Model for Bidding and Tendering with Bill of Quantities Based on Bid-Winning Estimate at Reasonable Low Price

The possibility and rationality of introducing an bid-winning estimate based on a reasonable low price into construction bidding mode with bill of quantities were analyzed by setting up a model for bidding and tendering, and the functions of the estimate of reasonable low price in the bidding were revealed. On this basis, a new bidding mode of the project with bill of quantities was pro- posed. The application of the new mode will be advantageous to the promotion of the bill of quantities in China.

The Research about the Trans-provincial Centralized Bidding Trading Market of East China Power Grid --I:Empirical Analysis

The clearing price and bidding price in electricity market are two key indicators to measure whether it is reasonable or not. Based on the grey incidence analysis, this paper studies the correlation coefficient between the clearing price and bidding price with the generation cost, the supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members over the same period, which is based on the actual data of the trans-provincial centralized trading market of East China Power Grid. The results show that the factors affecting the clearing price and bidding price from largest to smallest are generation cost, supervision and rules of the market, the supply and demand situation, the behavior of market members. The conclusion is that the trans-provincial trading platform of East China Power Grid is a reasonable regional market which can discover the market cost, and regulate the market supply and demand balance, and promote healthy competition.

A Generation Pricing Method with Capacity Bidding

Due to historic reasons China encounters some special difficulties in ESI (electricity system industry) restructuring. An easy and simple electricity value equivalent (es EVE) method for day ahead pool purchase pricing of China is therefore presented in this paper. The es EVE method is different from two part and one part tariffs. It is more like the UK's method in form, but revised for China with some new concepts and procedure. The main contributions of it include: (1) Find two kinds of eigenvalue, namely EVEs, in an optimization model, (2) Define new concepts of virtual units and feasible region, (3) Twice merit orderings are employed successively to find marginal price. They are simple maximum and minimum comparison procedures and so on. The special economic significance of the method for China is discussed, and some suggestion for ESI restructuring based on es EVE method are provided. A case study is offered at the end of the paper.

Regression Analysis of Electric Power Market Price of JEPX

The deregulation of electric power industries is introducing around the world and electric power markets are operated under the deregulation. Also in Japan, JEPX (Japan Electric Power Exchange) operates a day-ahead market since April 2005. We have already analyzed the electric power market prices in the several markets including JEPX by autoregressive models. We compose simple regression equations, of which a dependent variable is the market price and explanatory variables are the demand and the market price of 24 hours ago. In this paper, we analyze JEPX price data in summer seasons from 2007 to 2013. In this period, the JEPX price is affected by many social phenomena such as Lehman Shock and East Japan earthquake disasters. We compare the determination coefficient and the coefficients of regression and investigate the change of coefficients over the years.

Research and Application of FAHP in Bidding Quotation for Petroleum Geophysical Prospecting Project

This paper mainly talks about the main layer analytical method, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, fuzzy hierarchical analysis (AHP) method of a deeper connotation, and further discusses its application in bidding quotation for petroleum geophysical prospecting project. Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) integrates many merits of AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation organically. It determines the weight of each affecting factor using analytic hierarchy process at first, and then uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine each scheme index. FAHP can effectively enhance the decision-making efficiency.

Construction Project Bidding Prices and Price Control Mechanism

In the 21st century, especially after the accession to WTO, Construction project bidding price formation mechanism is the main characteristics of the market price of the Construction project is divided in a unified, uniform measurement unit, unified in terms of engineering and consumption of fixed rules on the basis of the implementation of market, competition fees.The first to be carried out not only the financial decision-making, corporate contractors in accordance with the different ways, according to market conditions, its technology, economic strength, through the financial decision-making self-quotation. Second, it is necessary to exercise effective control, both the Construction project bidding price by the form of the contract price is fixed.By design, material procurement, construction management on the implementation of bidding for the effective control of prices.

Bidding Strategy in Deregulated Power Market Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).

Marketing of African Walnut [Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. （Arg）] in Southwest Nigeria： Production Issues and Contributions to Stakeholders

The survey was carried out in Ekiti, Oyo, Ogun, Ondo, and Osun states located in SW Nigeria. The respondents for the study include thirty marketers and thirty producers of African walnut randomly selected within each of the state, making a total of 60 respondents per state and 300 for the five states. Two sets of structured questionnaires were designed, one for each eatergory of the respondents. The questionnaires were designed to solicit information on demographic characteristics of the producers and marketers of African walnut, production and marketing challenges of the walnut, price trend along the marketing chain, and interraction and relationships of the middlemen. The questionnaires were administered through individual and focus group methods. Also, indepth interview of the respondents was conducted to supplement data obtained from the questionnaires. Purposive sampling method was used to select local markets where the walnut were sold for study of the price trend of the walnut for two seasons （from 2007 to 2008）. Marketing of the walnut started with farmers that plant the perennial climber on their farmland, while the marketing intermediaries include the village merchants, wholesalers, and the retailers. Adult male dominated the production sector of African walnut while processing and marketing the nuts were mostly done by the women and children. There is high demand for the walnut as delicacy and snack; although industrial usage is yet to be fully developed. Marketing of the cooked nuts and at retail quantity had the highest profit along the marketing chain. There is need for expansion of the current scale of production of the walnut to meet increasing demand. Provision of appropriate storage facilities to prevent spoilage of the product in rural areas and good rural road network for easy conveyance to urban markets where it is majorly consumed is pertinent for marketing of the walnut.

