Toward a sustainable future:Examining the interconnectedness among Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),urbanization,trade openness,economic growth,and energy usage in Australia

The energy demand in Australia is increasing with the industrialization and rapid economic growth.This study analyzed the relationships among the economic growth,Foreign Direct Investment(FDI),trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage in Australia based on the data from World Development Indicators(WDI)from 1972 to 2021.The results indicates that there is a cointegration among economic growth,FDI,trade openness,urbanization,and energy usage,which was traced through the autoregressivedistributed lag(ARDL).The Zivot-Andrews unit root test reveals that energy usage,economic growth,FDI,urbanization,and trade openness show significant structural breaks in 1993,1996,1982,2008,and 1994,respectively.The ARDL model shows that economic growth has a positive and significant effect on energy usage in the long-run(0.814)and short-run(0.809).Moreover,the results also show that FDI(0.028)and trade openness(0.043)have positive impacts on energy usage in the long-run.However,urbanization shows a negative and significant influence on energy usage in the long-run(–0.965).Then,the research demonstrates a unidirectional causation between energy usage and trade openness,with energy usage significantly causing trade openness.The current study endorses energy consumption policies and investment strategies for a paradigm shifting from a reliance on fossil fuels as the primary energy source to renewable energy sources.These findings have profound implications for sustainable energy usage.

The Impact of the World Trade Organization （WTO） Regime on Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） Flows to Vietnam： A Gravity Model Approach

Foreign direct investment （FDI） has taken an important role in Vietnam＇s development process since the launch of Renovation in 1986. After Vietnam＇s accession to the World Trade Organization （WTO）, a large amount of FDI capital flowed into the country, up to 143,950.3 million USD. Wherein, there was a switching of FDI capital from the manufacturing sector to the service one in tandem with a downward trend in the agriculture. Like the previous duration, Vietnam＇s FDI capital sources came mostly from Asia-Pacific region and European economies （net capital, technology exporters） probably caused by Vietnam＇s integration emphases on dynamic Asia-Pacific region. Geographical location of FDI was characterized by a concentration on the three main key economic regions： the Red River Delta （surrounding Ha Noi, Hai Phong, and Quang Ninh）, the Central region （surrounding Da Nang）, and the Southeast of the country （surrounding Ho Chi Minh City） owing to good infrastructure, abundance of skillful labor force, and large market size. By constructing a gravity model, using descriptive, quantitative methods and applying them to recent data set by Vietnam＇s authorities and the international organizations during the period from 1995 to 2011 of 18 Vietnam＇s major country partners, the author finds evidence broadly consistent with the prediction that the WTO has had a positive impact on FDI flows to Vietnam.

Political Impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment （FDI） in the European Union （EU）

This paper explores the political challenges posed by the recent influx of Chinese outward foreign direct investment （OFDI） into the European Union （EU）. Chinese OFDI has increased substantially in recent years. Chinese direct investment is still minute in the EU, but it is growing fast, and the strong upward trajectory is likely to continue in the years to come. This surge represents challenges and opportunities for EU countries. In the current context of economic and debt crisis in Europe, whether China is seen as a saviour or a predator, the question of a Faustian bargain made by European countries by courting and hosting Chinese investment needs to be asked. The benefits of foreign direct investment （FDI） for the host economy are well known, but Chinese OFDI may come with implicit strings attached and could potentially act as a Trojan Horse, affecting European norms and policies. The influx of Chinese OFDI can create an unhealthy transatlantic competition with security ramifications, which should therefore be addressed. It is interesting to find the right balance between ensuring the benefits from Chinese FDI （from job creation to productivity gains） and protecting from its harmful effects.

A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Remittances and Foreign Aid on Human Capital Growth and Brain Drain in Africa

The main purpose of this research was to analyze the impact the Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI), remittances, and foreign aid have had to human capital growth (HCG) and brain drain. The study data were collected from five African countries (Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, South Africa, and Morocco) from 2009 to 2018. Secondary sources were used in data collection, then autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modeling was used in the analysis. Before modelling was done, co-integration tests and panel unit were applied. The results revealed that Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid had a significant and positive impact on HCG in the long but not the short-run. Besides, remittances, Chinese FDI, and foreign aid demonstrated significant negative impacts on brain drain in the long term, not in the short term. This study makes important practical and theoretical contributions about the roles of Chinese FDI, remittances, and foreign aid in the reduction of brain drain and the growth of human capital.

