Research on the Karyotype and Evolution of Drosophila melanogaster Species Group

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 34 species of Drosophila melanogaster species group were examined. Certain new karyotypes were described for the first time, and their evolutionary and interspecific genetic relationships among 8 subgroups of D. melanogaster species group were analyzed systematically. The results were as follows. The basic karyotype of elegans subgroup was type A. The karyotypes of eugracilis subgroup, melanogaster subgroup, and ficusphila subgroup were all type C. The karyotypes of takahashii subgroup and suzukii subgroup were both type C and type D. The montium subgroup had six kinds of karyotypes types B, C, C＇, D, D＇, and E. The ananassae subgroup had three kinds of karyotypes： types F, G, and H. Thus, the melanogaster species group was classified into five pedigrees based on the diversity of these karyotypes： 1） elegans; 2） eugracilis-melanogasterficusphila; 3） takkahashii-suzukii; 4） montium; 5） ananassae. The above-mentioned results in karyotypic evolution were consistent with those of DNA sequence analysis reported by Yang except for the elegans subgroup and this subgroup was considered as the ancestral subgroup. Karyotype analysis of the same drosophila from different isofemale lines indicated that the same Drosophila from different places showed karyotypic variation which might be due to different geographical environment and evolutionary degree or interaction between the two factors.

A Hybrid Algorithm Based on Differential Evolution and Group Search Optimization and Its Application on Ethylene Cracking Furnace

To find the optimal operational condition when the properties of feedstock changes in the cracking furnace online,a hybrid algorithm named differential evolution group search optimization(DEGSO) is proposed,which is based on the differential evolution(DE) and the group search optimization(GSO).The DEGSO combines the advantages of the two algorithms:the high computing speed of DE and the good performance of the GSO for preventing the best particle from converging to local optimum.A cooperative method is also proposed for switching between these two algorithms.If the fitness value of one algorithm keeps invariant in several generations and less than the preset threshold,it is considered to fall into the local optimization and the other algorithm is chosen.Experiments on benchmark functions show that the hybrid algorithm outperforms GSO in accuracy,global searching ability and efficiency.The optimization of ethylene and propylene yields is illustrated as a case by DEGSO.After optimization,the yield of ethylene and propylene is increased remarkably,which provides the proper operational condition of the ethylene cracking furnace.

MXene-Based Quantum Dots Optimize Hydrogen Production via Spontaneous Evolution of Cl-to O-Terminated Surface Groups

MXene quantum dots(MQDs)offer wide applications owing to the abundant surface chemistry,tunable energy-level structure,and unique properties.However,the application of MQDs in electrochemical energy conversion,including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),remains to be realized,as it remains a challenge to precisely control the types of surface groups and tune the structure of energy levels in MQDs,owing to the high surface energy-induced strong agglomeration in post-processing.Consequently,the determination of the exact catalytically active sites and processes involved in such an electrocatalysis is challenging because of the complexity of the synthetic process and reaction conditions.Herein,we demonstrated the spontaneous evolution of the surface groups of the Ti_(2)CT_(x)MQDs(x:the content of O atom),i.e.,replacement of the-Cl functional groups by O-terminated ones during the cathode reaction.This process resulted in a low Gibbs free energy(0.26 eV)in HER.Our steady Ti_(2)CO_(x)/Cu_(2)O/Cu foam systems exhibited a low overpotential of 175 mV at 10 mA cm^(-2)in 1 M aq.KOH,and excellent operational stability over 165 h at a constant current density of-10 mA cm^(-2).

Preliminary group classification of quasilinear third-order evolution equations

Group classification of quasilinear third-order evolution equations is given by using the classical infinitesimal Lie method, the technique of equivalence transformations, and the theory of classification of abstract low-dimensional Lie algebras. We show that there are three equations admitting simple Lie algebras of dimension three. All non-equivalent equations admitting simple Lie algebras are nothing but these three. Furthermore, we also show that there exist two, five, twenty-nine and twenty-six non- equivalent third-order nonlinear evolution equations admitting one-, two-, three-, and four-dimensional solvable Lie algebras, respectively.

