Background:The medical records of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)contain numerous synonymous terms with different descriptions,which is not conducive to computer-aided data mining of TCM.However,there is a lack of m...Background:The medical records of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)contain numerous synonymous terms with different descriptions,which is not conducive to computer-aided data mining of TCM.However,there is a lack of models available to normalize synonymous TCM terms.Therefore,construction of a synonymous term conversion(STC)model for normalizing synonymous TCM terms is necessary.Methods:Based on the neural networks of bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),four types of TCM STC models were designed:Models based on BERT and text classification,text sequence generation,named entity recognition,and text matching.The superior STC model was selected on the basis of its performance in converting synonymous terms.Moreover,three misjudgment inspection methods for the conversion results of the STC model based on inconsistency were proposed to find incorrect term conversion:Neuron random deactivation,output comparison of multiple isomorphic models,and output comparison of multiple heterogeneous models(OCMH).Results:The classification-based STC model outperformed the other STC task models.It achieved F1 scores of 0.91,0.91,and 0.83 for performing symptoms,patterns,and treatments STC tasks,respectively.The OCMH method showed the best performance in misjudgment inspection,with wrong detection rates of 0.80,0.84,and 0.90 in the term conversion results for symptoms,patterns,and treatments,respectively.Conclusion:The TCM STC model based on classification achieved superior performance in converting synonymous terms for symptoms,patterns,and treatments.The misjudgment inspection method based on OCMH showed superior performance in identifying incorrect outputs.展开更多
Emotion Recognition in Conversations(ERC)is fundamental in creating emotionally intelligentmachines.Graph-BasedNetwork(GBN)models have gained popularity in detecting conversational contexts for ERC tasks.However,their...Emotion Recognition in Conversations(ERC)is fundamental in creating emotionally intelligentmachines.Graph-BasedNetwork(GBN)models have gained popularity in detecting conversational contexts for ERC tasks.However,their limited ability to collect and acquire contextual information hinders their effectiveness.We propose a Text Augmentation-based computational model for recognizing emotions using transformers(TA-MERT)to address this.The proposed model uses the Multimodal Emotion Lines Dataset(MELD),which ensures a balanced representation for recognizing human emotions.Themodel used text augmentation techniques to producemore training data,improving the proposed model’s accuracy.Transformer encoders train the deep neural network(DNN)model,especially Bidirectional Encoder(BE)representations that capture both forward and backward contextual information.This integration improves the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model.Furthermore,we present a method for balancing the training dataset by creating enhanced samples from the original dataset.By balancing the dataset across all emotion categories,we can lessen the adverse effects of data imbalance on the accuracy of the proposed model.Experimental results on the MELD dataset show that TA-MERT outperforms earlier methods,achieving a weighted F1 score of 62.60%and an accuracy of 64.36%.Overall,the proposed TA-MERT model solves the GBN models’weaknesses in obtaining contextual data for ERC.TA-MERT model recognizes human emotions more accurately by employing text augmentation and transformer-based encoding.The balanced dataset and the additional training samples also enhance its resilience.These findings highlight the significance of transformer-based approaches for special emotion recognition in conversations.展开更多
Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requir...Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requires more syntactic elements.Most existing strategies focus on the general semantics of a conversation without involving the context of the sentence,recognizing the progress and comparing impacts.An ensemble pre-trained language model was taken up here to classify the conversation sentences from the conversation corpus.The conversational sentences are classified into four categories:information,question,directive,and commission.These classification label sequences are for analyzing the conversation progress and predicting the pecking order of the conversation.Ensemble of Bidirectional Encoder for Representation of Transformer(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT pretraining Approach(RoBERTa),Generative Pre-Trained Transformer(GPT),DistilBERT and Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding(XLNet)models are trained on conversation corpus with hyperparameters.Hyperparameter tuning approach is carried out for better performance on sentence classification.This Ensemble of Pre-trained Language Models with a Hyperparameter Tuning(EPLM-HT)system is trained on an annotated conversation dataset.The proposed approach outperformed compared to the base BERT,GPT,DistilBERT and XLNet transformer models.The proposed ensemble model with the fine-tuned parameters achieved an F1_score of 0.88.展开更多
针对民航陆空通话领域语料难以获取、实体分布不均,以及意图信息提取中实体规范不足且准确率有待提升等问题,为了更好地提取陆空通话意图信息,提出一种融合本体的基于双向转换编码器(bidirectional encoder representations from transf...针对民航陆空通话领域语料难以获取、实体分布不均,以及意图信息提取中实体规范不足且准确率有待提升等问题,为了更好地提取陆空通话意图信息,提出一种融合本体的基于双向转换编码器(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers,BERT)与生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)的陆空通话意图信息挖掘方法,并引入航班池信息对提取的部分信息进行校验修正,形成空中交通管制(air traffic control,ATC)系统可理解的结构化信息。首先,使用改进的GAN模型进行陆空通话智能文本生成,可有效进行数据增强,平衡各类实体信息分布并扩充数据集;然后,根据欧洲单一天空空中交通管理项目定义的本体规则进行意图的分类与标注;之后,通过BERT预训练模型生成字向量并解决一词多义问题,利用双向长短时记忆(bidirectional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)网络双向编码提取上下句语义特征,同时将该语义特征送入条件随机场(conditional random field,CRF)模型进行推理预测,学习标签的依赖关系并加以约束,以获取全局最优结果;最后,根据编辑距离(edit distance,ED)算法进行意图信息合理性校验与修正。对比实验结果表明,所提方法的宏平均F_(1)值达到了98.75%,在民航陆空通话数据集上的意图挖掘性能优于其他主流模型,为其加入数字化进程奠定了基础。展开更多
针对先前提示学习方法中存在的模板迭代更新周期长、泛化能力差等问题,基于改进的提示学习方法提出一种双通道的情感分析模型。首先,将序列化后的提示模板与输入词向量一起引入注意力机制结构,在输入词向量在多层注意力机制中更新的同...针对先前提示学习方法中存在的模板迭代更新周期长、泛化能力差等问题,基于改进的提示学习方法提出一种双通道的情感分析模型。首先,将序列化后的提示模板与输入词向量一起引入注意力机制结构,在输入词向量在多层注意力机制中更新的同时迭代更新提示模板;其次,在另一通道采用ALBERT(A Lite BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers))模型提取语义信息;最后,输出用集成方式提取的语义特征,提升整体模型的泛化能力。所提模型在SemEval2014的Laptop和Restaurants数据集、ACL(Association for Computational Linguistics)的Twitter数据集和斯坦福大学创建的SST-2数据集上进行实验,分类准确率达到80.88%、91.78%、76.78%和95.53%,与基线模型BERT_Large相比,分别提升0.99%、1.13%、3.39%和2.84%;与P-tuning v2相比,所提模型的分类准确率在Restaurants数据集、Twitter数据集以及SST-2数据集上分别有2.88%、3.60%和2.06%的提升,且比原方法更早达到收敛状态。展开更多
中文电子病历命名实体识别主要是研究电子病历病程记录文书数据集,文章提出对医疗手术麻醉文书数据集进行命名实体识别的研究。利用轻量级来自Transformer的双向编码器表示(A Lite Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transform...中文电子病历命名实体识别主要是研究电子病历病程记录文书数据集,文章提出对医疗手术麻醉文书数据集进行命名实体识别的研究。利用轻量级来自Transformer的双向编码器表示(A Lite Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers,ALBERT)预训练模型微调数据集和Tranfomers中的trainer训练器训练模型的方法,实现在医疗手术麻醉文书上识别手术麻醉事件命名实体与获取复杂麻醉医疗质量控制指标值。文章为医疗手术麻醉文书命名实体识别提供了可借鉴的思路,并且为计算复杂麻醉医疗质量控制指标值提供了一种新的解决方案。展开更多
首先利用bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT)模型的强大的语境理解能力来提取数据法律文本的深层语义特征,然后引入细粒度特征提取层,依照注意力机制,重点关注文本中与数据法律问答相关的关键部分,最后对...首先利用bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT)模型的强大的语境理解能力来提取数据法律文本的深层语义特征,然后引入细粒度特征提取层,依照注意力机制,重点关注文本中与数据法律问答相关的关键部分,最后对所采集的法律问答数据集进行训练和评估.结果显示:与传统的多个单一模型相比,所提出的模型在准确度、精确度、召回率、F1分数等关键性能指标上均有提升,表明该系统能够更有效地理解和回应复杂的数据法学问题,为研究数据法学的专业人士和公众用户提供更高质量的问答服务.展开更多