A Study on the Determinants of Location Choice in Inward Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）： Focusing on the Incheon Free Economic Zone

Inward foreign direct investment （FDI） is expected to grow further by virtue of economic globalization. A thorough understanding of the locational determinants of inward FDI will be conducive to enhanced efficiency in attracting direct and SOC-related investments from foreign entities. This study analyzes 51 cases of inward direct foreign investment made in the Incheon free economic zone （IFEZ） from 2002 to 2009 to determine the factors influencing FDI volume, the relevance of locations and the correlation between investment size and location. First, the relationship between the loeational determinants of FDI and the total investment size （total expected project cost） is analyzed. Second, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the FDI is analyzed. Third, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the location choice is analyzed. The results indicate the determinants that influence locations and investment size of FDI entities; whether these factors exercise influence in the zone; and the factors that have relatively significant effects. Ultimately, based on the analytical findings, a few implications for policy and practice are derived.

Foreign Direct Investment with Chinese Characteristics:A Middle Path Between Ownership-Location-Internalization Model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning Model

The majority of multinational enterprises （MNEs） traditionally originate from developed countries. In the last ten years, however, there has been dramatic growth in foreign direct investment （FDI） from China. It is a comparatively new phenomenon that challenges the classic FDI theories. In this paper, we review the pros and cons of two important theories, known as the Owner- ship-Location-Internalization （0LI） model and Linkage-Leverage-Learning （LLL） model, and use the statistical data and company case studies from China to test the plausibility of these two models. We believe that neither of them suits totally： the OLI model is quite use- fill for understanding FDI from China to developing economies, while the LLL model is more powerful for explaining the FDI to de- veloped economies. We argue that the companies from China attain a very advantageous position as intermediates in the global economy They may catch up with the first movers if they integrate OLI-led and LLL-led FDI within one firm. This combination can bring to- gether the most advanced knowledge acquired in developed economies with the knowledge about adaptation needs and the needs for cost reduction in production as expressed in developing economies. It may also accelerate the knowledge transfer globally. We thus fill a gap in research into the geographical pattern of Chinese FDI and offer a deeper understanding of the internationalization of Chinese MNEs and revolving knowledge transfer.

双向FDI互动对区域创业活跃度的影响

基于2003—2021年省际面板数据,根据耦合协调度模型测算我国省域双向FDI(foreign direct investment)互动发展水平,运用双向固定效应模型考察双向FDI互动对区域创业活跃度的影响。研究发现,双向FDI互动显著提升了区域创业活跃度,在影响过程中,经济增长和产业结构发挥正向调节作用,政府干预发挥逆向调节作用。异质性检验结果表明,在市场规模越大、创新能力越强和城市化水平越高的区域中,双向FDI互动越能促进区域创业活跃度提升。

Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect S0_(2) Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta?A Spatial Econometric Analysis

As the major source of air pollution,sulfur dioxide(S0_(2))emissions have become the focus of global attention.However,existing studies rarely consider spatial effects when discussing the relationship between foreign direct investment(FDI)and S0_(2) emissions.This study took the Yangtze River Delta as the research area and used the spatial panel data of 26 cities in this region for 2004-2017.The study investigated the spatial agglomeration effects and dynamics at work in FDI and S0_(2) emissions by using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation.Then,based on regression analysis using a results of traditional ordinary least squares(OLS)model and a spatial econometric model,the spatial Durbin model(SDM)with spatial-time effects was adopted to quantify the impact of FDI on S0_(2) emissions,so as to avoid the regression results bias caused by ignoring the spatial effects.The results revealed a significant spatial autocorrelation between FDI and S0_(2) emissions,both of which displayed obvious path dependence characteristics in their geographical distribution.A series of agglomeration regions were observed on the spatial scale.The estimation results of the SDM showed that FDI inflow promoted S0_(2) emissions,which supports the pollution haven hypothesis.The findings of this study are significant in the prevention and control of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta.

Empirical Study of China＇s Outward Foreign Direct Investment for 2001-2008

China＇s outward FDI has been increasing recently, as the country＇s policies over industrialization and national security change. Using financial data of 244 Chinese enterprises, this study empirically investigates the patterns and determinants of China＇s outward FDI from 2001 to 2008 for its seven major destinations. Tobit and multiple regression analyses indicate that early Chinese FDI in 2001 and 2002 is concentrated in the labor-intensive industries in Asia, like those of early Japanese FDI in the early 1970s as well as those of Korean FDI in 1990s. The results also indicate that non-production oriented manufacturers invested in North America, in order to seek for market cultivation, technological advance, R＆D skills, and name brands. We also found that the central state-owned enterprises are the key FDI players in the continents with locational disadvantages

Threshold Effects in the Capital Account Liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment Relationship

This paper examines how capital account liberalization （CAL） affects foreign direct investment （FDI） inflows. Authors use a dynamic panel model encompassing 14 Middle East countries over the period from 1985 to 2009. The findings suggest that countries that are able to reap the benefits of the capital openness policy satisfy certain threshold conditions regarding the level of financial development and institutional quality. Thus to promote FDI, governments in this region should develop a set of policies that not only focus on financial openness, but also on the improvement of the financial system and legal institutions.

LOCATIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND SPATIAL DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS FROM HONGKONG AND MACAO IN MAINLAND OF CHINA

Foreign direct investments (or FDIs) have been employed since the early 1980s and they have become more and more immportant in Chinese economic development. However, the roles of FDIs are very different between regions, partly due to the different locational preference of various source countries. Some facts show that FDIs from Hongkong - Macao indicate a strong locational preference. Therefore, this paper attempts to make an empirical research on the locational preference of Hongkong - Macao’s FDIs and their spatial diffusion under the support of statistical data with regrereion analysis. In this paper, three statistical models, including the special location model, the general location model and the spatial diffusion model, are created. The results show that this kind of analysis is successful. The major conclusions are as follows. (1) The optimum location for FDIs from Hongkong - Macao lies in the coastal area, especially Guangdong, Hainan, Jiangsu, Shandong, Fujian provinces. Besides, Hubei Province is also an important radon. (2) The FDIs from HongkongMacao in China have diffused gradually from the coastal provinces to the inland regions, the northem and the metropolis and from the locations that had attracted a large number of investments to their vicinities since the 1990s. (3) The special location factors, such as the herder effect, the unique social and kinship ties are the key factors determining the special locational distribution. (4) The general location and spatial diffusion of Hongkong - Macao’s FDIs are the results of interplay of several economic factors. They are the economic scale and advantage, the growth rate, the laier force and economic extrovert etc.

REGIONAL STRUCTURE OF CAPITAL MARKET OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN CHINA’S MAINLAND

Since China's reform and open door, the countries and regions of direct investment in China's mainland have been increasing. In 1995, the amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China was US$ 37.81 billion that was from more than 170 countries and regions. The regional structure of capital market of FDI in China has three characteristics: (1) The most of FDI was from the near countries or regions, Hong Kong Macao, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia provided 80.3% of the amount of FDI in 1995. (2) Only several countries and regions provided most of FDI in China. (3) According to the contributory rate, the main capital market of FDI in China could be divided into four classes, including the guiding market, subsidiary market, new and development market, opportunity market. Most of FDI in China was from the developing countries and regions, which had a negative effect on the size and technical level of foreign capital enterprises. The author puts forward the countermeasures to improve the regional structure of capital market: (1) to keep the guiding market stable, (2) to open up chiefly the subsidiary market, (3) to guide actively the new and developing market, (4) to try hard to start the opportunity market.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Agricultural Sector Output: The Case of Zimbabwe from 2000-2017

This research explored the impact of foreign direct investments on the Agricultural sector output with emphasis on exports in Zimbabwe from 2000-2017.The study sought to establish whether agriculture could flourish in the absence of foreign direct investments.It was also essential to investigate whether the injection of foreign direct investment into the Agriculture sector had a positive or negative impact on the outputs especially agricultural exports.The research used data drawn from a sample of five agricultural products which are tobacco,cotton lint,raw sugar,soya beans,and macadamia nuts.The Ordinary Least Squares and Unit Root tests were used because they assume that FDI can stimulate growth if it brings increasing returns to production and also in the outputs.The research study was a desktop research which used both qualitative and quantitative methods of collecting data.Data were obtained from Zimbabwe Statistics Agency(ZIMSTATS),foreign direct investment figures,and percentages of agricultural investment to total investments were collected from Zimbabwe Investment Authority(ZIA).Questionnaires were also used to obtain data from both those farmers who received and those who did not receive foreign investments as inputs.The results obtained showed that there was a positive relationship which could also be measured by the growth models employed to establish the growth in increased outputs and exports after injecting FDIs into agriculture.Recommendations were made to both farmers and the Ministry of Agriculture to attract more FDIs into Zimbabwe’s Agriculture sector.

Research Progress of Foreign Direct Investment and Global Value Chain Status

With the rapid development of globalization,the industries of various countries are actively seeking the best way to improve the global value chain(GVC)status while integrating into the world.As an important factor affecting the GVC status,foreign direct investment(FDI)has attracted extensive attention from scholars.On the basis of systematically summarizing the research progress of FDI theory,GVC status and the influence of FDI on GVC status,the paper tries to clarify the internal relationship between FDI and GVC status,explores the shortcomings of existing research,and puts forward the possible direction of future research.

