Modeling and Current Programmed Control of a Bidirectional Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Modelling of bidirectional full bridge DC-DC converter as one of the most applicable converters has received significant attention. Mathematical modelling reduces the simulation time in comparison with detailed circuit response;moreover it is convenient for controller design purpose. Due to simple and effective methodology, average state space is the most common method among the modelling methods. In this paper a bidirectional full bridge converter is modelled by average state space and for each mode of operations a controller is designed. Attained mathematical model results are in a close agreement with detailed circuit simulation.

A Resonant Dual Full-Bridge Class-E Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle

The interests on energy storage schemes, bidirectional dc-dc converter and uninterruptible power supplies have been increasing nowadays as there wide researches are undertaken in the area of electric vehicles. A modified bi directional class-E resonant dc-dc converter is introduced here in this proposed topology for the application in electric vehicles. The advantages of soft switching techniques have been utilized for making analysis simple. The main advantage here in this system is that it can operate in a wide range of frequencies with minimal switching loss in transistors. This paper elaborates a detailed analysis on converter design and the same has been simulated and verified in Matlab/Simulink.

Design and Analysis of a 24 Vdc to 48 Vdc Bidirectional DC-DC Converter Specifically for a Distributed Energy Application

The design of a bidirectional dc-dc power converter specifically for a distributed energy application is presented. The existing two different DC voltage battery bank of the distributed generation needs to interlink each other using a bi-directional dc-dc converter in order to minimize the unbalance of the output load currents of the three inverters connected to electric grid system. Through this connection, a current can flow from one system to another or vice versa depending on which systems need the current most. Thus, unbalanced currents of the grid line have been minimized and the reliability and performance of the DER grid connected system has been increased. A detailed mathematical analysis of the converter under steady state and transient condition are presented. Mathematical models for boost and buck modes are being derived and the simulink model is constructed in order to simulate the system. Moreover, the model has been validated on the actual operation of the converter, showing that the simulated results in Matlab Simulink are consistent with the experimental ones.

Experimental Evaluation of Medium-Voltage Cascode Gallium Nitride(GaN)Devices for Bidirectional DC-DC Converters

Wide bandgap(WBG)semiconductors,such as silicon carbide(SiC)and gallium nitride(GaN),exhibit superior physical properties and demonstrate great potential for replacing conventional silicon(Si)semiconductors with WBG technology,pushing the boundaries of power devices to handle higher blocking voltages,switching frequencies,output power levels,and operating temperatures.However,tradeoffs in switching performance and converter efficiency when substituting GaN devices for Si and SiC counterparts are not well-defined,especially in a cascode configuration.Additional research with further detailed investigation and analysis is necessitated for medium-voltage GaN devices in power converter applications.Therefore,the aim of this research is to experimentally investigate the impact of emerging 650/900 V cascode GaN devices on bidirectional dc-dc converters that are suitable for energy storage and distributed renewable energy systems.Dynamic characteristics of Si,SiC,and cascode GaN power devices are examined through the double-pulse test(DPT)circuit at different gate resistance values,device currents,and DC bus voltages.Furthermore,the switching behavior and energy loss as well as the rate of voltage and current changes over the time are studied and analyzed at various operating conditions.A 500 W experimental converter prototype is implemented to validate the benefits of cascode GaN devices on the converter operation and performance.Comprehensive analysis of the power losses and efficiency improvements for Si-based,SiC-based,and GaN-based converters are performed and evaluated as the switching frequency,working temperature,and output power level are in-creased.The experimental results reveal significant improvements in switching performance and energy efficiency from the emerging cascode GaN devices in the bidirectional converters.

Multi-Phase QR ZCS Switched-Capacitor Bidirectional Power Converter for PV System Application

The multi-phase implementation in the QR （quasi resonant） ZCS （zero current switching） SC （switched capacitor） bidirectional DC-DC converter structure has been proposed to reduce current ripple, switching loss and significantly increase the converter efficiency and power density. This approach provides a more precise output voltage to obtain voltage conversion ratios from the double-mode versus half-mode to n-mode versus 1/n mode. This is accomplished by adding a different number of switched-capacitors and power MOSFET switches with a small series connected resonant inductor for forward and reverse schemes. The size and cost can be reduced when the proposed converter has been designed with the coupled inductors. The simulation and experimental results have been used to demonstrate the performance of the two-phase with and without coupled inductor interleaved QR ZCS SC converters for bidirectional power flow control application, and an extending structure for N-phase is mentioned.