Operator Semi-group of Density Evolution Equation for a Repairable Redundant System with Two Same Components

For a repairable redundant system consisting of two same components with exponential lifetime and general repair time distribution, the probability densities of the system in some state at time t were determined by a group of ordinary and partial differential equations, called density evolution equations. It was proved that the time dependent solution of the density evolution equations uniquely exists and strongly converges to its steady state density solution by a semi group method. In this proof, it is not necessary to suppose that the repair rate function is bounded. The technique of the proof is valuable for many density evolution equations.

Expansion Strategies and Evolution Paths of Hotel Groups in China

The organizational structure change of enterprises should be subject to the change of strategy,and strategy change is the reaction to the environment change.This paper studied the expansion strategies and evolution paths of hotel groups in China by a survey in 2007,in which the research objects were 91 hotel groups listed by China Tourist Hotels Association.The conclusions are drawn:based on the two dimensions of unification management function scope and the unification management degree,hotel groups can be divided into four strategic types,including strategically concentrated group,close function group,widespread alliance group and loose union group.Simultaneously there are three different expansion paths:stability path,growth path and undulation path.About 72.5% of Chinese hotel groups have a stability or growth expansion path.

Concentration of Platinum Group Elements during the Early Earth Evolution: A Review

Numerous unique geological processes [1] took place during the early Earth evolution;several of them, especially those occurring in the Hadean—Early Archean and later, are reflected in the modern geological (geophysical, geochemical, etc.) pattern. One such significant enigmatic feature is the preservation of extremely dense and heavy platinum group elements (PGEs): Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os. Concentration of PGEs during this period could have taken place in two ways: 1) presence of particular matter capable of preserving PGEs near the earth's surface, 2) transportation of PGEs by magma flows from deep lithospheric (asthenospheric) layers (slabs) to the subsurface. Clearly, much of the dense and heavy PGEs did not sink through to the Earth’s mantle (core) at the time of the magma-ocean, and occur near Earth’s surface in abundances for formation of ore deposits with PGE concentrations found to be 2 - 3 orders of magnitude greater than those in their host media. Their enrichments are associated in numerous cases with such enigmatic phenomena as formation of anorthosites and anorthosite-bearing layered magmatic intrusions. PGE deposits and mineralization zones are also found in associations with chromitites, dunites and serpentinites. In this review, problems related to the initial concentration and preservation of PGEs, their association with anorthosites, and formation of layered intrusions are discussed in detail. The main aim of this article is analysis of the requirements—initial concentration and preservation of PGE and PGM (Platinum Group Minerals) during the early Earth evolution, as well as examination of the distribution behavior of some PGEs in different ore deposits and meteorites. It is supposed that meteoritic bombardment of Earth has played a significant role in formation of PGEs deposits. Some conclusions made in this article may be useful for developing and enhancing strategies of prospecting for PGEs deposits.

Geochemical characterization of the metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group within the southernmost North Equatorial tectonic belt:insights into geodynamic evolution

The Proterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Yaounde Group on the northern edge of the Congo Shield in Central Africa were investigated to understand their provenance and depositional environment.Petrography,geochemistry,and field evidence helped to subdivide the metasediments into paragneiss,mica schist,chlorite schist,and quartzite which were derived from greywacke,shale,quartz arenite,litharenite protoliths.They are immature with some mature samples,moderately weathered and reworked Neo-and Post-Archean metasediments.Rare earth element signatures(Chondrite Eu/Eu^(*)≤1),enrichment of light rare earth elements over the heavy ones,and the La/Sc ratio(>0.7)are compatible with those of the intermediate and felsic sources from the upper continental crust.These metasediments were deposited in the continental arc setting and have evolved during Proterozoic times according to the Wilson cycle to form the West Gondwana including NE Brazil.