数字经济、双向FDI与区域经济发展——基于IFDI与OFDI协同视角

选取2011—2020年27个省级面板数据,测度数字经济发展指数、IFDI与OFDI协同指数,应用中介效应检验方法并结合分位数回归探究数字经济发展对区域经济增长的作用机理。研究结果表明:数字经济水平可通过吸收外商直接投资推动区域经济发展;数字经济能够激励本土企业通过增加对外直接投资进而推动本区域经济的不断提升;与对外直接投资相比,数字经济对外商直接投资的促进作用更大;数字经济可推动外商直接投资与对外直接投资的双向协同互动,提升区域经济发展;外商直接投资、对外直接投资和双向FDI协同发展的中介效应存在区域差异性。

FDI的环境效应:“污染光环”抑或“污染天堂”?——基于面板ARDL-ECM模型的实证检验

构建ARDL-ECM模型,在全国样本和东、中、西地区样本下对外商直接投资(FDI)对碳排放的长期和短期影响进行实证检验。研究发现:(1)FDI对我国碳排放的影响具有明显的地区差异,其中东部地区支持了“污染天堂”假说,其他地区则支持了“污染光环”假说。(2)FDI对碳排放的长期效应与短期效应差异显著。(3)二氧化碳排放的规模效应显著为正,技术进步效应和结构效应显著为负,且东部地区FDI对碳排放的促进作用主要源于较大的规模效应以及较小的技术进步效应。(4)FDI是二氧化碳排放的格兰杰原因,且FDI与GDP、技术进步和产业结构互为因果关系,其他因素通过与FDI的相互作用影响碳排放,为将FDI的碳排放效应分解为规模效应、技术效应和结构效应提供了实际依据。

异质性FDI、R&D与海洋经济绿色全要素生产率

FDI是技术溢出的重要途径,其技术溢出效应的有效发挥受东道国吸收能力的制约,而东道国的吸收能力与一国的R&D息息相关。选取2004-2017年11个沿海省份的面板数据为样本,实证分析FDI、R&D以及二者交互项对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率的影响。结果表明:第一,不区分FDI来源的情况下,FDI水平的提高对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率具有反向抑制作用;第二,从整体上看,FDI与R&D的交互作用对海洋经济绿色全要素生产率具有积极的促进作用;第三,由于不同国家和地区在投资规模、投资结构、附带技术等方面有所不同,因此其对于海洋经济绿色全要素生产率的影响也会不同。

FDI对我国绿色全要素生产率影响研究

文章基于中国2011—2018年30个省份的面板数据,采用固定效应模型,实证检验外商直接投资(FDI)对绿色全要素生产率的影响。研究结果表明:首先,FDI对绿色全要素生产率具有显著的促进作用,验证了“污染光环”假说;其次,分地区样本的考察,发现地区间存在一定的异质性,相较于发达地区,欠发达地区外商直接投资对绿色全要素生产率的促进作用更为显著。

中国双向FDI协调发展的碳减排效应

该研究依据Copeland-Taylor构建的贸易环境效应一般均衡模型的分析框架,对双向FDI协调发展影响碳排放的作用机理进行阐释,然后基于2003—2020年中国30个省份双向FDI与碳排放数据,采用空间面板模型和Han-Phillips广义矩估计方法测度中国双向FDI协调发展的碳减排效应,并引入中介效应模型探讨其影响机制,最后进一步通过对空间模型求偏微分考察其空间溢出效应。研究发现:(1)中国双向FDI协调发展可以显著抑制中国碳排放水平的提高,碳排放高高聚集和低低聚集的空间分布及时间路径依赖特征显著,且经过稳健性和内生性检验后结果仍然成立。(2)异质性分析发现,东部地区双向FDI协调发展的碳减排作用最为明显,中部地区次之,而西部地区对碳排放影响的回归结果不显著,这主要与东部地区双向FDI协调发展水平最高、中部地区次之、西部地区一直处于极度失调状态有关。(3)影响机制的检验结果表明,双向FDI协调发展一方面通过提高资本劳动比降低碳排放水平,另一方面通过推动产业规模扩张和生产性技术水平提升对碳排放产生积极影响,但在结构效应、规模效应和技术效应的共同作用下,最终对碳排放具有显著的抑制效果。(4)空间溢出效应分析发现,中国各省区双向FDI协调发展水平的提高不仅对本地区的碳排放具有抑制作用,而且对邻近地区乃至全国的碳排放都具有抑制作用。针对以上研究发现,认为应做好双向FDI发展的协调工作,建立区域经济协同发展与污染治理联防联控的长期作用机制,进一步挖掘结构效应的减排效应,并鼓励引导技术进步向污染治理偏重。

FDI对我国创新能力的影响

工业4.0带来全球产业链、价值链深度重构,发挥创新的引领作用,增强创新在国民经济发展和改善民生中的第一动力作用,是应对当前错综复杂的国内外环境、支撑高质量发展的必由之路。利用新知识、新技术、新工艺,把握新机遇,稳步提升自身创新能力,不断进行自我革新,才能应对国际市场竞争的冲击。发展中国家纷纷通过吸引外资发挥其对自主创新能力的基础性作用,中国也先后实行了诸多引资策略来促进技术创新。本文着重讨论外商直接投资对我国创新产生的影响,并分析对区域创新能力的作用效果是否一致。