白马雪山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)垂直迁移(英文)

2000-2001年间,在白马雪山国家级自然保护区南任村附近,通过在四个山坡每隔海拔100米的样带(宽5.0米)内搜集黑白仰鼻猴的粪便来研究猴群不同季节的垂直迁移模式。同时,通过在每个地区山脊上和山沟内搜集2.5米宽垂直样带内的粪便,来研究猴群不同季节对山脊和山沟的选择性。结果表明:猴群在海拔3500-4300米的区域活动。虽然猴群全年集中利用3900-4200米的林带;但是具有季节性差异:夏季最高(4200米),依次是秋季(4100米)和冬季(4000米),夏季最低(3900米)。另外,冬季山沟中的粪便多于山脊说明猴群在沟中停留时间长,这与沟中少风且温度高有关。不同海拔带上的粪便密度和松萝量间正相关,这意味着食物资源的垂直分布是影响猴群垂直迁移的重要因素。春季,猴群会下到低海拔采食嫩芽/叶,而冬季则下到低海拔处躲避首次大雪,这很可能导致猴群集中利用第二个海拔带。

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)的数量分布及食性调查

滇金丝猴为我国一级保护动物,也属世界珍稀灵长类。其种群数量、分布区域等尚少深入全面的调查。1985~1986年笔者在横断山脉中段,对此进行了考察,现就有关数量、分布、栖息生境及食性等报道如下。

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月—2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究。采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分。研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%。木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%。冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05)。

龙马山黑白仰鼻猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)夜宿地选择研究

2013年1月17日至2月8日,在龙马山对黑白仰鼻猴夜宿地的选择利用情况进行调查研究,共调查20个夜宿地样方和20个非夜宿地对照样方,并对夜宿地13个生态因子进行主成分分析;用非参数估计中的秩和检验对夜宿地与非夜宿地的13个生态因子进行比较分析。结果表明:龙马山黑白仰鼻猴的夜宿地选择主要受乔木高度和松萝分布的影响,同时还受到乔木冠幅、乔木胸径、海拔和人为干扰等其他生态因子的影响。

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)子宫颈的大体和显微形态学

本文研究了滇金丝猴子宫颈的形态结构。结果表明,滇金丝猴的子宫颈不发达,呈扁平状结构。不存在子宫颈丘,子宫颈管基本上是直的或稍弯曲;粘膜平滑,腺体和隐窝贫乏。子宫颈外口为较薄的腹侧唇和较厚的背侧唇所包围。背侧穹窿深于腹侧穹窿。复层鳞状上皮与柱状上皮的连接位于子宫颈外口处。子宫颈上皮由纤毛细胞和分泌细胞组成。

滇金丝猴（Rhinopithecusbieti）现状及其保护对策研究

滇金丝猴（Ｒｈｉｎｏｐｉｔｈｅｃｕｓｂｉｅｔｉ）是我国特有的珍稀濒危动物，生活在海拔３８００～４３００ｍ的原始冷杉林中，但有时也会在４３００～４７００ｍ的低矮灌丛、草甸和流石滩上活动达数小时之久，甚至能跨越近千米的无林高海拔地带，因而它们是海拔分布最高的非人灵长类。松萝是它们的主要食物，取食松萝的时间占总取食时间的９１％。猴群活动范围可达近百平方公里。笔者在历时８年的野外考察中，已查明这一物种的全部现存自然种群只有１３个，分布在云南的德钦、兰坪、潍西、丽江和西藏的芒康这五县境内，其现存种群数量为１０００～１５００只；所有现存自然种群几乎均处在相互隔离的状态，群间已不可能进行基因交流，充分表明它们已到达灭绝边缘。然而其栖息地内的商业伐木规模仍在继续扩大，周围的人口压力正在不断增加，各猴群均面临不同程度的偷猎压力。这一现状委实令人担忧。如何拯救这一“国宝”

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)食性的分析

由野外大猴群摄食行为观察、捕获个体摄食偏好度观察、它们粪便的显微鉴定及定量分析、消化能力测定和寄生虫鉴定等五方面证据汇聚的信息表明:滇金丝猴的主要食物是被子植物类型;而曾被误认为是其主食的冷杉等寒带裸子植物叶则几乎不是其食物。故滇金丝猴应更适应热带亚热带被子植物环境而非高山寒温带云冷杉植物群;故该种猴现代高山分布成因需深入研究。鉴于研究现状,本文特别把方法学问题提到一个不宜忽略的位置上。