Structure evolution of oxygen removal from porous carbon for optimizing supercapacitor performance

The presence of oxygen functional groups is detrimental to the capacitive performance of porous carbon electrode in organic electrolyte. In this regards, hydrogen thermal reduction has been demonstrated effective approach in removing the unstable surface oxygen while maintaining the high porosity of carbon matrix. However, the exact evolution mechanism of various oxygen species during this process, as well as the correlation with electrochemical properties, is still under development. Herein, biomass-based porous carbon is adopted as the model material to trace its structure evolution of oxygen removal under hydrogen thermal reduction process with the temperature range of 400–800 °C. The optimum microstructure with low oxygen content of 0.90% and proper pore size distribution was achieved at 700°C. XPS, TPRMS and Boehm titration results indicate that the oxygen elimination undergoes three distinctive stages(intermolecular dehydration, hydrogenation and decomposition reactions). The optimum microstructure with low oxygen content of 0.90% and proper pore size distribution was achieved at 700 °C. Benefiting from the stable electrochemical interface and the optimized porous structure, the as-obtained HAC-700 exhibit significantly suppressed self-discharge and leak current, with improved cycling stability, which is attributable to the stabilization of electrochemical interface between carbon surface and electrolyte. The result provides insights for rational design of surface chemistry for high-performance carbon electrode towards advanced energy storage.

The Basic Principles of Kin Sociality and Eusociality: Human Evolution

The paper posits that kin sociality and eusociality are derived from the handicap-care principles based on the need-based care to the handicappers from the caregivers for the self-interest of the caregivers. In this paper, handicap is defined as the difficulty to survive and reproduce independently. Kin sociality is derived from the childhood handicap-care principle where the children are the handicapped children who receive the care from the kin caregivers in the inclusive kin group to survive. The caregiver gives care for its self-interest to reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of kin sociality contains the handicapped childhood and the caregiving adulthood. Eusociality is derived from the adulthood handicap-care principle where responsible adults are the handicapped adults who give care and receive care at the same time in the interdependent eusocial group to survive and reproduce its gene. Queen bees reproduce, but must receive care from worker bees that work but must rely on queen bees to reproduce. A caregiver gives care for its self-interest to survive and reproduce its gene. The individual’s gene of eusociality contains the handicapped childhood-adulthood and the caregiving adulthood. The chronological sequence of the sociality evolution is individual sociality without handicap, kin sociality with handicapped childhood, and eusociality with handicapped adulthood. Eusociality in humans is derived from bipedalism and the mixed habitat. The chronological sequence of the eusocial human evolution is 1) the eusocial early hominins with bipedalism and the mixed habitat, 2) the eusocial early Homo species with bipedalism, the larger brain, and the open habitat, 3) the eusocial late Homo species with bipedalism, the largest brain, and the unstable habitat, and 4) extended eusocial Homo sapiens with bipedalism, the shrinking brain, omnipresent imagination, and the harsh habitat. The omnipresence of imagination in human culture converts eusociality into extended eusociality with both perception and omnipresent imagination.

MODELS OF THE SPATIAL EVOLUTION OF MULTI-PLANT ENTERPRISES

Since the 1970s, the studies on the geography of enterprise have become increasingly concerned with the spatial evolution of an enterprises in the West developed countries. However, little attention has so far been given to the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. With China's ongoing economy and political reforms, a number of fundamental changes of enterprise behavior have occurred. These changes have certainly important influences on the evolution of industrial location. Therefore, there is a need for examining the spatial evolution of an enterprise in China. The purpose of the paper is to review the mapjor models of both the growth,and associated spatial evolution of an enterprise, with an illustrative case study of the HeaVy Automobile Enterprise Group of China. The paper is organized by three parts. The first examines the spoilal groWth and location adjustment of multi-plant enterprise. The second reviews mapjor models of the spatial evolution of an enterprise. And the third analyzes the spatial evolution, over a period of time, of a representative sample of the Heavy Automobile Enterprise Group of China, and illustrates the findings with case studies. It is suggested that the models of spatial evolution of an enterprise would provide more evidence about micro-mechanism for evolution of micro- regional economic systems.

