Detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastic Bottles Using Vertical Cultivation at Various Temperatures

Polycarbonate plastics containing bisphenol A (BPA) used to manufacture drinking water bottles. Kurdistan region in northern Iraq is a developed area with increased pollution from plastic bottles. Trace amounts of BPA have been detected in bottled water samples. The absorption of BPA was measured with HPLC using a vertical cultivation system with Bulbs of the Allium Cepa plant planted in these plastic bottles with monitored growth. Vertical cultivation was found to have a low level of BPA in the plant cells, making it a safe cultivation method under specific climate conditions. The mean concentration of BPA in vertical cultivation is 0.19 ug/ml (3.8 ng for a 20 uL injection), and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) is 0.63 ug/ml (12.7 ng for 20 uL injection). While Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) shows that the concentrations are relatively low in water samples stored at room temperature compared to those exposed to direct sunlight (40°C) and water bottle samples stored at (-4°C), The correlation coefficients were found to be good (0.9992). SEM is used for plastic bottle samples stored at different temperatures. The images identify compound decay and explore the morphology of BPA in manufactured plastic materials.

The Adsorption of Pb(II)Using Silica Gel Synthesized from Chemical Bottle Waste:Optimization Using Box-Behnken Design

The adsorption of Pb(II)on silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste has been studied.The effect of independent variables(adsorbent dose,initial concentration of Pb(II),contact time,and pH)on the Pb(II)removal from water was evaluated and optimized using the Response Surface Methodology(RSM).Under optimized conditions(adsorbent dose:20 mg;contact time:30 min;initial Pb(II)concentration:120 mg.L^(−1);and pH:8),the removal of Pb(II)was 99.77%.The adsorption equilibrium data obtained from the batch experiment were investigated using different isotherm models.The Langmuir isotherm model fits the experimental data.This shows that the surface of the silica gel synthesized from chemical bottles waste was covered by a Pb(II)monolayer.XRF analysis showed that the synthesized silica gel had a SiO_(2) content of 75.63%.Amorphous silica was observed from XRD analysis.SEM-EDX characterization showed that Pb was adsorbed on the silica gel surface.SEM analysis showed that silica gel has irregular particles with a surface area of 297.08 m2.g^(−1) with a pore radius of 15.74 nm calculated from BET analysis.

Silica Gel from Chemical Glass Bottle Waste as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue:Optimization Using BBD

This research focuses on the effective removal of methylene blue dye using silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle waste as an environmentally friendly and cost-effective adsorbent.The adsorption process was optimized using Box-Behnken Design(BBD)and Response Surface Methodology(RSM)to investigate the influence of pH(6;8 and 10),contact time(15;30 and 45 min),adsorbent mass(30;50 and 70 mg),and initial concentration(20;50 and 80 mg/L)of the adsorbate on the adsorption efficiency.The BBD was conducted using Google Colaboratory software,which encompassed 27 experiments with randomly assigned combinations.The silica gel synthesized from chemical glass bottle was characterized by XRD,FTIR,SEM-EDX and TEM.The adsorption result was measured by spectrophotometer UV-Vis.The optimized conditions resulted in a remarkable methylene blue removal efficiency of 99.41%.Characterization of the silica gel demonstrated amorphous morphology and prominent absorption bands characteristic of silica.The Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption behavior,revealing chemisorption with a monolayer coverage of methylene blue on the adsorbent surface,and a maximum adsorption capacity of 82.02 mg/g.Additionally,the pseudo-second-order kinetics model indicated a chemisorption mechanism during the adsorption process.The findings highlight the potential of silica gel from chemical glass bottle waste as a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment,offering economic and environmental benefits.Further investigations can explore its scalability,regenerability,and reusability for industrial-scale applications.

