Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

Rethinking bioequivalence and equivalence requirements of orally inhaled drug products

Orally inhaled drug products(OIPs),such as corticosteroids and bronchodilators,are at the forefront of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatments,two diseases that afflict worldwide populations.Introducing generics of these products is essential,as the pricing of these medications remain a barrier to adequate patient care.Currently,there is no consensus between regulatory bodies as to the bioequivalence and equivalence requirements of OIPs that are intended for local action in the lungs.This manuscript critically reviews these requirements and presents future directions for clinicians,scientists,and regulators to consider to optimize the development and approval of OIPs.

Promoting the International Dissemination of Chinese Culture Through International Chinese Language Education: A Case Study of Chinese-English Idiomatic Equivalence

One major task of our improvement of China’s international communication capabilities is to tell China’s stories well and make China’s voice heard to communicate a comprehensive,multi-dimensional view of China in the international arena.International Chinese language education bears the dual responsibility of spreading the Chinese language and promoting the Chinese culture.How to shape global narratives for telling China’s stories and improve China’s international communication capabilities has become an important issue that concerns international Chinese language education.Chinese idioms,which are hidden treasures of the Chinese language,can play a unique role in this regard.It is therefore necessary to review the content and methods of including idioms in international Chinese language education.In this paper,instruction in idioms is approached by making a corpus-based comparative analysis from the theoretical perspectives of equivalence,cognitive metaphor,and second language acquisition.Qualitative and quantitative methods are combined to analyze idioms to be added to the vocabulary of international Chinese language education in three dimensions:word frequency,semantic transparency,and functional equivalence.This paper aims to explore a new approach to the dissemination of Chinese culture through instruction in idioms in international Chinese language education.

Bio-MOF-11(Co)活化过一硫酸盐去除废水中的罗丹明B和Cu^(2+)

采用Bio-MOF-11(Co)活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)同步去除废水中的罗丹明B(RhB)和Cu^(2+).考察了Bio-MOF-11(Co)投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值、反应温度、RhB初始浓度和Cu^(2+)浓度对RhB降解和Cu^(2+)去除的影响,并采用响应面分析法优化了降解RhB的反应条件.结果表明,RhB的降解符合伪一级反应动力学.Cu^(2+)最大吸附量为22.98mg/g.在RhB初始浓度为20mg/L、Cu^(2+)浓度为2.5mg/L、Bio-MOF-11(Co)浓度为80mg/L、PMS浓度为1.0mmol/L、初始pH值为7的条件下,反应15min后,RhB降解率达到98.72%,Cu^(2+)去除率为73.53%,.自由基淬灭实验证实,RhB的降解通过非自由基(~1O_(2))和自由基(SO_(4)^(-)·、·O_(2)^(-)和·OH)氧化的途径共同完成,Cu^(2+)主要通过Bio-MOF-11(Co)的吸附作用被去除.紫外可见吸收光谱分析结果推测了RhB可能的降解路径.Bio-MOF-11(Co)活化PMS高级氧化工艺可实现同步去除有机污染物和重金属.

A Physical Interpretation of Mass-Energy Equivalence Based on the Orthogonal Collision

Einstein described the mass-energy equivalence as the most important result of special relativity. But more than a century after Einstein first derived the relationship between mass-energy equivalence (or mass-energy equation), questions left for people are how to understand that mass and energy are somehow equivalent, and how to give the dynamical process for the conversion from mass to energy (or vice versa). This paper first interprets the formula of mass-energy equivalence published by Einstein in 1905, and then gives the equivalence relationship of mass-energy transition based on the dynamics of particle orthogonal collision. As a result, the orthogonal collision of two high-energy mass particles can generate a huge mass-energy density, equivalent to the total energy of N new particles, which is a one-way dynamic process that generates new mass-energy density and new matter. This conversion of mass into energy has nothing to do with special relativity.