Activity budget of Rhinopithecus bieti at Tibet:Effects of day length,temperature and food availability

How animals allocate their time to various activities has significant consequences for their survival because they reflectthe different constraints on time-energy balances. Many ecological variables, such as day length, temperature, food availability,are supposed to effect on activity budgets allocation of temperate primates. To examine the potential influence of these threevariables, the activity budgets of Rhinopithecus bieti was studied at Xiaochangdu, Tibet from June 2003 to March 2005. Pearsoncorrelations were utilized to assess potential relationships between activity budget and day length, food availability and temperature,and stepwise multiple regressions to identify the priority of resting and other activities (activities besides feeding, movingand resting). Time spent resting and doing 'other activities' is positively related to day length, temperature and food availability.No significant correlations were found between feeding/moving time and any of these variables. This suggests that foraging time(feeding + moving) takes priority over rest and other activities. Day length and foraging time (as independent variables) wererelated to the time spent in the other two activities besides feeding/moving (as dependent variables). Both time spent testing andin 'other activities' were highly significant positive functions of day length, with the latter a highly significant negative functionof feeding time and moving time. Resting time may therefore be interpreted as taking priority over 'other activities' time. Theseresults provide further evidence of the importance of day length, temperature and food availability to seasonal activity

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)雪季粪便中食物类型的定量分析

本研究利用粪粒对一群滇金丝猴的食物摄食量进行了定量分析,并检验了它们的主要食物类型。通过对笼养滇金丝猴消化能力的测定,建立野外滇金丝猴群摄食量方程;结合数理统计进行分析。结果表明,该猴群在雪季每排下0.49千克混合残留物,即应先食入单子叶植物12.5千克,地衣21.7千克,冷杉叶1.1千克(均指干重值)。对解消假设检验显示,冷杉叶是滇金丝猴的很次要食物。

Leaf choice in black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti is related to the physical and chemical properties of leaves

To understand the effects of the chemical and physical properties of plant leaves on food choice in Rhinopithecus bieti,we collected mature leaves of nine food and five non-food plant species at the southernmost part of the species's range.Chemical properties such as fat, ash, crude protein (CP), total phenolics (TP), and fiber content including neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, celluloses and hemicelluloses, and physical toughness were measured. R. bieti tendedto choose leaves with lower fiber content, higher ash, a higher ratio of CP/ADF, and lower toughness. No difference was foundfor fat, crude protein, total phenolics, hemicelluloses and lignin between food and non-food leaves. Even though the ratio ofCP/ADF is generally regarded as a good indicator for colobine food choice, the difference in the ratio of CP/ADF between foodand non-food leaves was only the result of differences in ADF. Since positive correlations were found between ADF and toughnessfrom all leaves (both food and non-food species), and toughness of leaves was likely easier for R. bieti to sense than fibercontent via mastication, the toughness of leaves may function as a predictor of food choice in this species.

Terrestrial behavior and use of forest strata in a group of black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti at Xiaochangdu,Tibet

Food distribution and predation pressure are considered to be the main ecological factors that influence the use of forest strata(basically arboreality vs.terrestriality)in non-human primates.Here,we investigate ground use of wild,unprovisioned black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti by means of the scan sampling method.The results show that the monkeys spent 15.0% of the day time on the ground;16.6%,12.7%,and 15.6% for adult males,adult females and juveniles,respectively.Adult males and juveniles of both sexes showed significantly higher rates of terrestrial time than adult females.Females without clinging infants spent significantly more time on the ground than expected,while females with clinging infants spent significantly less time on the ground than expected.These results suggest that the higher degree of terrestrial behavior for males and juveniles may be due to their higher agility in comparison with females.Our study showed that the monkeys fed more on lichens relative to other food items when in the trees,but more on buds/leaves,flowers,fruits/nuts,resin/bark,and herbs when on the ground.According to our investigation,the ecological significance of the species' terrestriality lies mainly in the utilization of terrestrial food

First evidence of prey capture and meat eating by wild Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus bieti in Yunnan,China

Most extant nonhuman primates occasionally prey on fast-moving, warm-blooded animals; however, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae,and Colobinae either scavenged for meat or did not eat meat at all. Here we report six cases of animal consumptionby the snub-nosed monkey Rhinopithecus bieti in a wild, habituated group between 2004 and 2009 in Yunnan, China. At present,only males in an all-male unit within the study group were involved in active hunting. Such a male-biased activity may be relatedto the group structure and spatial spread of R. bieti. Two females were observed eating freshly killed birds. The findings confirmedthat R. bieti engaged in scavenging and, when hunting, employed a cranio-cervical bite to kill their prey. Meat eating islikely a nutrient maximization feeding strategy in R. bieti, especially in males. A begging behavior occurred after successful preycapture. Although begging was observed, no sharing of the meat was seen. The present findings illuminate the dietary diversity ofR. bieti and their ability to expand their dietary