Metric Basis of Four-Dimensional Klein Bottle

The Metric of a graph plays an essential role in the arrangement of different dimensional structures and finding their basis in various terms.The metric dimension of a graph is the selection of the minimum possible number of vertices so that each vertex of the graph is distinctively defined by its vector of distances to the set of selected vertices.This set of selected vertices is known as the metric basis of a graph.In applied mathematics or computer science,the topic of metric basis is considered as locating number or locating set,and it has applications in robot navigation and finding a beacon set of a computer network.Due to the vast applications of this concept in computer science,optimization problems,and also in chemistry enormous research has been conducted.To extend this research to a four-dimensional structure,we studied the metric basis of the Klein bottle and proved that the Klein bottle has a constant metric dimension for the variation of all its parameters.Although the metric basis is variying in 3 and 4 values when the values of its parameter change,it remains constant and unchanged concerning its order or number of vertices.The methodology of determining the metric basis or locating set is based on the distances of a graph.Therefore,we proved the main theorems in distance forms.

Bitter Bottle Gourd Toxicity

Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), colloquially known as “lauki” or “doodhi” in India, is an edible plant in the Cucurbitaceae family. Consumption of raw bottle gourd juice is common practice in India. However, little known is the fact that ingestion of raw bottle gourd juice that is extremely bitter tasting is associated with cucurbitacin toxicity. Cucurbitacin is a pheromone produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against insects and herbivores. It is responsible for imparting the bitter taste, and the associated toxicity. The exact mechanism of cucurbitacin toxicity is not well understood, however it is suspected to result in gastric erosions and increased capillary permeability, resulting in rapid onset of vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, hypotension and shock. As serum and urine concentration measurements of cucurbitacin are not readily available, bottle gourd toxicity remains a clinical diagnosis based largely on the temporal association of ingestion of unusually bitter tasting vegetable or its juice with rapid onset of symptoms. Physician awareness is therefore of paramount importance in the diagnosis of this unusual entity. We present the case of a 78-year-old woman, with no comorbid conditions, who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) with three episodes of vomiting and multiple episodes of watery loose stools soon after ingestion of extremely bitter tasting, fresh bottle gourd juice. A prompt diagnosis of cucurbitacin toxicity was made in the ED and fluid resuscitation was commenced expeditiously. However, it was noted that most physicians were unfamiliar with this entity, and therefore skeptical of the diagnosis. Our rationale in presenting this clinical case report is three-fold: 1) To create physician awareness regarding this unique clinical entity, especially among emergency physicians, as they are the first point of contact for a critically ill patient. 2) To highlight the rapid onset and progression of symptoms in cucurbitacin toxicity. 3) To emphasize aggressive fluid resuscitation and symptomatic management as the mainstay of clinical treatment.

Influence of the Partial Substitution of Bitumen by a Mixture of Sulphur and Tyre and Plastic Bottle Powders on the Behaviour of Bituminous Concrete

This article deals with the influence of the partial substitution of bitumen by a mixture of sulphur and tyre and plastic bottle powders on the characterization of asphalt concrete. The approach adopted was to subject a control asphalt concrete to level 2 formulation tests as well as those modified at 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by substituting bitumen with a mixture of tyre powder, plastic bottle powder and sulphur at 40%, 28% and 32% respectively. The results of the PCG, Duriez and rutting tests carried out on the control and modified bituminous concretes (manufactured using the wet process) revealed three (03) major findings, in particular with regard to workability, resistance to simple compression and rutting. The experimental results show an increasing trend in the essential parameters. At 40% substitution, there was a 22.73% increase in compactness, reflecting a significant improvement in the material’s workability. With regard to simple compressive strength, the increase is 34.02% at 40% substitution, highlighting the limitation of crack formation and propagation under heavy precipitation. With regard to rutting, the 16% drop in susceptibility at 40% substitution reflects a significant improvement in the behaviour of the material under dynamic mechanical stresses in heavy precipitation. The improvement in these behaviours results from the insertion of the plastic bottle powder into the interstices of the granular skeleton, thus reducing its cellular structure, and also from the interactions between the sulphur with the tyre powder and the sulphur with the plastic bottle powder, i.e. cross-linking or vulcanisation.

