Modeling and Current Programmed Control of a Bidirectional Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Modelling of bidirectional full bridge DC-DC converter as one of the most applicable converters has received significant attention. Mathematical modelling reduces the simulation time in comparison with detailed circuit response;moreover it is convenient for controller design purpose. Due to simple and effective methodology, average state space is the most common method among the modelling methods. In this paper a bidirectional full bridge converter is modelled by average state space and for each mode of operations a controller is designed. Attained mathematical model results are in a close agreement with detailed circuit simulation.

Experimental Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cascode Gallium Nitride(GaN)Devices for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters

Wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors,such as silicon carbide(SiC)and gallium nitride(GaN),exhibit superior physical properties and demonstrate great potential for replacing conventional silicon(Si)semiconductors with WBG technology,pushing the boundaries of power devices to handle higher blocking voltages,switching frequencies,output power levels,and operating temperatures.However,tradeoffs in switching performance and converter efficiency when substituting GaN devices for Si and SiC counterparts are not well-defined,especially in a cascode configuration.Additional research with further detailed investigation and analysis is necessitated for medium-voltage GaN devices in power converter applications.Therefore,the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of emerging 650/900 V cascode GaN devices on bidirectional dc-dc converters that are suitable for energy storage and distributed renewable energy systems.Dynamic characteristics of Si,SiC,and cascode GaN power devices are examined through the double-pulse test(DPT)circuit at different gate resistance values,device currents,and DC bus voltages.Furthermore,the switching behavior and energy loss as well as the rate of voltage and current changes over the time are studied and analyzed at various operating conditions.A 500 W experimental converter prototype is implemented to validate the benefits of cascode GaN devices on the converter operation and performance.Comprehensive analysis of the power losses and efficiency improvements for Si-based,SiC-based,and GaN-based converters are performed and evaluated as the switching frequency,working temperature,and output power level are in-creased.The experimental results reveal significant improvements in switching performance and energy efficiency from the emerging cascode GaN devices in the bidirectional converters.

Design and Analysis of a 24 Vdc to 48 Vdc Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Specifically for a Distributed Energy Application

The design of a bidirectional dc-dc power converter specifically for a distributed energy application is presented. The existing two different DC voltage battery bank of the distributed generation needs to interlink each other using a bi-directional dc-dc converter in order to minimize the unbalance of the output load currents of the three inverters connected to electric grid system. Through this connection, a current can flow from one system to another or vice versa depending on which systems need the current most. Thus, unbalanced currents of the grid line have been minimized and the reliability and performance of the DER grid connected system has been increased. A detailed mathematical analysis of the converter under steady state and transient condition are presented. Mathematical models for boost and buck modes are being derived and the simulink model is constructed in order to simulate the system. Moreover, the model has been validated on the actual operation of the converter, showing that the simulated results in Matlab Simulink are consistent with the experimental ones.

A Resonant Dual Full-Bridge Class-E Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

The interests on energy storage schemes, bidirectional dc-dc converter and uninterruptible power supplies have been increasing nowadays as there wide researches are undertaken in the area of electric vehicles. A modified bi directional class-E resonant dc-dc converter is introduced here in this proposed topology for the application in electric vehicles. The advantages of soft switching techniques have been utilized for making analysis simple. The main advantage here in this system is that it can operate in a wide range of frequencies with minimal switching loss in transistors. This paper elaborates a detailed analysis on converter design and the same has been simulated and verified in Matlab/Simulink.

Multi-Phase QR ZCS Switched-Capacitor Bidirectional Power Converter for PV System Application

The multi-phase implementation in the QR （quasi resonant） ZCS （zero current switching） SC （switched capacitor） bidirectional DC-DC converter structure has been proposed to reduce current ripple, switching loss and significantly increase the converter efficiency and power density. This approach provides a more precise output voltage to obtain voltage conversion ratios from the double-mode versus half-mode to n-mode versus 1/n mode. This is accomplished by adding a different number of switched-capacitors and power MOSFET switches with a small series connected resonant inductor for forward and reverse schemes. The size and cost can be reduced when the proposed converter has been designed with the coupled inductors. The simulation and experimental results have been used to demonstrate the performance of the two-phase with and without coupled inductor interleaved QR ZCS SC converters for bidirectional power flow control application, and an extending structure for N-phase is mentioned.