针对油气领域知识图谱构建过程中命名实体识别使用传统方法存在实体特征信息提取不准确、识别效率低的问题,提出了一种基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的命名实体识别研究方法。该方法首先利用BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from...针对油气领域知识图谱构建过程中命名实体识别使用传统方法存在实体特征信息提取不准确、识别效率低的问题,提出了一种基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的命名实体识别研究方法。该方法首先利用BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers)预训练模型得到输入序列语义的词向量;然后将训练后的词向量输入双向长短期记忆网络(bi-directional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)模型进一步获取上下文特征;最后根据条件随机场(conditional random fields,CRF)的标注规则和序列解码能力输出最大概率序列标注结果,构建油气领域命名实体识别模型框架。将BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型与其他2种命名实体识别模型(BiLSTM-CRF、BiLSTM-Attention-CRF)在包括3万多条文本语料数据、4类实体的自建数据集上进行了对比实验。实验结果表明,BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的准确率(P)、召回率(R)和F_(1)值分别达到91.3%、94.5%和92.9%,实体识别效果优于其他2种模型。展开更多
While encryption technology safeguards the security of network communications,malicious traffic also uses encryption protocols to obscure its malicious behavior.To address the issues of traditional machine learning me...While encryption technology safeguards the security of network communications,malicious traffic also uses encryption protocols to obscure its malicious behavior.To address the issues of traditional machine learning methods relying on expert experience and the insufficient representation capabilities of existing deep learning methods for encrypted malicious traffic,we propose an encrypted malicious traffic classification method that integrates global semantic features with local spatiotemporal features,called BERT-based Spatio-Temporal Features Network(BSTFNet).At the packet-level granularity,the model captures the global semantic features of packets through the attention mechanism of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)model.At the byte-level granularity,we initially employ the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)model to extract temporal features from bytes,followed by the utilization of the Text Convolutional Neural Network(TextCNN)model with multi-sized convolution kernels to extract local multi-receptive field spatial features.The fusion of features from both granularities serves as the ultimate multidimensional representation of malicious traffic.Our approach achieves accuracy and F1-score of 99.39%and 99.40%,respectively,on the publicly available USTC-TFC2016 dataset,and effectively reduces sample confusion within the Neris and Virut categories.The experimental results demonstrate that our method has outstanding representation and classification capabilities for encrypted malicious traffic.展开更多
基金The National Key R&D Program of China supported this study(2017YFC1700303).
文摘Background:The medical records of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)contain numerous synonymous terms with different descriptions,which is not conducive to computer-aided data mining of TCM.However,there is a lack of models available to normalize synonymous TCM terms.Therefore,construction of a synonymous term conversion(STC)model for normalizing synonymous TCM terms is necessary.Methods:Based on the neural networks of bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT),four types of TCM STC models were designed:Models based on BERT and text classification,text sequence generation,named entity recognition,and text matching.The superior STC model was selected on the basis of its performance in converting synonymous terms.Moreover,three misjudgment inspection methods for the conversion results of the STC model based on inconsistency were proposed to find incorrect term conversion:Neuron random deactivation,output comparison of multiple isomorphic models,and output comparison of multiple heterogeneous models(OCMH).Results:The classification-based STC model outperformed the other STC task models.It achieved F1 scores of 0.91,0.91,and 0.83 for performing symptoms,patterns,and treatments STC tasks,respectively.The OCMH method showed the best performance in misjudgment inspection,with wrong detection rates of 0.80,0.84,and 0.90 in the term conversion results for symptoms,patterns,and treatments,respectively.Conclusion:The TCM STC model based on classification achieved superior performance in converting synonymous terms for symptoms,patterns,and treatments.The misjudgment inspection method based on OCMH showed superior performance in identifying incorrect outputs.