A Review of Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converters for Data Centers

In today’s fast-paced,information-driven world,data centers can offer high-speed,intricate capabilities on a larger scale owing to the ever-growing demand for networks and information systems.Because data centers process and transmit information,stability and reliability are important.Data center power supply architectures rely heavily on isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters to ensure safety and stability.For the smooth operation of a data center,the power supply must be reliable and uninterrupted.In this study,we summarize the basic principle,topology,switch conversion strategy,and control technology of the existing isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters.Subsequently,existing research results and problems with isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters are reviewed.Finally,future trends in the development of isolated bidirectional DC-DC converters for data centers are presented,which offer valuable insights for solving engineering obstacles and future research directions in the field.

基于ZVS的双向全桥DC-DC变换器最小回流功率双重移相分段控制

双向全桥DC-DC(DAB)变换器在直流微电网作为可再生能源与储能设备的能量传输环节,通过实现零电压开关(ZVS)和最小回流功率,可显著地提升DAB变换器的性能,从而提高直流微电网的稳定性。但同时实现ZVS和最小回流功率控制在理论上是相互制约的。针对这一问题,该文提出一种基于ZVS的最小回流功率双重移相分段控制策略。通过对双重移相下的传输功率进行分段,前段将ZVS作为约束条件,得到基于ZVS条件下的最小回流功率控制策略,后段通过KKT条件法实现在给定传输功率下的最小回流功率控制策略。通过将所提控制策略和传统的双重移相控制对比分析,发现所提控制策略具有更小的回流功率和电流应力,提高了变换器的性能。最后,基于所提控制策略搭建实验样机,验证了控制策略的正确性和有效性。

The Hybrid Bidirectional DC/DC Converter:Mutual Control and Stability Analysis

A hybrid bidirectional DC/DC converter(BDC)is proposed as the fundamental DC/DC module in solid-state transformers,which combines a bidirectional LLC converter and a dual-active-bridge(DAB)converter.Integrated with a mutual control scheme,both parts of this hybrid BDC can be unified into an interdependent community.In this hybrid BDC,the LLC converter supports the output voltage and improves stability by working at the resonant frequency mode and the DAB converter enhances the BDC power capability by controlling the LLC output current constant.The BDC can achieve the full-load-range soft switching of all active switches by designing the auxiliary inductor of LLC and the minimum output current of DAB.By comparing to the single DAB,the proposed BDC has the higher phase and gain margin which means the BDC improved the relative stability based on Nyquist criterion.To solve the bidirectional power control problem,a dead-band voltage control logic is adopted which can determine the BDC’s power direction based on the output voltage change.A 200 V experimental system has verified the aforementioned features and functions of the BDC.

一种可实现双向故障闭锁的双极Y型模块化多电平直流变换器

直流电网互联通常采用隔离型高压大功率直流变换器,但其存在体积大、成本高及传输效率较低等问题。该文提出一种双极Y型模块化多电平DC/DC变换器,其避免使用中间变压器,实现直流功率双向传输,并且可以有效闭锁双向直流故障。首先分析了变换器拓扑结构及故障闭锁工作原理,并根据桥臂内电势等效原理建立了数学模型。基于变换器臂间、相间能量平衡约束,在闭环控制的基础上引入桥臂电流补偿控制,提升变换器暂态性能。最后,在Matlab/Simulink搭建了采用模块化多电平DC/DC变换器(modularmultilevelDC/DCconverter,DC-MMC)的直流输电系统仿真模型,通过对端口电流、桥臂电流及桥臂电容电压等动态指标的分析,验证了所提DC-MMC双向功率传输控制及双向故障闭锁能力的可行性和有效性。

基于双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的退役电池组均衡方法

退役电池在储能应用过程中,由于其较大的不一致性问题会导致退役电池组出现过充或过放现象,从而限制电池组整体的容量甚至引起热失控,造成安全隐患。针对以上问题,设计一种基于双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的有源均衡电路。该均衡电路通过开关阵列与隔离型双向半桥LLC谐振变换器的相互配合,能够实现单体电池与电池组整体之间的能量传递,使退役电池组中各单体电池达到能量平衡。另外,为进一步提高均衡器的均衡速度及精度,提出一种联合电压与荷电状态(SOC)共同作为均衡变量的多状态均衡控制策略。依据电池组当前不同的能量状态,在电池组静置、充电及放电3种不同状态下,分别采用不同的均衡变量以及对应的均衡策略,从而实现电池组的快速均衡。最后,通过搭建小型的均衡实验样机对6节串联电池进行均衡实验,实验结果表明,所提均衡方法具有较快的均衡速度及较好的均衡效果。