Understanding the corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Magnesium composites – a critical review

Realising the potential of Magnesium(Mg),several globally leading ventures have invested in the Mg industry,but their relatively poor corrosion resistance is a never ending saga till date.The corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg has gained research attention and still remains a hot topic in the application of automobile,aerospace and biomedical industries.The intrinsic high electrochemical nature of Mg limits their utilization in diverse application.This scenario has prompted the development of Mg composites with an aim to achieve superior corrosion and bio-corrosion resistance.The present review enlightens the influence of grain size(GS),secondary phase,texture,type of matrix and reinforcement on the corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg composites.Firstly,the corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg composites manufactured by primary and secondary processing routes are elucidated.Secondly,the comprehensive corrosion and bio-corrosion mechanisms of these Mg composites are proposed.Thirdly,the individual role of GS,texture and corrosive medium on corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg composites are clarified and revealed.The challenges encountered,unanswered issues in this field are explained in detail and accordingly the scope for future research is framed.The review is presented from basic concrete background to advanced corrosion mechanisms with an aim of creating interest among the readers like students,researchers and industry experts from various research backgrounds.Indeed,the corrosion and bio-corrosion behaviour of Mg composites are critically reviewed for the first time to:(i)contribute to the body of knowledge,(ii)foster research and development,(iii)make breakthrough,and(iv)create life changing innovations in the field of Mg composite corrosion.

An improved algorithm based on equivalent sound velocity profile method at large incident angle

With the development of ultra-wide coverage technology,multibeam echo-sounder(MBES)system has put forward higher requirements for localization accuracy and computational efficiency of ray tracing method.The classical equivalent sound speed profile(ESSP)method replaces the measured sound velocity profile(SVP)with a simple constant gradient SVP,reducing the computational workload of beam positioning.However,in deep-sea environment,the depth measurement error of this method rapidly increases from the central beam to the edge beam.By analyzing the positioning error of the ESSP method at edge beam,it is discovered that the positioning error increases monotonically with the incident angle,and the relationship between them could be expressed by polynomial function.Therefore,an error correction algorithm based on polynomial fitting is obtained.The simulation experiment conducted on an inclined seafloor shows that the proposed algorithm exhibits comparable efficiency to the original ESSP method,while significantly improving bathymetry accuracy by nearly eight times in the edge beam.

在BIOS中嵌入PTN3460模块适配屏幕的方法

目前市场上需搭配LVDS屏幕的工业整机不能快速适配不同分辨率的屏幕,并且不同规格的LVDS屏幕,在使用Flash存储显示时序参数时,若需在一块主板上接不同的LVDS屏幕,均需要独立适配屏幕才能够正常显示。针对上述问题,提出一种在BIOS中嵌入PTN3460模块适配屏幕的方法,对于采用PTN3460的转接方案的显示屏,不再需要在线烧录对应屏幕分辨率专用的PTN3460固件,提高了调试效率,节约售后维护成本。

基于Bio-Argo浮标数据研究孟加拉湾中部海域溶解氧分布

溶解氧的分布影响着海洋生物的生存,以孟加拉湾低氧区为研究对象,利用2013—2017年该海域Bio-Argo浮标数据和卫星遥感数据,分析孟加拉湾海域海洋上层(0—200m)溶解氧的垂直分布特征,探讨孟加拉湾海表溶解氧和氧跃层时空变化及其成因。结果表明,由于大量径流和降雨的输入,孟加拉湾海表形成显著的盐度成层,导致该海域溶解氧浓度在约40 m处开始显著降低,并在200 m以内降至20μmol·kg^(-1)以下。海表溶解氧浓度与海表温度呈负相关(r=–0.75)。氧跃层深度(DO50μmol·kg^(-1))与23℃等温线和海表面高度异常呈正相关,相关系数r分别为0.93和0.81。孟加拉湾中部低氧区海表温度是影响海表溶解氧变化的主要因素之一,氧跃层的变化则与海洋中尺度涡密切相关。

Analysis of the Fertilizing and Bioremediation Potential of Leaf Litter Compost Amendment in Different Soils through Indexing Method

This research study explored the efficacy of leaf litter compost as a sustainable soil amendment with the objective of promoting soil health and mitigating the accumulation of potentially toxic elements. The investigation encompassed the impact of various organic compost amendments, including leaf compost, cow dung manure, kitchen waste compost, municipal organic waste compost, and vermicompost. The study employed Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate soil nutrient levels and concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, and lithium. The fertilization and bioremediation potential of these compost amendments are quantified using an indexing method. Results indicated a substantial increase in overall nutrient levels (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur) in soils treated with leaf compost and other organic composts. Fertility indices (FI) are notably higher in compost-amended soils (ranging from 2.667 to 3.938) compared to those amended with chemical fertilizers (ranging from 2.250 to 2.813) across all soil samples. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of PTEs were significantly lower in soils treated with leaf compost and other organic compost amendments compared to those treated with chemical fertilizers amendments. The assessment through the indexing method revealed a high clean index (CI) for leaf compost amendment (ranging from 3.407 to 3.58), whereas the chemical fertilizer amendment exhibits a relatively lower CI (ranging from 2.78 to 3.20). Consequently, leaf compost and other organic composts exhibit the potential to enhance sustainable productivity, promoting soil health and environmental safety by improving nutrient levels and remediating potentially toxic elements in the soil.