文摘Emotion Recognition in Conversations(ERC)is fundamental in creating emotionally intelligentmachines.Graph-BasedNetwork(GBN)models have gained popularity in detecting conversational contexts for ERC tasks.However,their limited ability to collect and acquire contextual information hinders their effectiveness.We propose a Text Augmentation-based computational model for recognizing emotions using transformers(TA-MERT)to address this.The proposed model uses the Multimodal Emotion Lines Dataset(MELD),which ensures a balanced representation for recognizing human emotions.Themodel used text augmentation techniques to producemore training data,improving the proposed model’s accuracy.Transformer encoders train the deep neural network(DNN)model,especially Bidirectional Encoder(BE)representations that capture both forward and backward contextual information.This integration improves the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model.Furthermore,we present a method for balancing the training dataset by creating enhanced samples from the original dataset.By balancing the dataset across all emotion categories,we can lessen the adverse effects of data imbalance on the accuracy of the proposed model.Experimental results on the MELD dataset show that TA-MERT outperforms earlier methods,achieving a weighted F1 score of 62.60%and an accuracy of 64.36%.Overall,the proposed TA-MERT model solves the GBN models’weaknesses in obtaining contextual data for ERC.TA-MERT model recognizes human emotions more accurately by employing text augmentation and transformer-based encoding.The balanced dataset and the additional training samples also enhance its resilience.These findings highlight the significance of transformer-based approaches for special emotion recognition in conversations.
文摘Sentence classification is the process of categorizing a sentence based on the context of the sentence.Sentence categorization requires more semantic highlights than other tasks,such as dependence parsing,which requires more syntactic elements.Most existing strategies focus on the general semantics of a conversation without involving the context of the sentence,recognizing the progress and comparing impacts.An ensemble pre-trained language model was taken up here to classify the conversation sentences from the conversation corpus.The conversational sentences are classified into four categories:information,question,directive,and commission.These classification label sequences are for analyzing the conversation progress and predicting the pecking order of the conversation.Ensemble of Bidirectional Encoder for Representation of Transformer(BERT),Robustly Optimized BERT pretraining Approach(RoBERTa),Generative Pre-Trained Transformer(GPT),DistilBERT and Generalized Autoregressive Pretraining for Language Understanding(XLNet)models are trained on conversation corpus with hyperparameters.Hyperparameter tuning approach is carried out for better performance on sentence classification.This Ensemble of Pre-trained Language Models with a Hyperparameter Tuning(EPLM-HT)system is trained on an annotated conversation dataset.The proposed approach outperformed compared to the base BERT,GPT,DistilBERT and XLNet transformer models.The proposed ensemble model with the fine-tuned parameters achieved an F1_score of 0.88.
文摘针对民航陆空通话领域语料难以获取、实体分布不均,以及意图信息提取中实体规范不足且准确率有待提升等问题,为了更好地提取陆空通话意图信息,提出一种融合本体的基于双向转换编码器(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers,BERT)与生成对抗网络(generative adversarial network,GAN)的陆空通话意图信息挖掘方法,并引入航班池信息对提取的部分信息进行校验修正,形成空中交通管制(air traffic control,ATC)系统可理解的结构化信息。首先,使用改进的GAN模型进行陆空通话智能文本生成,可有效进行数据增强,平衡各类实体信息分布并扩充数据集;然后,根据欧洲单一天空空中交通管理项目定义的本体规则进行意图的分类与标注;之后,通过BERT预训练模型生成字向量并解决一词多义问题,利用双向长短时记忆(bidirectional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)网络双向编码提取上下句语义特征,同时将该语义特征送入条件随机场(conditional random field,CRF)模型进行推理预测,学习标签的依赖关系并加以约束,以获取全局最优结果;最后,根据编辑距离(edit distance,ED)算法进行意图信息合理性校验与修正。对比实验结果表明,所提方法的宏平均F_(1)值达到了98.75%,在民航陆空通话数据集上的意图挖掘性能优于其他主流模型,为其加入数字化进程奠定了基础。