A Review of Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters for Data Centers

In today’s fast-paced,information-driven world,data centers can offer high-speed,intricate capabilities on a larger scale owing to the ever-growing demand for networks and information systems.Because data centers process and transmit information,stability and reliability are important.Data center power supply architectures rely heavily on isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters to ensure safety and stability.For the smooth operation of a data center,the power supply must be reliable and uninterrupted.In this study,we summarize the basic principle,topology,switch conversion strategy,and control technology of the existing isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters.Subsequently,existing research results and problems with isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters are reviewed.Finally,future trends in the development of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters for data centers are presented,which offer valuable insights for solving engineering obstacles and future research directions in the field.

The Hybrid Bidirectional DC/DC Converter:Mutual Control and Stability Analysis

A hybrid bidirectional DC/DC converter(BDC)is proposed as the fundamental DC/DC module in solid-state transformers,which combines a bidirectional LLC converter and a dual-active-bridge(DAB)converter.Integrated with a mutual control scheme,both parts of this hybrid BDC can be unified into an interdependent community.In this hybrid BDC,the LLC converter supports the output voltage and improves stability by working at the resonant frequency mode and the DAB converter enhances the BDC power capability by controlling the LLC output current constant.The BDC can achieve the full-load-range soft switching of all active switches by designing the auxiliary inductor of LLC and the minimum output current of DAB.By comparing to the single DAB,the proposed BDC has the higher phase and gain margin which means the BDC improved the relative stability based on Nyquist criterion.To solve the bidirectional power control problem,a dead-band voltage control logic is adopted which can determine the BDC’s power direction based on the output voltage change.A 200 V experimental system has verified the aforementioned features and functions of the BDC.

Quasi-Z-Source Based Bidirectional DC-DC Converter and Its Control Strategy

This paper presents a quasi-Z-source based isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter(qZIBDC)for renewable energy applications.The converter utilizes a dual active bridge circuit with a quasi-Z-source network on both sides,so the converter works as buck/boost converter from either side.It has a wider input/output voltage operating range,soft-switching capabilities without additional devices,and higher boost capability than a traditional dual active bridge circuit.Apart from that,shoot-through states are incorporated in its operating cycle to boost the input voltage resulting in high reliability of the proposed converter.Due to the symmetrical structure of the circuit,there is no defined high voltage or low voltage side as in traditional isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter.The operating principle and control strategy of the proposed converter are presented.Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology and its control strategy.

Non-isolated stacked bidirectional soft-switching DC-DC converter with PWM plus phase-shift control scheme

In this paper, a non-isolated stacked bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-voltage-switching(ZVS) is introduced for the high step-up/step-down conversion systems. The extremely narrow turn-on and/or turn-off duty cycle existing in the conventional bidirectional buck-boost converters can be extended due to the stacked module configuration for large voltage conversion ratio applications. Furthermore, the switch voltage stress is halved because of the series connection of half bridge modules. The PWM plus phase-shift control strategy is employed, where the duty cycle is adopted to regulate the voltages between the input and output sides and the phaseshift angle is applied to achieve the power flow regulation.This decoupled control scheme can not only realize seamless bidirectional transition operation, but also achieve adaptive voltage balance for the power switches. In addition, ZVS soft-switching operation for all active switches is realized to minimize the switching losses. Finally, a prototype of 1 kW operating at 100 kHz is built and tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter and the control strategy.

基于组合型双向DC-DC变换器的超级电容储能系统控制策略分析与设计

研究了一种基于组合型双向DC-DC变换器BDC(bidirectional DC-DC converter)的超级电容储能系统,该系统采用多组多通道交错Buck/Boost双向变换器串联,既可实现开关电流和电压应力的降低也可实现电感量的减小,同时有助于减轻超级电容单体电压低与应用场合电压高间的矛盾。串联变换器模块间的均压控制是该系统稳定运行的关键之一。基于双向变换器的小信号模型分析了超级电容储能系统电流控制与变换器模块均压控制的关系,设计了组合型双向DC-DC变换器的双闭环控制策略,在稳定控制超级电容充/放电电流的同时实现模块输入电压均衡的解耦控制。进一步根据母线电压变化及超级电容荷电水平提出了储能系统能量控制策略。通过两组三相交错Buck/Boost级联BDC储能系统的实验验证了控制策略的有效性。