单模-多模光纤产生系列Bottle beam

提出一种利用多模光纤的多模干涉效应在自由空间中获得多个局域空心光(Bottle beam)的新方法。单模-多模光纤结构是一段多模光纤无偏心地连接到一段单模光纤上,光由单模光纤传输到多模光纤激发产生一系列的LP0,n模,由于多模干涉效应在多模光纤中相互叠加,当入射到自由空间后形成了多个Bottle beam。文中对光束传输过程进行理论分析并利用Matlab进行仿真实验,结果表明在自由空间中可以获得系列Bottle beam。当多模光纤纤芯直径分别为45μm,60μm和90μm时所选择的光场段内的Bottle beam的尺寸大小基本相同(约400μm×20μm),而第一个空间暗域沿轴向两侧相对光强差值分别为0.62,0.41和0.11,可见当多模光纤的纤芯直径越大时所得到的Bottle beam暗域的轴向两侧光强越相近,因此也越有利于囚禁微粒。

论我国股东代表诉讼制度的当下问题与路径建构——兼评Foss v.Har-bottle规则的适用性

作为市场经济法之重器,公司法引领着社会微观主体的有序发展。其中的股东代表诉讼制度在处理公司股东与公司董事等利益相关者冲突中发挥着重要作用。从法的缘起角度看,股东代表诉讼制度发轫于英国Foss v.Har-bottle规则,该规则奠定了英国股东代表诉讼制度的基本框架,而后深受包括我国在内的世界各国公司法的推崇与鉴借。2005年我国公司法作第二次修订时,股东代表诉讼制度在我国才有了制定法上的确定说明,但其制度问题日益凸显,2014年公司法作第三次修改,有关股东代表诉讼制度的相关法律条款并未作出相应修订或增设。这就要求我们在股东代表诉讼制度的理论研究上还需继续跟进,在司法实践领域还得不断拓新。

基于Bottle的Python网络应用开发

Python语言在网络应用开发中占有重要的位置。Bottle是一个Python网络应用开发微框架。本文以一个简单日志系统为例,介绍了运用Bottle开发网络应用基本方法。

Heterosis, Combining Ability and Gene Action for Yield in Bottle Gourd

The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of Olericulture Division, Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh during the winter season of 2018-2019 to study the genetic architecture of yield in a seven parent half diallel cross of bottle gourd. The values of mean square for GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) were highly significant which suggested the presence of both additive and non-additive genetic variance in the population. But the higher magnitude of GCA compared to SCA indicated predominance of additive genetic variance. In most of the cases, the cross between poor and poor parents showed positive SCA effect for fruit yield, which indicated the higher yield. The estimates of significant positive better parent heterosis ranged from 6.27 to 49.72 percent. Analysis of genetic components of variation suggested that additive components were more important in the inheritance of fruit yield. This character was observed being controlled by two to three pairs of genes or groups of genes. Narrow sense heritability was 23 percent indicating probability of selection in generations. The graphical analysis also indicated wide genetic diversity among the parents.

Water and Energy Footprint Assessment of Bottled Water Industries in India

Assessment of water and energy footprint for eight bottled water industries was carried out. The investigation showed that one litre of bottled water has a water footprint of 17.41 litres and energy footprint of 7.08 MJ. Water consumption by the industry comprises 61% during material production, 17% in processes, 16% in energy and only 6% in the actual product. Hence, maximum consumption of water is in material production, while the processes required a smaller fraction of the total water and energy consumed. Therefore, water footprint can be reduced through optimization of water consumption in material production.

News about Tap and Bottled Water: Can This Influence People’s Choices?

