Frequency Domain Fatigue Evaluation on SCR Girth-Weld Based on Structural Stress

The Steel Catenary Riser(SCR)is a vital component for transporting oil and gas from the seabed to the floating platform.The harsh environmental conditions and complex platform motion make the SCR’s girth-weld prone to fatigue failure.The structural stress fatigue theory and Master S-N curve method provide accurate predictions for the fatigue damage on the welded joints,which demonstrate significant potential and compatibility in multi-axial and random fatigue evaluation.Here,we propose a new frequency fatigue model subjected to welded joints of SCR under multiaxial stress,which fully integrates the mesh-insensitive structural stress and frequency domain random process and transforms the conventional welding fatigue technique of SCR into a spectrum analysis technique utilizing structural stress.Besides,a full-scale FE model of SCR with welds is established to obtain the modal structural stress of the girth weld and the frequency response function(FRF)of modal coordinate,and a biaxial fatigue evaluation about the girth weld of the SCR can be achieved by taking the effects of multi-load correlation and pipe-soil interaction into account.The research results indicate that the frequency-domain fatigue results are aligned with the time-domain results,meeting the fatigue evaluation requirements of the SCR.

Research on the Follow-Up Control Strategy of Biaxial Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blade Based on Electromagnetic Excitation

Aiming at the drift problem that the tracking control of the actual load relative to the target load during the electromagnetic excitation biaxial fatigue test of wind turbine blades is easy to drift,a biaxial fatigue testingmachine for electromagnetic excitation is designed,and the following strategy of the actual load and the target load is studied.A Fast Transversal Recursive Least Squares algorithm based on fuzzy logic(Fuzzy FTRLS)is proposed to develop a fatigue loading following dynamic strategy,which adjusts the forgetting factor in the algorithmthrough fuzzy logic to overcome the contradiction between convergence accuracy and convergence speed and solve the phenomenon of amplitude overshoot and phase lag of the actual load relative to the target load.Combined with the previous research results,a simulation model was constructed to verify the strategy’s effectiveness.Field tests were carried out to verify its follow-up effect.The results showthat the tracking error of flapwise and edgewise direction iswithin 4%,which has better robustness and dynamic and static performance than the traditional Recursive Least Squares(RLS)algorithm.

Fatigue Properties of Plain Concrete under Triaxial Constant-Amplitude Tension-Compression Cyclic Loading

Fatigue tests were conducted on tapered plain concrete prism specimens under tri axial constant-amplitude tension-compression cyclic loading. The low stress of the cyclic loading was taken as 0.2f c and the upper stress ranged from 0. 20f t to 0.65f t. Three constant lateral pressures were 0.1f c, 0.2f c and 0.3f c respec tively. Based on the results, the th ree-stage evolution rule of the fatigue stiffness, maximum(minimum) longitudina l strain and damage were analyzed, and a unified S-N curve to calculate fati gue strength factors was worked out. The results show that the fatigue strength and fa tigue life under triaxial constant-amplitude tension-compression cyclic loadin g are smaller than those under uniaxial fatigue condition. Moreover, the secondary strain creep rate is related to the fatigue life, a formula for describing thei r relation was derived. The investigation of this paper can provide information for the fatigue design of concrete structures.

Experimental investigations on mechanical performance of rocks under fatigue loads and biaxial confinements

In this research,a series of biaxial compression and biaxial fatigue tests were conducted to investigate the mechanical behaviors of marble and sandstone under biaxial confinements.Experimental results demonstrate that the biaxial compressive strength of rocks under biaxial compression increases firstly,and subsequently decreases with increase of the intermediate principal stress.The fatigue failure characteristics of the rocks in biaxial fatigue tests are functions of the peak value of fatigue loads,the intermediate principal stress and the rock lithology.With the increase of the peak values of fatigue loads,the fatigue lives of rocks decrease.The intermediate principal stress strengthens the resistance ability of rocks to fatigue loads except considering the strength increasing under biaxial confinements.The fatigue lives of rocks increase with the increase of the intermediate principal stress under the same ratio of the fatigue load and their biaxial compressive strength.The acoustic emission(AE)and fragments studies showed that the sandstone has higher ability to resist the fatigue loads compared to the marble,and the marble generated a greater number of smaller fragments after fatigue failure compared to the sandstone.So,it can be inferred that the rock breaking efficiency and rock burst is higher or severer induced by fatigue loading than that induced by monotonous quasi-static loading,especially for hard rocks.