文摘针对先前提示学习方法中存在的模板迭代更新周期长、泛化能力差等问题,基于改进的提示学习方法提出一种双通道的情感分析模型。首先,将序列化后的提示模板与输入词向量一起引入注意力机制结构,在输入词向量在多层注意力机制中更新的同时迭代更新提示模板;其次,在另一通道采用ALBERT(A Lite BERT(Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers))模型提取语义信息;最后,输出用集成方式提取的语义特征,提升整体模型的泛化能力。所提模型在SemEval2014的Laptop和Restaurants数据集、ACL(Association for Computational Linguistics)的Twitter数据集和斯坦福大学创建的SST-2数据集上进行实验,分类准确率达到80.88%、91.78%、76.78%和95.53%,与基线模型BERT_Large相比,分别提升0.99%、1.13%、3.39%和2.84%;与P-tuning v2相比,所提模型的分类准确率在Restaurants数据集、Twitter数据集以及SST-2数据集上分别有2.88%、3.60%和2.06%的提升,且比原方法更早达到收敛状态。
文摘中文电子病历命名实体识别主要是研究电子病历病程记录文书数据集,文章提出对医疗手术麻醉文书数据集进行命名实体识别的研究。利用轻量级来自Transformer的双向编码器表示(A Lite Bidirectional Encoder Representation from Transformers,ALBERT)预训练模型微调数据集和Tranfomers中的trainer训练器训练模型的方法,实现在医疗手术麻醉文书上识别手术麻醉事件命名实体与获取复杂麻醉医疗质量控制指标值。文章为医疗手术麻醉文书命名实体识别提供了可借鉴的思路,并且为计算复杂麻醉医疗质量控制指标值提供了一种新的解决方案。
文摘首先利用bidirectional encoder representations from transformers(BERT)模型的强大的语境理解能力来提取数据法律文本的深层语义特征,然后引入细粒度特征提取层,依照注意力机制,重点关注文本中与数据法律问答相关的关键部分,最后对所采集的法律问答数据集进行训练和评估.结果显示:与传统的多个单一模型相比,所提出的模型在准确度、精确度、召回率、F1分数等关键性能指标上均有提升,表明该系统能够更有效地理解和回应复杂的数据法学问题,为研究数据法学的专业人士和公众用户提供更高质量的问答服务.
文摘针对油气领域知识图谱构建过程中命名实体识别使用传统方法存在实体特征信息提取不准确、识别效率低的问题,提出了一种基于BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的命名实体识别研究方法。该方法首先利用BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers)预训练模型得到输入序列语义的词向量;然后将训练后的词向量输入双向长短期记忆网络(bi-directional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)模型进一步获取上下文特征;最后根据条件随机场(conditional random fields,CRF)的标注规则和序列解码能力输出最大概率序列标注结果,构建油气领域命名实体识别模型框架。将BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型与其他2种命名实体识别模型(BiLSTM-CRF、BiLSTM-Attention-CRF)在包括3万多条文本语料数据、4类实体的自建数据集上进行了对比实验。实验结果表明,BERT-BiLSTM-CRF模型的准确率(P)、召回率(R)和F_(1)值分别达到91.3%、94.5%和92.9%,实体识别效果优于其他2种模型。
基金This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61806171Sichuan University of Science&Engineering Talent Project under Grant No.2021RC15+2 种基金Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory for Non-Destructive Testing and Engineering Computer of Sichuan Province Universities on Bridge Inspection and Engineering under Grant No.2022QYJ06Sichuan University of Science&Engineering Graduate Student Innovation Fund under Grant No.Y2023115The Scientific Research and Innovation Team Program of Sichuan University of Science and Technology under Grant No.SUSE652A006.
文摘While encryption technology safeguards the security of network communications,malicious traffic also uses encryption protocols to obscure its malicious behavior.To address the issues of traditional machine learning methods relying on expert experience and the insufficient representation capabilities of existing deep learning methods for encrypted malicious traffic,we propose an encrypted malicious traffic classification method that integrates global semantic features with local spatiotemporal features,called BERT-based Spatio-Temporal Features Network(BSTFNet).At the packet-level granularity,the model captures the global semantic features of packets through the attention mechanism of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers(BERT)model.At the byte-level granularity,we initially employ the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit(BiGRU)model to extract temporal features from bytes,followed by the utilization of the Text Convolutional Neural Network(TextCNN)model with multi-sized convolution kernels to extract local multi-receptive field spatial features.The fusion of features from both granularities serves as the ultimate multidimensional representation of malicious traffic.Our approach achieves accuracy and F1-score of 99.39%and 99.40%,respectively,on the publicly available USTC-TFC2016 dataset,and effectively reduces sample confusion within the Neris and Virut categories.The experimental results demonstrate that our method has outstanding representation and classification capabilities for encrypted malicious traffic.