The pursuit of alternative safe water has increased dramatically the world trade in bottled water. Events happened in Canada which changed the population’s perception about the quality of tap water, despite all government efforts. Media has an important role to pass on information because there is value judgment in its reports. As a result, this study aims to present recent data from two Canadian newspapers of national circulation, which refer to tap water and bottled water. It used quantitative and qualitative data for this analysis. The study concludes that the media, taken into consideration, provides its readers with important information, but the information can also be ambiguous. Nevertheless, it arouses interest in further research about this subject matter and about protecting water resources.

Bottle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria) juice poisoning

BACKGROUND: Bottle gourd(Lagenaria siceraria) is popularly known as lauki, ghia or dudhi in India. Its consumption is advocated by traditional medicine healers for controlling diabetes mellitus, hypertension, liver diseases, weight loss and other diseases. However, in last few years there have been reports of suspected toxicity due to consumption of its juice leading to severe vomiting and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. As emergency physicians we need to be aware of this very rare poisoning specially in India.METHODS: We present a case of a 52-year-old woman who presented with multiple episodes of hematemesis and shock to the emergency department(ED) after consuming bottle gourd juice. The patient was resuscitated and stabilized with fl uids, proton pump inhibitors and antiemetics and shifted to the intensive care unit(ICU) under the care of a gastroenterology team for urgent endoscopy and further management.RESULTS: The patient received intravenous fluids, antibiotics, antiemetics, and antacids and underwent upper gastroenterologic endoscopy during the hospitalization. She was discharged in a stable condition 4 days later.CONCLUSIONS: As a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, bottle gourd contains toxic tetracyclic triterpenoid compounds called cucurbitacins which are responsible for the bitter taste and toxicity. There is no known antidote for this toxicity, and clinicians treat such patients symptomatically only. It is important to educate the public about the harmful effects of this potentially life-threatening toxicity.

Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO3, Mg and SO4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

Study of the efficacy of a Wheaton coated bottle with permethrin and deltamethrin in laboratory conditions and a WHO impregnated paper with bendiocarb in field conditions

Objective:To determine the efficacy of WHO impregnated paper and CDC coated bottle based on number of storage days and number of limes of consecutive use,in the assessment of insecticide vector susceptibility tests in laboratory and field conditions.Methods:Larvae and pupae of Anopheles gambiae s.l.mosquitoes were collected from the breeding sites in Seme-Kpodji and Cotonou districts in Southern Benin in April 2013 during the first rainy season.Anopheles gambiae s.l.mosquitoes were also collected from the breeding sites in Parakou district in Northern Benin in May 2013 at the beginning of the rainy season.Susceptibility tests were done using impregnated paper with bendiocarb(0.1%)following WHO protocol and stock solutions of permethrin(21.5 ug per bottle)and deltamethrin(12.5 ug per bottle)following CDC protocol on unfed female mosquitoes aged 2-5 days old.These bioassays were repeated a certain number of times.The temperature and relative humidity were monitored and recorded during the susceptibility tests.Results:This study showed that a WHO impregnated paper with bendiocarb could be used four times during four consecutive days in field conditions.Regarding a Wheaton coated bottle with permethrin or deltamethrin,they could be used at least three limes during four consecutive days in laboratory conditions.Conclusions:The day storage and the number of times that a WHO impregnated paper and a CDC coated bottle maintained their efficacy are useful in the assessment of insecticide vectors susceptibility tests.

Evaluation of nitrate and trace elements concentration in drinking water:Bottled,tap and well

Concentrations of nitrate and trace elements such as arsenic,cadmium,chromium,copper,manganese,nickel,lead,selenium,antimony and mercury in 18 different brands of bottled water were investigated.For comparison,samples of tap and well water from three different places of Tehran were also analyzed.UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer were used for the analysis of nitrate and trace elements,respectively.Results obtained were compared to Iranian,World Health Organization(WHO)and Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)guideline for drinking water.Nitrate concentration in bottled,tap and well water samples were in maximum safe nitrate concentration of Iranian and WHO standards.However,70%of bottled water samples and one sample of tap water were below the standard level proposed by EPA and probably remedial action should be taken.Concentration levels of all analyzed elements investigated in all examined water samples were below the maximum contaminant level prescribed by Iranian,WHO and EPA regulations.