Optimization of air quantity regulation in mine ventilation networks using the improved differential evolution algorithm and critical path method

In mine ventilation networks, the reasonable airflow distribution is very important for the production safety and economy. Three basic problems of the natural, full-controlled and semi-controlled splitting were reviewed in the paper. Aiming at the high difficulty semi-controlled splitting problem, the general nonlinear multi-objectives optimization mathematical model with constraints was established based on the theory of mine ventilation networks. A new algorithm, which combined the improved differential evaluation and the critical path method （CPM） based on the multivariable separate solution strategy, was put forward to search for the global optimal solution more efficiently. In each step of evolution, the feasible solutions of air quantity distribution are firstly produced by the improved differential evolu- tion algorithm, and then the optimal solutions of regulator pressure drop are obtained by the CPM. Through finite steps iterations, the optimal solution can be given. In this new algorithm, the population of feasible solutions were sorted and grouped for enhancing the global search ability and the individuals in general group were randomly initialized for keeping diversity. Meanwhile, the individual neighbor- hood in the fine group which may be closely to the optimal solutions were searched locally and slightly for achieving a balance between global searching and local searching, thus improving the convergence rate. The computer program was developed based on this method. Finally, the two ventilation networks with single-fan and multi-fans were solved. The results show that this algorithm has advantages of high effectiveness, fast convergence, good robustness and flexibility. This computer program could be used to solve lar^e-scale ~eneralized ventilation networks o^timization problem in the future.

Metal-oxoacid-mediated oxyhydroxide with proton acceptor to break adsorption energy scaling relation for efficient oxygen evolution

Metal oxyhydroxides(MOOH)generated from irreversible reconstructions of transition metal compounds are intrinsic active species for oxygen evolution reaction,whose activities are still constrained by sluggish deprotonation kinetics and inherent adsorption energy scaling relations.Herein,we construct a tunable proton acceptor(TPA)on oxyhydroxides by in-situ reconstruction of metal oxoacids such as NiC2O4to accelerate deprotonation and break adsorption energy scaling relations during OER.The modified C_(2)O_(4)^(2-)as a TPA can easily extract H of*OH(forming*HC2O4intermediate)and then promote deprotonation by the transmitted hydrogen bond with*OOH along conjugated(H...)O=C-O(-H)chain.As a result,Ni OOH-C2O4shows non-concerted proton-electron transfer and improved deprotonation rate,and delivers a good OER activity(270 mV@10 mA cm-2).The conjugate acidity coefficient(pKa)of the modified oxoacid group can be a descriptor for TPA selection.This TPA strategy can be universally applied to Co-,Fe-,and Ni-based oxyhydroxides to facilitate OER efficiency.

TECTONIC-THERMAL EVOLUTION AND GOLD MINERALIZATION INNORTH-EASTERN HUNAN, CHINA

All gold deposits in North-Eastern Hunan are of vein type, and hosted by the low grade metamorphic rocks of Lengjiaxi Group of the Middle Proterozoic Era. Their geochemical characteristics show that the ore-forming materials came from their host rocks. Oreforming fluids are rich in CO2 and SO2-4,with high Na+/K+ ratio, low Cl - and varied δ18O and δD values, showing that they are from multisources. These gold deposits were formed by a series of tectonic-thermal events which reworked the Lengjiaxi Group. There are two main stages of tectonic-thermal events: the Wulingian Period forming the auriferous quartz veins by syntectonic metamorphic differentiation, and the Indosinian-Yanshanian peroid causing re formation and enrichment of the former auriferous quartz veins.