Fatigue Behavior of Plain Concrete Under Biaxial Compression: Experiments and Theoretical Model

The effects of different lateral confinement stress on the fatigue behavior of and cumulative damage to plain concrete are investigated experimentally. Eighty 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm specimens of ordinary strength concrete are tested under constant- or variable-amplitude fatigue loading and lateral confinement pressure in two orthogonal directions. A fatigue equation is developed by modifying the classical Aas-Jakobsen S-N equation for taking into account the effect of the confined stress on fatigue strength of plain concrete. The results of variable-amplitude fatigue tests indicate that the linear damage theory proposed by Palmgren and Miner is unreasonable in the biaxial stress state. A nonlinear cumulative damage model that could model the effects of the magnitude and sequence of variable-amplitude fatigue loading and lateral confinement pressure is proposed on the basis of the evolution laws of the residual strains in the longitudinal direction during fatigue tests. The residual fatigue. life predicted by this model is found to be in good agreement with the results of the experimental research.

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION FOR BIAXIAL STRESS CYCLING

Based on the experimental study of complex biaxial mode Ⅰ fatigue crack growth and the discussion on Von Mises'theory,a new approach is proposed for correlating crack propaga- tion rate under both in-phase and out-of-phase biaxial stress cycling.The results emphasize the contribution of plasticity to fatigue crack growth.

Anisotropic Damage Mechanics Modeling of Concrete under Biaxial Fatigue Loading

An anisotropic damage mechanics model is presented to describe the behavior and failure of concrete under biaxial fatigue loading. Utilizing the approach of bounding surfaces, the limit surface becomes a special case when the number of loading cycles is set to one. By increasing the number of loading cycles, the strength of concrete gradually decreases and the limit surface is allowed to contract and form new curves representing residual strengths. The magnitude of loading, load range, and the load path are known to influence the fatigue life and hence are addressed in this formulation. In this paper, a strength softening function is proposed in order to address the reduction in the strength of concrete due to fatigue. Separate softening functions are also proposed to account for the deformation characteristics in concrete under cyclic loading. Numerical simulations predicted by the model in both uniaxial and biaxial stress paths show a good correlation with the experimental data available in the literature.

Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing

Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).

SIMULATION OF COMPLEX THERMOMECHANICAL FATIGUE

Two different types of experimental techniques to perform non-isothermal, uniax-ial and biaxial fatigue tests were described. A new miniaturised electrothermal-mechanical test rig was presented and discussed. It enables testing of small specimens under complex thermomechanical loading conditions. In order to cope with the simulation of well defined biaxial proportional and non-proportional loadings with in-phase and out-of-phase superposition of thermal loads a cruciform biaxial fatigue testing machine has been developed. Special design features of both machines, and the specimens tested, as well as typical test results were discussed.

正交异性钢桥面板双轴疲劳性能评估

为精确评估正交异性钢桥面板在双轴应力状态下的疲劳性能,以东营胜利黄河大桥为背景,建立该桥正交异性钢桥面板顶板、U肋、横隔板交叉连接部位焊缝的节段三维有限元模型,采用等效结构应力法对正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳问题进行研究;通过模型试验验证正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳特性,并进行其构造细节疲劳寿命评估。结果表明:弧形切口起焊点的疲劳裂纹萌生位置在横隔板下方焊趾处,经历裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失效3个阶段,最终失效阶段裂纹形式为Ⅱ型裂纹主导的Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合裂纹,此为该桥正交异性钢桥面板结构体系的主导疲劳失效模式;顶板焊缝焊趾及弧形切口起焊点焊趾处于双轴应力状态,面内剪切结构应力幅对疲劳应力的影响显著,按单轴疲劳应力进行寿命预测误差较大,按单轴疲劳应力状态对结构进行疲劳寿命设计偏于不安全;基于组合等效结构应力法的计算值与试验值吻合较好,各焊接细节计算得到的最大值下的疲劳裂纹起裂位置均与试验结果一致,按双轴疲劳应力预测疲劳寿命与试验值吻合较好,疲劳寿命评价精确度较高。

面内双轴载荷下T形焊接接头的疲劳失效行为

船舶中的“十字”和“T形”焊接接头在服役中会受到复杂的多轴疲劳载荷作用,易在焊缝等薄弱区域失效。通过设计的T形焊接接头和试验装置开展试验,以得到T形接头在不同面内双轴载荷下的疲劳寿命、起裂位置及断口特征;利用有限元方法分析了不同面内双轴载荷条件下T形接头焊趾处的应力分布状态,研究了影响焊趾应力状态的因素;结合修正的W9hler曲线法(modified W9hler curve method,MWCM)预测T形接头的疲劳寿命。结果表明:横向载荷一定时,纵向载荷的增加导致T形接头的疲劳寿命呈指数降低;鉴于T形接头的几何特性,裂纹总是萌生于下焊趾,焊趾过渡圆弧半径对焊趾的应力状态有显著影响,增大焊趾过渡圆弧半径可提高疲劳寿命;T形接头焊趾处的应力较高时,MWCM具有较高的预测精度。