一个滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)群生态行为的初步观察

引言仰鼻猴类(Rhino pithecus sp。)以大群生活在中国西南部高山森林里,吃花蕾、叶子或竹笋等(Elliot,1913;Allen,1938;Napier,1967)。近年有报道提出仰鼻猴营树栖生活(李致祥等,1981;谢家骅等,1982;史东仇等,1982)。对笼养金丝猴(R.roxellanae)的研究则指出仰鼻猴具有倾向于地栖的肢比指数、性二型和行为,且与地栖的狒狒(Papio)和猕猴(Macaca)等存在趋同现象(Davison,1982)。

Birth seasonality and pattern in black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus bieti） at Mt. Lasha, Yunnan

Seasonal variation in environmental factors is vital to the regulation of seasonal reproduction in primates. Consequently, long-term systematic data is necessary to clarify the birth seasonality and pattern of primates in highly seasonal environments. This study indicated that black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys （Rhinopithecus bieti） at Mt. Lasha exhibited strict birth seasonality with a pulse model. Infants were born with a certain degree of synchronization. Birth distribution showed three birth peaks, and the birth pattern showed a ＂V＂ style in even-numbered years and a gradual increase in odd-numbered years. The beginning date, end date and median birth date were earlier in even-numbered years than those in odd-numbered years. The higher latitude of their habitats, earlier birth date, shorter birth period, fewer birth peaks and stronger birth synchrony might be adaptations for strongly seasonal variation in climate and food resources. After the summer solstice when daylight length began to gradually shorten, R. bieti at Mt. Lasha started to breed during the period with the highest environmental temperature and food availability, which implied that photoperiod may be the proximate factor triggering the onset of estrus and mating. It appears that R. bieti coincided conception and mid-lactation with the peak in staple foods, and weaning with the peak in high quality of foods. Thus, food availability was the ultimate factor regulating reproductive seasonality, and photoperiod was the proximate factor fine-turning the coordination between seasonal breeding and food availability.

三种圈养金丝猴肠道微生物组差异分析

川、滇、黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana、Rh.bieti、Rh.brelichi)均为我国特有种,国家一级重点野生保护动物。作为典型的食叶动物,其肠道微生物组特性研究也备受学者关注。为探究川、滇、黔金丝猴肠道微生物组结构,促进金丝猴胃肠道健康及为相关疾病防控提供参考数据,以北京动物园管理处圈养的3种7只金丝猴为研究对象,采用16S r DNA测序及分析技术,开展相同圈养环境下3种金丝猴肠道微生物组差异研究。结果显示:圈养健康金丝猴肠道微生物组的优势菌门为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria),这与人类肠道微生物组成分相似,金丝猴暴露于人类影响和圈养环境中可能会引起肠道微生物组人源化;川金丝猴样本的肠道微生物群落的丰富度和多样性低于滇、黔金丝猴,3种金丝猴在细菌域不同分类水平上存在多物种的差异,且3种金丝猴OTUs在不同分类水平共检测到47个微生物标志物的相对丰度存在显著差异。圈养条件下,3种金丝猴的食物种类和结构基本一致,这提示相同圈养环境下3种金丝猴肠道微生物组间的差异可能并非源于圈养环境下的食物组成;此外,腹泻滇金丝猴样本肠道微生物组多样性显著降低,同时伴随着优势菌结构的改变和潜在病原菌的出现,肠道微生物菌群的紊乱可能导致个体腹泻的发生,变形菌门弧菌属(Vibrio)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)和泛菌属(Pantoea)4个属的出现可能导致个体腹泻。研究结果可为圈养金丝猴的饲养繁殖、营养代谢和胃肠道适应等方面提供参考信息。

滇金丝猴尖尾食道口线虫的鉴定

云南某动物园发现滇金丝猴肠道线虫感染严重,为进一步确诊感染虫种,通过形态学和PCR方法对其线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(cox1)基因部分序列进行扩增、测序和分析,并利用MEGA6.0软件构建遗传系统进化树,分析其种系发育关系。结果显示,该滇金丝猴虫体样本形态学鉴定结果为食道口线虫,扩增所获得的线虫分离株其cox 1序列长度为442 bp,与尖尾食道口线虫(Oesophagostomum aculeatum)相似度高达99.74%,表明滇金丝猴体内分离的线虫样本为尖尾食道口线虫。