Synthesis of carbon nitride in moist environments:A defect engineering strategy toward superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction

Intimate understanding of the synthesis-structure-activity relationships is an accessible pathway to overcome the intrinsic challenges of carbon nitride(g-C_(3)N_(4))photocatalysts.This work looks in the effects of humidity of the synthesis process to the morphology,chemical structure,band structure as well as the photocatalytic activity of g-C_(3)N_(4) materials.Four g-C_(3)N_(4) samples were prepared by heating melem in four gas environments:dry Ar,dry Air,moist Ar and moist Air.The photocatalytic activity measurements revealed that the samples synthesized in moist inert and oxidic gases environments displayed 20 and 10 times the photocata lytic H_(2) evolution activity of the samples synthesized in dry inert and oxidic gases environments,respectively.The reasons for this remarkable variety in photocata lytic activities had been through investigated.After all,the terminations of the carbon vacancies were identified as the dominant factor in enhancing H_(2) evolution performance.The work here thus demonstrating an example of defect engineering.

Large-Scale Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm Based on Weighted Overlapping Grouping of Decision Variables

The large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithm(LSMOA),based on the grouping of decision variables,is an advanced method for handling high-dimensional decision variables.However,in practical problems,the interaction among decision variables is intricate,leading to large group sizes and suboptimal optimization effects;hence a large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithm based on weighted overlapping grouping of decision variables(MOEAWOD)is proposed in this paper.Initially,the decision variables are perturbed and categorized into convergence and diversity variables;subsequently,the convergence variables are subdivided into groups based on the interactions among different decision variables.If the size of a group surpasses the set threshold,that group undergoes a process of weighting and overlapping grouping.Specifically,the interaction strength is evaluated based on the interaction frequency and number of objectives among various decision variables.The decision variable with the highest interaction in the group is identified and disregarded,and the remaining variables are then reclassified into subgroups.Finally,the decision variable with the strongest interaction is added to each subgroup.MOEAWOD minimizes the interactivity between different groups and maximizes the interactivity of decision variables within groups,which contributed to the optimized direction of convergence and diversity exploration with different groups.MOEAWOD was subjected to testing on 18 benchmark large-scale optimization problems,and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods.Compared with the other algorithms,our method is still at an advantage.

A Simulation of the Dependence of Tidal Interaction on Galaxy Type in Compact Groups

We have investigated the role that different galaxy types have in galaxy-galaxy interactions in compact groups. N-body simulations of 6 galaxies consisting of a differing mixture of galaxy types were run to compare the relative importance of galaxy population demographic on evolution. Three different groups with differing galaxy content were tested: all spiral, a single elliptical and 50% elliptical. Tidal interaction strength and duration were recorded to assess the importance of an interaction. A group with an equal number of spiral and elliptical galaxies has some of the longest and strongest interactions with elliptical-elliptical interactions being most significant. These elliptical-elliptical interactions are not dominated by a single large event but consist of multiple interactions. Elliptical galaxies tidally interacting with spiral galaxies, have the next strongest interaction events. For the case when a group only has a single elliptical, the largest magnitude tidal interaction is an elliptical on a spiral. Spirals interact with each other through many small interactions. For a spiral only group, the interactions are the weakest compared to the other group types. These spiral interactions are not dominated by any singular event that might be expected to lead to a merger but are more of an ongoing harassment. These results suggest that within a compact group, early type galaxies will not form via merger out of an assemblage of spiral galaxies but rather that compact groups, in effect form around an early type galaxy.

Sedimentary Environments of the Cangfanggou Groupin Junggar Basin,Xinjiang,in Response to Climate and Tectonic Regime