Quasi-Z-Source Based Bidirectional DC-DC Converter and Its Control Strategy

This paper presents a quasi-Z-source based isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter(qZIBDC)for renewable energy applications.The converter utilizes a dual active bridge circuit with a quasi-Z-source network on both sides,so the converter works as buck/boost converter from either side.It has a wider input/output voltage operating range,soft-switching capabilities without additional devices,and higher boost capability than a traditional dual active bridge circuit.Apart from that,shoot-through states are incorporated in its operating cycle to boost the input voltage resulting in high reliability of the proposed converter.Due to the symmetrical structure of the circuit,there is no defined high voltage or low voltage side as in traditional isolated bidirectional DC-DC converter.The operating principle and control strategy of the proposed converter are presented.Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter topology and its control strategy.

Dynamic and static performance optimization of dual active bridge DC-DC converters

High efficiency and fast dynamic response are two main control objectives for dual active bridge(DAB)DC-DC converters. Traditional extended phase shift(EPS)control can significantly enhance the conversion efficiency of DAB DC-DC converters by reducing current stress;however, it cannot fulfill fast dynamic response requirements. In this paper, a novel hybrid control scheme consisting of EPS control and direct power control(DPC),named as EPS-DPC, is proposed. EPS-DPC control has salient features in both efficiency and dynamic performance. In order to verify the outstanding performance of the proposed EPS-DPC scheme, an experimental comparison was carried out on a scale-down DAB DC-DC converter among several control strategies, including single phase shift control with traditional voltage-loop(SPS-TVL), EPS control with traditional voltage-loop(EPSVTL), and EPS-DPC. Experimental results have been high consistent with theoretical analysis, and verified these advantages of the proposed EPS-DPC scheme.

Non-isolated stacked bidirectional soft-switching DC-DC converter with PWM plus phase-shift control scheme

In this paper, a non-isolated stacked bidirectional DC-DC converter with zero-voltage-switching(ZVS) is introduced for the high step-up/step-down conversion systems. The extremely narrow turn-on and/or turn-off duty cycle existing in the conventional bidirectional buck-boost converters can be extended due to the stacked module configuration for large voltage conversion ratio applications. Furthermore, the switch voltage stress is halved because of the series connection of half bridge modules. The PWM plus phase-shift control strategy is employed, where the duty cycle is adopted to regulate the voltages between the input and output sides and the phaseshift angle is applied to achieve the power flow regulation.This decoupled control scheme can not only realize seamless bidirectional transition operation, but also achieve adaptive voltage balance for the power switches. In addition, ZVS soft-switching operation for all active switches is realized to minimize the switching losses. Finally, a prototype of 1 kW operating at 100 kHz is built and tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed converter and the control strategy.

副边调整式三端口半桥DC-DC变换器

在包含储能环节的独立新能源发电系统中,采用三端口变换器代替多个独立的变换器具有效率高、功率密度高、可靠性高和体积成本低等优点。分析三个端口之间的功率关系,发现了半桥变换器的原边电路寄生双向Buck/Boost拓扑,据此提出基于半桥式拓扑的隔离式三端口变换器拓扑生成思想;给出副边调整式和原边调整式两类三端口半桥变换器拓扑。以其中的副边调整式三端口半桥变换器拓扑为例,分析变换器的工作原理并进行实验验证,实验结果验证了所提出拓扑和理论分析的正确性。

隔离式双向全桥DC-DC变换器的功率控制特性比较与分析

针对非谐振和谐振式带隔离的双向全桥DC-DC变换器的不同特点,推导了这两种DC-DC变换器功率传输的统一表达式,该功率表达式可以统一描述这两种不同拓扑的功率传输特性。针对隔离式双向全桥DC-DC变换器的开关器件在高频工况下的强迫开通/关断方式,带来较大的开关损耗,造成变换器效率下降的问题,本文以一种带隔离的LC谐振式DC-DC变换器为研究对象,提出了一种移相控制的DC-DC变换器控制策略,在该策略下,DC-DC变换器的功率器件能够实现零电压开通,并且通过谐振减小了功率器件的关断损耗,从而提高了系统的效率。仿真和实验结果验证了文中所提出控制策略的有效性。

