PR-OP全长cDNA,其编码383个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,该基因编码蛋白为具有7个跨膜螺旋的膜蛋白,其保守域与视紫红质家族的保守域一致,该蛋白还具有2个信号肽切割位点和18个磷酸化位点。系统进化分析表明,该基因与淡色库蚊溴氰菊酯抗性相关视蛋白基因及致倦库蚊、埃及伊蚊视紫红质基因氨基酸序列同源性在69%以上,与家蚕、烟草天蛾、柞蚕、柑橘凤蝶、中华蜜蜂、黑腹果蝇视蛋白的氨基酸序列同源性均在56%以上。【结论】克隆了淡色库蚊氯菊酯抗性相关视蛋白基因(GenBank登录号为FJ917744),推测其与氯菊酯抗性相关。

氯菊酯的酶促降解

从降解氯菊酯的分离株YF11提取降解酶并测定了对氯菊酯的降解特性。降解酶在32.5℃、pH9.0时对氯菊酯显示最大的降解活性，其每毫克蛋白质最大降解速率为20．8nmol／min，米氏常数（Km）为5.2nmol／mL。

棉铃虫对菊酯类杀虫剂抗药性的神经电生理研究

本文用神经电生理方法研究了氰戊菊酯、氯菊酯对棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Hubner）相对敏感（HD－S）种群和抗性（HJ－R）种群的神经毒理作用。10－5mol／L的氰戊菊酯、10－5mol／L，的氯菊酯诱发腹神经索自发发放频率的增加和随后的神经传导阻断，10-4mol／L的氯菊酯抑制HD－S种群的神经兴奋，直接阻断神经传导。以兴奋时间、神经传导阻断时间、对药剂作用反应时间的个体分布频率3个参数比较两种群对杀虫剂的反应，均发现HJ－R种群比相对HD-S种群表现了2～3倍的神经不敏感机制，并且发现这种神经不敏感机制对毒理Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型拟除虫菊酯同样有作用。