Detailed studies of petrology, palaeocurrent direction, paiaeogeomorphology and palaeohydrody-namics have been conducted for the Permian-Triassic Cangfanggou Group in the foredeep of the Bogda Mountains in the southeastern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Sedimentary environments and fades of alluvial fans and pebbly braided rivers, sandy braided rivers, meandering rivers, low-sinuosity rivers, swamps and fresh-water lakes are recognized in the group. Climate and tectonics of source areas strongly controlled the evolution of the sedimentary environments and facies in the foredeep. The block faulting in the Bogda Mountains increased the ground slope, which led to a drastic increase in the grain size of the sediments. Humid climate, being beneficial to plant growth, would provide protection of channel banks and at the same time weaken chemical weathering in the source area, thus large amounts of clay materials are available for the formation of clay plugs. As a result, stable banks and meandering river belts are formed. Conversely, increasing aridity would strengthen mechanical weathering and reduce the number of clay plugs. Besides, plants would diminish gradually and channels would become more mobile. In this case the decrease of transported clay materials would reduce the stability of the bank and result in a wider and shallower channel. Therefore, humid climate is beneficial to the formation of meandering rivers even if there is strong block faulting in the source areas and the ground slope is very large. As aridity further increases, plants would diminish and vanish at last, the meandering rivers prevalent under humid climate conditions would be transformed to low-sinuosity rivers even if the ground is gentle and the land is tectonically stable. And as the climate became more arid and the source area uplifted intensively to provide more sedimentary materials, low-sinuosity rivers would be transformed to braided ones quickly, and wedge-like sedimentary bodies of the braided rivers would then advance towards the lower reaches. The increasingly arid climate led to prevailing mechanical and diminishing plant protection to the banks. Both active tectonic regime and humid climate resulted in very shallow and mobile channels, i.e. a braided river system.The climate plays an important role in the evolution of rivers and lakes. The sinuosity and braiding parameters of channels are a result of complex interaction between climate (clay material supply, plant protection of the banks, flood events and so on) and tectonic regime (lithology of the source area, slopes and so on). Both factors can be estimated by sedimentological studies in the foothill belt.

Greedy Constructive Procedure-Based Hybrid Differential Algorithm for Flexible Flow shop Group Scheduling

Aiming at the flexible flowshop group scheduling problem,taking sequence dependent setup time and machine skipping into account, a mathematical model for minimizing makespan is established,and a hybrid differential evolution( HDE) algorithm based on greedy constructive procedure( GCP) is proposed,which combines differential evolution( DE) with tabu search( TS). DE is applied to generating the elite individuals of population,while TS is used for finding the optimal value by making perturbation in selected elite individuals. A lower bounding technique is developed to evaluate the quality of proposed algorithm. Experimental results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of proposed algorithm.

Paleoclimate Study of Mountain Ecosystems by Multiple Group Biological Analysis

Methodological problems of climatic reconstruction for different periods of Holocene are discussed on the basis of a multiple group biological analysis on peat-sapropel sediments. The possibility of biological analysis is exemplified by the paleoclimatic reconstruction for Carpathian and Altai Mountain ranges. For the ＂Skolevsky Beskidy＂ national park of Carpaty the paleoclimatic scenarios have been drown up aiming at the more precise definition of climatic conditions for the period of mass mountain slope terracing. The stability of terrace systems of various designs in the current climatic conditions has been assessed. It is shown that during periods of humid climate the terraces, whose designs have been focused on drainage, were built. In periods of dry and warm climate the terrace systems capable of accumulating water were built. Both these types of terrace systems are destroyed in nowadays. Only those terrace systems are stable which were adjusted by their builders to contrast variations of precipitation. For Western Altais the paleoclimatic scenario has been done to forecast the safety of the Bronze Age kurgans （burial earth mounds） with permafrost inside the construction. In the Altay region during the Holocene it has revealed two periods of sharp cooling, the peaks of which occurred in the intervals 4500- 4300 and 2500-2300 years pronounced climatic drying ago, and two periods of 4900-4700 and 130-70 years ago. Depletion of the algae composition in the layer corresponding to the last period of drying climate indicates a very sharp change in the parameters of moisture and turning the lake into a dry swamp. Periods of cold weather may have contributed to the formation of special ritual traditions of the Sakan tribes that require the frozen ground to bury the dead. The later climate fluctuations identified have not affected the safety of permafrost in burial mounds constructed in the V-III cc BC.