Feasibility Ananlysis of Building Pithead Power Plants in North Shaanxi and Ningxia Coal Bases

North Shaanxi and Ningxia are extremely abundant in coal resources, with excellent geographical positions and transport facilities, suitable to build large size pithead power plants. This paper details the coal resources in North Shaanxi Province and Ningxia Autonomous Region, fuel coal and transportation conditions for building large size pithead power plants, and carries out the analyses of economic benefits and electricity prices of bidding for access to grid for the six recommended power plants. The analyses show that these power plants, after built up, will have strong competitive powers and make contributions for the sustainable development of power industry in North China and Shandong Province.

The Status Quo and Countermeasures of“4+7”Quantity Purchase in China

Objective To understand the effectiveness and problems of centralized drug procurement in China by analyzing the implementation of the“4+7”pilot work for centralized drug procurement in China.Methods The current situation and existing problems of drug procurement in China were analyzed through the literature research method.Results and Conclusion At present,good social benefits have been achieved for China’s drug procurement through pilot projects in several cities,but there are some serious problems.The proposed countermeasures will help to improve the procurement of pharmaceuticals in China.

电力现货市场中基于发电商竞价均衡情景的市场力缓解模型与方法

随着市场化改革的不断深入,目前电力现货市场面临市场力滥用的风险。针对电力现货市场基于统一边际出清价格(marginal clearing price,MCP)的单边竞价机制,该文研究和设计一种市场力行为检测指数,并提出相应的缓解措施或机制,旨在有效遏制发电商市场力的行使。具体地,该文分析和证明基于统一MCP的单边竞价机制下发电商理性行使市场力的规律和条件,设计市场力行为(事后)检测指数;采用限制价格涨幅和考虑用电方福利最大化准则,提出两种可缓解发电商市场力行使的措施或方法;结合新能源市场化消纳发展趋势与政策要求,构建一种“同时报价、序贯出清”的联合竞价模型。算例分析验证所提方法的有效性及在未来电力现货市场中应用的合理性。

基于柔性契约的应急物资政企联合储备定价博弈模型

为提高突发事件应急物资保障能力与韧性、控制政府采购成本,构建基于柔性契约的应急物资政企联合储备定价博弈模型。以政府采购成本最小化、供应商利润最大化为目标,运用逆向归纳法依次求解供应商最优实物、原材料储备量决策和政府最优定价决策,并进行数值模拟仿真验证及变量敏感性分析。研究结果表明:与政府单独储备模式相比,该模型能够提升应急物资储备水平,提高政府应对突发事件的能力,同时降低政府采购成本并提高供应商收益,实现政企双方共赢。高灾害概率促使政府增加储备、企业调整生产,政府大规模的常规采购会给企业带来稳定收益,企业在现货市场供给率较大时会提高原材料储备量。灾害发生概率、现货市场采购价格、政府常规采购量、现货市场供给率等因素对政企双方决策及成本收益均有影响。研究结果可为政企双方应急物资储备量、采购价格以及激励双方合作储备提供决策参考。

招标控制价准确性法律责任分析

越来越多的招标控制价在工程项目招标文件中作为评标基准价而被写入评标标准,由此导致工程结算时因为招标控制价准确性问题而产生价款争议,在相关法律和规范中缺少解决此类争议条款的情况下,采用历史研究法,对定额计价沿革和清单计价的演变进行梳理,在此基础上找到并运用适当的法律原则,结合计价规范的具体规定解决了争议。此研究是对清单计价制度的积极探索,能促进清单计价的顺利实施。

边际定价与经济调度深度融合的边际成本比较型竞价模式

随着新能源快速发展、新型市场主体不断涌现,以成本最小化为目标的经济调度机制和以边际定价为基础的策略型竞价模式,难以在电力供应充裕性不足时兼顾公平和效率。为此,在考虑中国电力工业基本国情的基础上,提出了一种深度融合边际定价与经济调度的边际成本比较型竞价模式,并从保障电力供应、提升市场经济效率、降低市场风险和促进市场公平四方面,探讨了该竞价模式在中国式电力市场建设中的潜在应用价值。最后,基于电力市场仿真平台开展算例分析,对边际成本比较型竞价模式的有效性进行了验证。