Champagne bottle neck sign in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome

The champagne bottle neck(CBN) sign refers to a reduction in the diameter of the proximal portion of the internal carotid artery that resembles a CBN, and is a characteristic feature of Moyamoya disease. A 43-yearold woman with an infarction of the posterior limb of the left internal capsule was diagnosed with Moyamoya syndrome associated with Graves' disease. The CBN sign was observed bilaterally. Cerebral revascularization surgery was performed, including left-sided superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery anastomosis. During four years of follow-up, she maintained a euthyroid state and did not have any further cerebral ischemic events. The CBN signs remained unchanged on both sides during this time. This is the first report of the CBN sign in a patient with Moyamoya syndrome associated with Graves' disease.

Tap Water versus Bottled Water: A Pilot Study

The aim of this exploratory research and comparative numerical pilot study was to investigate any significant differences in the microbiological content of tap and bottled water through the measurement of risk indicator parameters including Enterococci, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and colony-forming units (CFUs). This study to investigate storage conditions and compare consumer options of public water supply and bottled water using microbiological limits was carried out for public health research. This was a unique pilot study to Northern Ireland with global relevance due to the increase in the bottled water market and the need to address the lack of consumer awareness regarding storage and microbiological content. No E. coli or Enterococci were found in any of the 31 tap or bottled water samples. Three unrefrigerated bottled water samples exceeded the threshold in Colony Counts 22°C & 37°C (degrees Celsius) and failed in line with Drinking Water Directive guidelines. This indicated a link between storage conditions and microbiological quality. No link between prices or microbiological quality was indicated. This research recommends the creation of a regulator for the bottled water industry, the need for clearly labelled microbiological content and daily testing. Water suppliers such as Northern Ireland (NI) Water should promote the quality of tap water. Recommendations are also outlined for consumers. There is no statistically significant difference in the microbiological quality of tap and bottled water in Northern Ireland despite marketing claims.

On Elastic Klein Bottle and Fundamental Groups

The purpose of this paper is to give a combinatorial characterization and also construct representations of the fundamental group of the submanifolds of elastic Klein Bottle by using some geometrical transformations. The homotopy groups of the limit elastic Klein Bottle are presented. The fundamental groups of some types of geodesics in elastic Klein Bottle are discussed. New types of homotopy maps are deduced. Theorems governing this connection are achieved.

Concentration of Fluoride and Arsenic in Bottled Drinking Water in Durango City, Mexico

Arsenic and fluoride are elements known to cause human health problems and it has been documented that both elements are found in high concentrations in the Guadiana Valley aquifer, in the state of Durango, Mexico. Since underground water is the source for potable water bottling companies commercialized in Durango City;such high concentrations reduced the quality of bottled water for human consumption according to NOM-041-SSA1-1993. Legislation establishes a maximum permissible limit (MPL) of 0.7 mg/L for fluoride and 0.025 mg/L for arsenic. In this research the main objective was to evaluate the quality of bottled water expended in Durango City with respect to the well from which water is extracted. Findings showed that the highest fluoride concentration was 5.86 mg/L (8.4 times MPL), with 100% of sampled brands exceeding the MPL (range: 1.09 to 5.86 mg/L). On the other hand, for arsenic, the highest concentration was 0.076 mg/L (threefold), with 38% exceeding the MPL (range: 0.001 to 0.076 ppm). Statistical analysis showed significant differences only for fluoride, according to Fisher LSD (Least Significant Difference) test, with an F value of 14.5 at a p value of 0.0005. According to the comparison between the quantified concentrations in bottled water and groundwater, it was found that groundwater was subjected to treatment;however, although a significant decrease in fluoride and arsenic concentration was observed, the removal processes used were not efficient to meet set standards.