基于超级电容的双向DC-DC变换器控制研究

针对轨道交通1 500 V系统再生制动能量利用,研究了基于超级电容储能的输入串联多相并联双向DCDC变换器的控制及其系统能量管理策略。采用输入串联、多支路并联的拓扑结构降低了功率器件电压应力和电流应力及减小了无源滤波器件的体积,同时降低了1 500 V系统对储能元件超级电容的耐压及模组均压控制的要求,使得系统的可靠性更高。针对该拓扑结构的特点,结合工程实际应用,考虑超级电容容值参数差异性及大内阻的特点,以超级电容的能量利用最大化为优化目标,对其充放电过程中超级电容电荷状态误判及系统输入输出侧均压控制策略进行了优化设计。最后通过仿真和实验验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

应用于车载充电器的双向DC-DC变换器综述

在车载充电器的工作环境中,双向DC-DC变换器要满足功率密度大和宽输出电压范围以及体积小和效率高等条件。根据是否存在电气隔离,车载充电器的双向DC-DC变换器拓扑大致可分为非隔离型和隔离型。不同类型的变换器其拓扑结构和控制方法都不尽相同,相应地有不同的性能表现,同时,宽禁带器件的发展也在提升双向DC-DC变换器性能方面表现出了巨大的潜力。对这些拓扑和控制方法的演变过程进行了详细地分类和总结,对新器件带来的影响进行了综合叙述,同时归纳了目前仍存在的问题,最后提出对其的展望与总结。

基于无功优化的三端口双向DC-DC变换器控制策略

针对三端口双向DC-DC变换器(TP BDC)在端口电压不匹配时无功回流大、软开关范围小以及效率低的问题,该文提出一种以最小无功为目标的效率优化控制策略。分析TPBDC各端口的电压电流特性,基于占空比控制和相量分析法建立各端口功率模型。通过构建最小无功优化问题并求解最优控制量,在宽电压范围内减小TP BDC的无功回流。进一步分析TP BDC在优化控制下的软开关特性,提出最优控制量的选取策略。实验结果表明,该文所提优化控制策略使TP BDC在宽电压工况下具有更小的无功回流和更宽的软开关范围,从而显著提升变换器在端口电压不匹配及轻载条件下的传输效率。

推挽正激移相式双向DC-DC变换器研究

为了提高双向DC-DC变换器的动态响应特性,并降低电路拓扑中开关管电压应力、提高系统功率密度,本文通过详细分析推挽正激电路工作原理、环流问题以及箝位电容选择依据,提出结合移相式BDC与推挽正激电路提高DC-DC变换器的动态响应特性以及整体性能。电路拓扑中的ZCT方案实现了主开关管ZCS关断,更容易实现软开关,降低电流应力,减少损耗,提高系统功率传输能力,更加适用于中等功率场合。

交错并联磁集成双向DC/DC变换器的软开关实现条件

为了解决传统双向DC/DC变换器的损耗较大和效率较低等实际问题,提出了一种将交错并联磁集成技术与软开关技术相结合的控制方法。首先,以三相交错并联磁集成双向DC/DC变换器为研究实例,分析了当变换器分别运行在一、二、三相电感时的3种工作状态。在每种状态下,分别讨论了电感反向电流的持续时间和死区时间,从而总结出了变换器运行在每种状态下可以实现零电压开关(zero voltage switch,ZVS)的条件。最后,通过实验进一步验证了理论分析的正确性,证实了该设计方案的实用性。

基于非对称耦合电感的交错并联磁集成软开关双向DC/DC变换器的研究

为了解决传统双向DC/DC变换器的损耗较大和效率较低等实际问题,提出了一种将交错并联磁集成技术与软开关技术相结合的控制方法。首先,以非对称耦合电感的交错并联磁集成双向DC/DC变换器为研究实例,分析了当变换器分别运行在一、二、四相电感时的3种工作状态;然后,在每种状态下,分别讨论了电感反向电流的持续时间和死区时间,从而总结出了变换器运行在每种状态下可以实现零电压开关ZVS(zerovoltage switch)的条件;最后,通过实验验证了理论分析的正确性,证实了该设计方案的实用性。