富血小板纤维蛋白联合Bio-Oss骨粉修复颌骨囊肿术后骨缺损的疗效

目的:观察使用富血小板纤维蛋白(platelet-rich fibrin,PRF)联合Bio-Oss骨粉修复颌骨囊肿术后骨缺损的临床疗效。方法:选取颌骨囊肿术后存在一定大小范围的骨缺损病人共36例作为研究对象,随机分为2组,各18例。对照组病人单纯使用Bio-Oss充填修复骨缺损;观察组病人使用PRF联合Bio-Oss充填颌骨囊肿造成的骨缺损空腔。所有病人术后分别于3、6、12个月进行定期随访观察,通过CBCT影像学检查测量骨密度值评估临床疗效。结果:观察组颌骨囊肿术后伤口愈合良好,对照组有1例术后7 d创口出现轻度糜烂红肿,未见充填材料排异反应。影像学检查显示观察组较对照组病人颌骨缺损空腔内的充填材料随着时间推移与新生骨及周围骨组织生长良好,能够达到临床满意的骨组织修复效果。观察组术后3、6、12个月骨缺损区骨密度均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05~P<0.01)。结论:PRF联合Bio-Oss骨粉可有效提高颌骨囊肿术后骨缺损的成骨疗效。

Bio-Oss骨粉与CGF在自体牙移植游离端骨缺损中的修复重建

目的评估Bio-Oss骨粉和浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factor,CGF)联合应用于自体牙移植游离端骨缺损修复的临床疗效。方法选取2018年7月至2022年6月就诊于合肥市口腔医院口腔外科患者共44例,观察组23例,术中应用Bio-Oss骨粉及CGF;对照组21例,不应用任何材料,术后定期随访,对比移植牙术后即刻初期稳定性、术后1周牙龈状况、术后3个月和6个月骨愈合情况以及术后1年成功率。结果观察组移植牙术后即刻初期稳定性较对照组有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组术后1周牙龈肿胀度与对照组无明显改善,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后3个月受牙区牙槽骨愈合情况较对照组好,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术后随访1年,观察组牙移植成功率100%;对照组牙移植成功率90.5%,留存率95.2%,失败率4.8%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Bio-Oss骨粉与CGF在自体牙移植游离端骨缺损中有较好的临床疗效,促进新骨形成,有利于移植牙早期稳定,提高自体牙移植成功率。

Valorization of Agricultural Residues for Hydrogen-Based Electricity Generation towards Circular Bioeconomy

Global crises, notably climate shocks, degraded ecosystems, and growing energy demand, enforce sustainable production and consumption pathways. A circular bioeconomy offers the opportunities to actualize resource and eco-efficiency enhancement, valorization of waste streams, reduction of fossil energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Albeit biomass resources are a potential feedstock for bio-hydrogen (bio-H2) production, Ghana’s agricultural residues are not fully utilized. This paper examines the economic and environmental impact of bio-H2 electricity generation using agricultural residues in Ghana. The bio-H2 potential was determined based on biogas steam reforming (BSR). The research highlights that BSR could generate 2617 kt of bio-H2, corresponding to 2.78% of the global hydrogen demand. Yam and maize residues contribute 50.47% of the bio-H2 produced, while millet residues have the most negligible share. A tonne of residues could produce 16.59 kg of bio-H2 and 29.83 kWh of electricity. A total of 4,705.89 GWh of electricity produced could replace the consumption of 21.92% of Ghana’s electricity. The economic viability reveals that electricity cost is $0.174/kWh and has a positive net present value of $2135550609.45 with a benefit-to-cost ratio of 1.26. The fossil diesel displaced is 1421.09 ML, and 3862.55 kt CO2eq of carbon emissions decreased corresponding to an annual reduction potential of 386.26 kt CO2eq. This accounts for reducing 10.26% of Ghana’s GHG emissions. The study demonstrates that hydrogen-based electricity production as an energy transition is a strategic innovation pillar to advance the circular bioeconomy and achieve sustainable development goals.