4130X钢非对称非比例载荷下双轴低周疲劳行为

为研究4130X钢在双轴疲劳载荷下的应力应变状态以及疲劳损伤行为,对4130X钢开展了双轴非对称比例与非比例循环载荷作用下的疲劳试验研究。从双轴循环应变幅、双轴棘轮应变、断口形貌和疲劳寿命等方面,系统分析了不同双轴加载条件下4130X钢的低周疲劳与棘轮行为。结果表明,随着双轴载荷比的减小或相位差的增大,双轴均表现出显著的循环软化现象,并且棘轮应变显著增加,双轴棘轮效应更加明显,导致其疲劳寿命减小。与其他加载情况相比,等双轴载荷比下相位差对疲劳寿命和等效应变的影响更加显著,在双轴相位差ΔФ由0°变为90°时,疲劳寿命下降90%。断口特征表明,随着双轴非比例程度的增大,韧窝由等轴韧窝逐渐转变为剪切韧窝,数量显著增加。

交变双轴加载下钛合金微动磨损的仿真及试验研究

微动磨损是导致机械连接结构失效的主要形式之一。目前大多数研究都在恒定法向接触载荷工况下开展。然而实际工程中,广泛存在着可变法向载荷和轴向载荷的多轴加载工况,导致目前恒定法向载荷下微动磨损的研究结果不能很好地解释多轴交变加载工况下的微动磨损行为。因此,以钛合金的微动磨损为例,进行了交变双轴加载下微动磨损的仿真分析和试验测试研究。首先,建立了受循环交变双轴加载作用下的微动磨损模型;然后,对不同法向载荷幅值、位移载荷幅值、双轴加载相位差下的微动磨损行为进行了仿真,并根据Q-P曲线分析方法对这些复杂微动情况下的微动磨损机制进行了讨论;最后,在双轴加载的微动磨损试验机上进行了双轴微动磨损试验,验证了该有限元模型磨损形貌的合理性。研究结果表明:交变法向载荷的磨损形貌不同于恒定法向载荷的磨损形貌,交变下法向载荷均值与恒定法向载荷保持不变,交变法向载荷下的磨损深度及宽度均大于恒定法向载荷下的磨损深度及宽度。位移幅值和相位差一定,随着法向载荷幅值的增大,磨损宽度和深度均增加,磨损形貌由“W”型转变为“W+V”型;法向载荷幅值和相位差一定,磨损宽度和深度均随位移幅值的增大而增大;法向载荷幅值和位移幅值一定,改变双轴加载相位差,0°相位差最大磨损深度出现在接触后缘,180°相位差最大磨损深度出现在接触前缘,90°和270°相位差的前、后缘磨损深度极大值接近。

双轴变距自动螺栓拧紧机构的联轴器断裂问题研究

双轴变距自动螺栓拧紧机构通过伺服电机驱动丝杠做直线运动达到变距目的。伺服电机与丝杠由双膜片联轴器连接,传递运动与动力,而安装误差、工作环境等因素会使双膜片联轴器在长期使用过程中,多次出现疲劳断裂现象。为此,文章基于实际运行工况,通过有限元法分析双膜片联轴器的受力情况,发现其最大受力点的应力超过材料的疲劳极限值。继而重新选取联轴器型号,并进行受力情况分析,验证所选的十字滑块式联轴器能够解决联轴器在不确定工况下的疲劳断裂问题,保证螺栓拧紧机构的有效性。

The Behavior of Rectangular and Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns Under Biaxial Multiple Excitation

The aim of this study is to investigate the dynamic performance of rectangular and circular reinforced concrete(RC)columns considering biaxial multiple excitations.For this purpose,an advanced nonlinear finite element model which can simulate various features of cyclic degradation in material and structural components is used.The implemented nonlinear fiber beam-column model accounts for inelastic buckling and low-cycle fatigue degradation of longitudinal reinforcement and can simulate multiple failure modes of RC columns under dynamic loading.Hypothetical rectangular and circular columns are used to investigate the failure modes of RC columns.A detailed ground motion selection is implemented to generate real mainshock and aftershocks.It was found that multiple excitations due to aftershock has the potential of increasing the damage of the RC columns and longitudinal reinforcements are significantly affected low-cycle fatigue.Also,it was found that rectangular column is more sensitive to accumulative damage due to cyclic fatigue.This study increases the accuracy of structural analysis of RC columns and consequently improves understanding the failure modes of RC columns with different cross-sectional shapes.