滇金丝猴毛首线虫分子鉴定及其ITS序列分析

为了解从滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)消化道检获的线虫种属关系,对虫体进行形态学鉴定、PCR扩增虫体ITS基因序列、测序分析,并利用MEGA 6.0软件构建遗传系统进化树。结果显示:检获虫体与毛首线虫(Trichuris sp.)相似度为99.05%,滇金丝猴所感染虫体为毛首线虫。进化树结果显示样品与人感染的毛首鞭形线虫(Trichuris trichura)亲缘关系较近,表明二者为近缘种,具有人兽共患风险,这可为灵长类动物毛首线虫的鉴别诊断、种群结构等更深入地研究提供理论依据。

云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴对种子传播潜力的评估

灵长类是森林生态系统中植物种子的主要传播者,有助于森林植被的更新,然而受研究方法的限制,灵长类种子传播潜力常被低估。为全面评估温带灵长类动物的种子传播潜力,采用直接观察法和粪便分析法评估珍稀濒危灵长类动物黑白仰鼻猴的种子传播潜力。于2018年11月—2019年10月采用直接观察法(瞬时扫描取样法)收集云岭省级自然保护区拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴的活动时间分配数据,获取每月取食果实的比例;同时每月收集黑白仰鼻猴的粪便,采用粪便分析法分拣猴粪中残留的植物种子,统计有完整种子残留的月份和粪便比例,应用这两种方法评估黑白仰鼻猴种子传播潜力及其差异。结果表明:直接观察法收集到黑白仰鼻猴取食果实的月份数为6个月(7—12月),月均取食果实的比例为(15.31±20.15)%,共取食13种果实;而粪便分析法发现黑白仰鼻猴粪粒内全年都有完整种子残留,粪便中月均完整种子残留比例(35.19±35.43)%,其中9月至第二年1月粪便中种子残留比例都大于50%,共取食18种果实;综合两种方法发现云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴共取食20种植物果实,具有较高的种子传播潜力。直接观察法可确定黑白仰鼻猴取食果实的物种数,而粪便分析法能反映其可传播的物种和数量,并发现黑白仰鼻猴全年都取食果实,增加了对黑白仰鼻猴果实性比例和种子传播月份的认识。因此,建议结合两种方法全面评估黑白仰鼻猴及其它灵长类物种的种子传播潜力,从而更好地评估其对植物种子传播的有效性及对森林生态系统更新的贡献,为认识灵长类通过种子传播提升森林生态系统更新能力提供新的视角。

三江并流世界自然遗产云岭片区居民点发展模式研究

中国世界自然遗产及缓冲区普遍存在大量社区居民,如何科学选择居民点发展模式是遗产保护管理中需重点关注的问题。以云岭片区为例,首先通过对社区历史风貌、人口结构与产业发展模式等进行田野调查,利用指标体系法从自然条件、区位条件、人口结构、产业发展模式、景观风貌与传统文化五方面对云岭片区居民点居住适宜性进行评估。其次,利用物种分布模型研究居民点对滇金丝猴栖息地的影响,得到基于遗产地核心价值保护的居民点分类结果。对以上研究结果进行叠加分析,最终将片区内各居民点分为搬迁型、疏解型、传统生活生产控制型和生态旅游控制型4种发展模式。研究成果将为以标准x入选的世界自然遗产地居民点发展模式的探讨提供技术指导和案例参照。

塔城滇金丝猴公园野生动物旅游感知特征研究

以塔城滇金丝猴公园为研究对象,选取目标旅游网站260条点评文本为研究素材,运用ROST CM6对文本材料进行词频分析、网络文本分析及情感分析,探究旅游者在野生动物旅游中的感知及特征。结果表明:旅游者对滇金丝猴旅游感知可以简单总结为“四维度三特征”,主要集中在旅游地特征、核心吸引物(滇金丝猴)、旅游活动及服务、旅游者感受四个维度,展现出滇金丝猴的独特性、体验项目的生态性和旅游者时间感知的显著性三个特征;野生动物旅游者追求感知性体验,旅游体验满意度较好,旅游者对滇金丝猴公园积极情绪较高;野外生境型动物旅游活动的开展要充分基于保护原则,开展具有教育意义的多样化生态体验活动;滇金丝猴公园的旅游服务及交通可进入性有待完善。