基于深度强化学习的电力市场量价组合竞价策略

目前国内电力市场普遍采用“优先消纳、保障收购”的市场机制应对新能源消纳需求,因此传统能源将面对具有高不确定性的净负荷市场情形进行竞争,并通过策略报价使自身收益最大化。然而,现有策略报价的相关研究仅考虑了发电商报价而不报量、且忽略了竞争对手博弈主动性,导致难以反映策略发电商真实的市场竞价行为。对此,提出了一种基于深度强化学习的电力市场量价组合竞价策略分析方法。首先,针对现有策略竞价研究仅报价不报量的缺陷,研究了考虑量价组合申报的发电商双层双线性竞价模型。然后,为了考虑竞争对手行为的不确定性,构建了基于K-Medoids聚类方法与深度神经网络的发电商典型报价与净负荷间的概率映射,旨在为策略发电商提供贴近真实市场的竞价环境。最后,为高效求解策略报价的双层双线性模型,探讨了考虑不完全信息博弈与净负荷不确定性的深度确定性策略梯度强化学习方法。算例研究结果验证了所提量价组合申报模型的有效性以及所提方法应对电力市场净负荷和对手行为变化的鲁棒性,并能够提高发电商的竞价收益。

农村人口老龄化对农机社会化服务的影响

我国已踏入深度老龄化社会,农机社会化服务有望成为纾解农村人口老龄化的新路径。基于2011—2021年中国31个省份(港澳台地区除外)的面板数据,采用固定效应模型实证分析农村人口老龄化对农机社会化服务的影响及作用机制。结果表明:农村人口老龄化对农机社会化服务具有显著的促进作用;农村人口老龄化对农机社会化服务的促进作用存在显著的异质性;劳动力数量和劳动力价格在农村人口老龄化正向影响农机社会化服务的过程中发挥部分中介作用,其中介占比分别为38.2%、27.3%。据此,提出进一步完善农机社会化服务、推进区域协调发展、发展科技以减少对劳动力的依赖程度等建议。

计及运行规划收益补偿的电能量市场储能报量报价策略

大量低运行成本的新能源电源参与电能量市场降低了市场电价,造成储能在电能量市场中的获利降低,甚至难以回收其固定投资成本。针对这一问题,充分考虑储能参与系统运行所能产生的运行收益和规划收益,引入运行收益和规划收益补偿系数,并建立储能参与系统运行的补偿机制;增大储能的报价区间,并建立储能参与电能量市场报量报价策略的双层优化模型;在改进的10机39节点系统上验证所提方法的有效性,讨论运行/规划收益补偿和辅助服务对储能收益的影响、储能参与市场对出清价格的影响等问题。

考虑电力中长期及现货市场衔接的月内融合交易模式及统一限价研究

在电力市场“中长期+现货”背景下,针对电力中长期与现货衔接问题,探寻高比例新能源入市下月内融合交易市场边界,研究统一限价对社会福利与曲线分解的影响,分析月内融合交易模式对市场衔接的作用。首先,考虑市场中存在的问题,探讨可行的解决方式。其次基于市场预测,构建市场主体的报价与目标函数,结合不平衡电量,构建社会福利最大化市场出清模型,采用A-NSGA-Ⅲ算法进行求解,得到市场出清情况与对应的最优限价范围。最后通过算例验证了统一限价与细分时段的优势,给出了统一限价设定的市场化途径,同时保证了市场主体利益与市场活力,表明了统一限价模式下月内融合交易市场有利于市场主体灵活交易,促进了中长期与现货市场的衔接。

适应电化学储能成本特性的电力市场机制设计

高比例新能源接入场景下,如何提高电力系统灵活性成为焦点问题。电化学储能可以提高新型电力系统的灵活调节能力,但其技术特性不同于常规市场主体,需要设计相应的市场参与机制。因此,根据储能充放电深度、充放电倍率与其老化成本的关系,提出一种适应储能参与的价差投标模式。该投标模式下储能可以申报不同工作状态以及不同放电深度下的成本,从而释放储能的深度充放电能力。考虑储能调频容量与荷电状态的耦合关系,建立了储能日前电能市场和调频市场耦合的市场出清模型。算例结果表明,所提机制可以充分反映储能的市场价值,促进储能资源的优化配置,提升储能的市场收益。

考虑搁浅成本的多能源同台竞价“两部制”交易机制设计

在新型电力系统的加快推进下,部分已投产机组产生搁浅成本,通过市场化手段回收搁浅成本并实现火电、风电、燃机等不同能源发电机组的同台竞价至关重要。为解决改革后电力市场的突出问题,提出通过“两部制”成本定价机制回收搁浅成本实现多能源同台竞价的思路。首先对发电机组的搁浅成本进行核定,提出“两部制”成本定价机制与多能源统一申报、联合出清模式,在发用电两侧进行差价分摊与返还。然后分别模拟火电与新能源机组的同台低价测算和火电与燃气机组的同台高价测算场景,分别采用不同的出清顺序确定方式进行模拟竞价出清,其出清结果证明“两部制”交易机制能够收回发电机组的搁浅成本,一定程度上实现了多能源同台竞价,为电力市场化改革提供参考。