Efficiency of Bio-Fertilizing as One of the Natural Alternatives to Improve the Growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni Trees and for Sustainability

A field experiment was carried out at Ismailia Research Station, Ismailia Governorate from 2020-2022 to improve the growth of Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni by using a combination of mineral fertilizer (NPK) and biological fertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus megatherium, and Bacillus circulant) as recommended dose under new sandy soils conditions. Split plot designed with four treatments (Control, (50% Mineral fertilizer (M.) + 50% Biological fertilizer (Bio.)), 100% M. and 100% Bio.) of each species. Vegetative growth, leaf area, tree biomass, stored carbon, basal area, tree volume, and in the soil both of microbial account and mineral content were determined. The experimental results showed no significant differences between studied species among the most studied parameters except for Khaya senegalensis which gave the highest significant difference in root biomass and below-stored carbon than Swietenia mahagoni. Evidently, the highest significant growth parameters were 100% mineral fertilizer followed by (50% M. + 50% Bio.) as compared with control. No significant difference between 100% M. and (50% M. + 50% Bio.) of shoot dry biomass (15.19 and 12.02 kg, respectively) and above-stored carbon (0.28 and 0.22 Mt, respectively). Microbial account and mineral content in soil were improved after cultivation of tree species compared to before planting and control, especially with 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, a treatment containing 50% mineral fertilizer and 50% bio-fertilizer has led to the ideal Khaya senegalensis and Swietenia mahagoni growth in sandy soil for cheaper and sustainable.

Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biomass waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste streams that can be transformed into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The major components of the system include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biomass external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm and a varying operating temperature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 minutes. The mass of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 mm - 4.75 mm. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m3, and a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated compounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the main compounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate material production.

A Theory of Bio-Quantum Genetics

The physical mechanism of heredity or inheritance of genes is a quantum mechanical and/or quantum computational process. A theory of bio-quantum genetics is established in this paper. Principle of Bio-quantum Genetics is suggested. I propose and define the soft-genes of genetics controlling the processes of heredity or inheritance of genes. This research deals with the quantum mechanisms of Mendel plant heredity and family inheritance as examples of bio-quantum genetics, deepening our understanding of heredity or inheritance. I believe that more contributions will be made to promote researches of bio-quantum genetics or quantum biology at large.

A General View of the Equivalence Between Chinese and English

This paper briefly presents a study of the relationship between English and Chinese, which is put forward from the point of the equivalence in both languages. By observing and analyzing the examples in the parts of full equivalence and partial equivalence, we can surely conclude that English and Chinese have close relationship with each other. However, the equivalence reflected in the languages is, to some extent, greatly influenced by their respective culture, which still needs us to do more research about it.

Non Equivalence of English and Chinese Idioms in Translation─A Contrastive Approach

Both the English and Chinese languages enjoy prolonged history and abound with idioms,which are the linguistic and intellectual essence of their people.But due to the differences in geography,history,religion,custom and other aspects of life,English and Chinese idioms serve as carriers of different cultural characteristic.As a result,cultural barriers often pose quite a difficulty for translation theory and practice.Therefore,as we understand and translate idioms of one language into another,the problems of how to retain the original image,style,flavor,characteristics,and how to overcome the misunderstandings between the two cultures constitute the most pressing issues.This paper aims to explore some reasons and strategies of non equivalence of idioms in translation.

To Split or to Unify?-A Comparative Study on Functional Equivalence Translation Theory and Relevance Translation Theory

Functional equivalence,a focus in the translation studies,has been bombarded with numerous criticisms.Meanwhile,relevance translation theory,proposed by Ernst-August Gutt,offers a united theoretical framework for translation studies.The development of the translation theories does not rely on the appearance of a brand-new theory,but on the successful connection among various theories.To split or to unify,it is a question and it will direct the further development of translation studies.Analyzing the similarities and differences between these two theories,the author are striving for a unity of them and striking a better way to approach translation studies.

从Equivalence到Equality——西方翻译理论从语言内部对等到文化身份平等

在语言学盛行时期,翻译界一直把Equivalence奉为金科玉律,借此来评判译文好坏。现今的翻译事件发生的时间空间都发生了大变化,人们习惯于把翻译放在文化、社会、政治、权力等环境下来讨论,旨在争取民族文化身份上的Equality,必将以全新的视角审视曾经的概念Equivalence。