船体裂纹板双轴非比例低周疲劳载荷下累积塑性行为研究

在恶劣海况中伴随着多轴高应力、低循环交变载荷作用下,船体结构不仅会出现多轴低周疲劳破坏,而且还存在着明显的累积塑性破坏。本文通过实验研究在双轴非比例低周疲劳载荷作用下,材质为Q235钢的船体斜裂纹板累积塑性损伤行为,提出双轴非比例低周疲劳载荷下基于累积塑性的裂纹板双轴非比例低周疲劳寿命预测模型。通过分析不同双轴非比例低周疲劳载荷下裂纹板的应力应变迟滞回线,重点探究不同双轴比、应力比和相位差等对低周期疲劳累积塑性变形的影响。研究结果可为准确评估在双轴非比例低周疲劳作用下船体结构断裂破坏行为提供重要依据。

安装座焊接结构双轴拉伸模拟件设计

针对航空发动机燃烧室机匣安装座环焊缝疲劳寿命的研究,提出了一种安装座焊接结构双轴拉伸模拟件的设计方法。首先,通过分析机匣安装座的载荷工况及几何特征,给出了相应的设计准则和几何等效分析,同时设计出模拟件的雏形。然后,根据优化目标提出了一种优化数学模型,以有限元计算的方式讨论了模拟件在中心试验区直径D_(1),夹持臂楔形角度ω,安装座通孔直径D_(2)的3种尺寸变量下的应力变化规律,进而确定了模拟件的最终尺寸。最后,采用该模拟件进行双轴拉伸疲劳试验。试验结果表明,裂纹源出现在模拟件试验区的焊缝处,并且沿着焊缝向两侧进行扩展,证明了该设计的合理性。

缺口件两轴循环弹塑性有限元分析及寿命预测

利用弹塑性有限元模拟,对高温两轴比例与非比例拉扭应变循环加载下的光滑薄壁管件与缺口轴类件进行研究。材料弹塑性特性用Von Mises屈服准则、多线性运动硬化准则和高温单轴循环加载的应力应变数据来描述。采用柱坐标系下在试样一端加轴向和周向位移来实现拉扭应变加载。对光滑薄壁管件的后处理结果与试验结果比较,证实了这种方法的正确性和可用性,进而应用到缺口件,得到缺口根部局部的循环应力应变响应。基于有限元数据,采用Kandil-Brown-Miller法和Smith-Watson-Topper法预测了缺口件疲劳裂纹萌生寿命。

基于临界平面法的拉扭双轴疲劳寿命估算模型

基于临界平面法,分析了WB模型的缺陷.研究发现:WB模型中的法向应变变程不能很好地反映材料非比例循环加载下的附加强化现象,且模型中的经验常数是一个与寿命相关的参数,该参数不能简单的利用拉伸和扭转疲劳极限来确定.为克服WB模型的缺陷,提出了一个新的有效循环变量,引入了一个新的应力相关因子,建立了新的寿命估算模型.新的有效循环变量不含经验常数,应力相关因子能够反映材料非比例循环加载下的附加强化现象,所建模型能够精确估算材料的多轴疲劳寿命,便于工程应用.

重庆两江大桥正交异性钢桥面板疲劳性能试验研究

为评估重庆两江大桥正交异性钢桥面板双向荷载下的疲劳性能,对由盖板、板肋和横隔板组成的箱形正交异性钢桥面板模型进行疲劳试验研究和有限元分析。采用应力等效方法,板肋与横隔板交叉细节部分采用1:1足尺模型,横隔板开孔分别采用苹果形和钥匙形,面内和面外双向疲劳加载完成正交异性板结构设计寿命期及超长服役期的等效实桥疲劳应力幅作用下2 000万次疲劳试验。有限元值和实测值较吻合。在疲劳试验基础上,讨论横隔板开孔边缘、纵肋与横隔板焊接以及纵肋与盖板焊接3个关键部位的疲劳性能。研究结果表明:双向荷载作用下横隔板产生面外弯曲变形,易导致面外疲劳;正交异性钢桥面板构造未发现裂纹,疲劳寿命远超过设计寿命期。根据欧洲规范的疲劳等级分类检算,其疲劳强度满足使用要求。