双Buck/Boost集成双有源桥三端口DC-DC变换器

在传统的双有源桥变换器的基础上集成两个双向Buck/Boost电路,提出了一种双Buck/Boost集成双有源桥三端口DC-DC变换器,该变换器实现了桥臂开关管的复用,提高了功率密度。以光伏-蓄电池混合发电系统为例对该变换器拓扑进行分析,采用移相+PWM进行控制,通过控制移相角实现输入与输出端口间功率传输,通过调节占空比来匹配输入端口电压等级,以实现光伏端口的最大功率点跟踪和平衡蓄电池端口的能量传递。分析了该变换器的工作原理、稳态与软开关特性,该变换器较大程度地改善了传统移相控制下DAB在移相角较小时的软开关条件,使得在宽工作范围内能够实现所有功率开关管的软开关。最后建立300W实验样机进行方案验证。

双有源桥变换器拓扑结构与控制策略研究综述

针对功率双向传输系统中的核心—双有源桥DAB(dual-active-bridge)变换器,首先对其基本原理与拓扑结构进行概述;然后,介绍了DAB变换器单移相、双重移相、拓展移相与三重移相这4种基本调制策略;进一步地,对基于这4种调制策略的控制优化建模、优化实现进行了对比分析;最后,对DAB变换器在实际应用中所面临的问题与解决方案进行了探讨。随着直流配电、储能、分布式能源技术的进一步发展,DAB变换器将迎来广阔的应用前景。

基于双向半桥CLLLC谐振变换器的锂电池均衡电路

锂电池因其能量密度高、自放电率低等优点被广泛应用于新能源领域。由于每个电池单体容量不尽相同,在使用时往往伴随着电池过充、过放等问题,电池使用寿命将受到极大影响,严重时甚至会出现自燃、爆炸等安全问题。该文提出基于双向半桥CLLLC谐振变换器的锂电池均衡电路,通过其在不同工作状态下的四种工作路径,可实现任意电池单体间的容量均衡。搭建一套6个电池单体的均衡电路,根据实验结果验证了所提基于双向半桥CLLLC谐振变换器的锂电池均衡电路具有均衡路径灵活、均衡速度快、均衡效率高和绕组数量减半等优点。

LCL谐振型双有源全桥双向DC-DC变换器分析与控制

研究了一种新型LCL谐振型双有源全桥双向DC-DC变换器。根据LCL谐振网络的基本特性,在双移相控制方式下,使得初、次级全桥的交流侧电压与电流同相位,实现了单位功率因数,基本可以消除双有源全桥变换器中普遍存在的回流功率。在时域波形分析的基础上,建立了各次谐波的交流等效模型,计算了各次谐波传输功率相对于基波传输有功功率的比值,并通过基波近似法进一步研究了变换器的功率传输特性。最后,设计了一台额定功率为3.6kW的实验样机,特征波形、回流功率的实验与分析结果吻合,并验证了其运行在宽负载电压和功率范围内的良好特性。

双有源桥四绕组变压器双向DC-DC变换器

基于传统的双有源桥(DAB)电路在变压器一次、二次绕组均将中心抽头引出,分别连接到两侧分压电容中点处,提出一种具有四绕组变压器结构的双有源桥双向DC-DC变换器拓扑,其采用三重移相控制(TPS),在同时具有升降压增益特性的应用场合下,保留了传统DAB优点的同时,两侧引出的中心抽头在低功率等级下又能够为一次、二次侧最差软开关条件的功率开关管提供零电压开通的反向电流,进一步拓宽了软开关范围。本文首先介绍了改进型双向变换器的拓扑演化过程及基本电路构成,通过对电路进行等效化简,推导出其三角形等效电路模型;其次对电路在TPS调制方式下的工作模式进行分类,并以正向模式(Ⅰ-1)A为例对电路的稳态工作过程进行分析;然后分析变换器软开关特性,在电压增益分别处于升降压特性时,分别以桥内移相角φ1与φ2作为主变量进行控制,能够保证全功率范围下的所有功率管的软开关实现;最后建立了1kW实验样机,验证了上述分析的正确性。