Compressibility characteristics of bio-cemented calcareous sand treated through the bio-stimulation approach

Calcareous sand is widely present in coastal areas around the world and is usually considered as a weak and unstable material due to its high compressibility and low strength.Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation(MICP)is a promising technique for soil improvement.However,the commonly adopted bio-augmented MICP approach is in general less compatible with the natural soil environment.Thus,this study focuses on the bio-stimulated MICP approach,which is likely to enhance the dominance of ureolytic bacteria for longer period and thus is deemed more efficient.The main objective of this paper is to investigate the compressibility of calcareous sand treated by bio-stimulated MICP approach.In the current study,a series of one-dimension compression tests was conducted on bio-cemented sand pre-pared via bio-stimulation with different initial relative densities(D r).Based on the obtained compression curves and particle size distribution(PSD)curves,the parameters including cementation content,the coefficient of compressibility(a v),PSD,relative breakage(B r),and relative agglomeration(A r)were discussed.The results showed that a v decreased with the increasing cementation content.The bio-cemented sand prepared with higher initial D r had smaller(approximately 20%e70%)a v values than that with lower initial D r.The specimen with higher initial D r and higher cementation content resulted in smaller B r but larger A r.Finally,a conceptual framework featuring multiple contact and damage modes was proposed.

Microscopic Analysis of Cementitious Sand and Gravel Damming Materia

The mechanical properties of cementitious sand and gravel damming material have been experimentally determined by means of microscopic SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy)image analysis.The results show that the combination of fly ash and water can fill the voids in cemented sand and gravel test blocks because of the presence of hydrated calcium silicate and other substances;thereby,the compactness and mechanical properties of these materials can be greatly improved.For every 10 kg/m^(3) increase in the amount of cementitious material,the density increases by about 2%,and the water content decreases by 0.2%.The amount of cementitious material used in the sand and gravel in these tests was 80-110 kg/m^(3),the water-binder ratio was 1-1.50.Moreover,the splitting tensile strength was 1/10 of the compressive strength,and the maximum strength was 7.42 MPa at 90 d.The optimal mix ratio has been found to be 50 kg of cement,60 kg of fly ash and 120 kg of water(C50F60W120).The related dry density was 2.6 g/cm^(3),the water content was 6%,and the water-binder ratio was 1.09.

Biodegradable materials as binders for IVth generation moulding sands

This paper focuses on the possibility of using the biodegradable materials as binders(or parts of binders' compositions) for foundry moulding and core sands. Results showed that there is a great possibility of using available biodegradable materials as foundry moulding sand binders. Using biodegradable materials as partial content of new binders, or additives to moulding sands may not only decrease the toxicity and increase reclamation ability of tested moulding sands, but also accelerate the biodegradation rate of used binders, and the new biodegradable additive(PCL) did not decrease the strength and thermal properties. In addition, using polycaprolactone(PCL) as a biodegradable material may improve the flexibility of moulding sands with polymeric binder and reduce toxicity.

Development of Sensible Heat Storage Materials Using Sand, Clay and Coal Bottom Ash

In this paper, the mechanical and thermal properties of a sand-clay ceramic with additives coal bottom ash (CBA) waste from incinerator coal power plant are investigated to develop an alternative material for thermal energy storage (TES). Ceramic balls are developed at 1000°C and 1060°C using sintering or firing method. The obtained ceramics were compressed with a compression machine and thermally analyse using Decagon devise KD2 Pro thermal analyser. A muffle furnace was also used for thermal cycling at 610°C. It was found that the CBA increased the porosity, which resulted in the increase of the axial tensile strength reaching 3.5 MPa for sand-clay and ash ceramic. The ceramic balls with the required tensile strength for TES were selected. Their volumetric heat capacity, and thermal conductivity range respectively from 2.4075 MJ·m-3·°C-1 to 3.426 MJ·m-3·°C-1 and their thermal conductivity from 0.331 Wm-1·K-1, to 1.014 Wm-1·K-1 depending on sand origin, size and firing temperature. The selected formulas have good thermal stability because the most fragile specimens after 60 thermal cycles did not present any cracks. These properties allow envisioning the use of the ceramic balls developed as filler material for thermocline thermal energy storage (structured beds) in Concentrating Solar Power plants. And for other applications like solar cooker and solar dryer.

A field experimental study of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM) extracted from spent-liquor of straw pulping paper mills

A new technique was introduced for sand stabilization and re-vegetation by use of lignin sand stabilizing material(LSSM). LSSM is a reconstructed organic compound with lignin as the most dominant component from the extracts of black-liquor issued by straw pulp paper mills. Unlike the polyvinyl acetate or foamed asphalt commonly used for dune stabilization, the new material is plant-friendly and can be used with virescence actions simultaneously. The field experimental study was conducted since 2001 in China's Northwest Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and has been proved that LSSM is effective in stabilizing the fugitive dunes, making the arenaceous plants survive and the bare dune vegetative. The advisable solution concentration is 2% and the optimal field spraying quantity is 2 5 L/m^2 The soil nutrients of the stabilized and greened dune, such as organic matter, available phosphorous and total nitrogen are all increased compared with the control treatment, which is certainly helpful to the growth of arenaceous plants. The technique is worthwhile to be popularized because it is provided not only a new method for desertification control but also an outlet for cleaning contaminants issued from the straw paper mills.

Coating process of multi-material composite sand mold 3D printing

Sand mold 3 D printing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology which has great flexible manufacturing ability. A multi-material composite sand mold can control the temperature field of metallic parts during the pouring process, while the current sand mold 3 D printing technology can only fabricate a single material sand mold. The casting temperature field can not be adjusted by using single sand mold material with isotropous heat exchange ability during the pouring process. In this work, a kind of novel coating device was designed. Multi-material composite sand molds could be manufactured using the coating device according to the casting process demands of the final parts. The influences of curing agent content, coating velocity and scraper shape on compactness and surface roughness of the sand layer(silica sand and zircon sand) were studied. The shapes and sizes of transition intervals of two kinds of sand granules were also tested. The results show that, with the increase of the added volume of curing agent, the compactness of sand layer reduces and the surface roughness value rises. With the increase of the velocity of the coating device, the compactness of sand layer reduces and the surface roughness value rises similarly. In addition, the scraper with a dip angle of 72 degrees could increase the compactness value of the sand layer. The criteria of quality parmeters of the coating procedure are obtained. That is, the surface roughness(δ) of sand layer should be equal to or lesser than half of main size of the sand particles(Dm). The parameter H of the coating device which is the distance between the base of hopper and the surface of sand layer impacts the size of transition zone. The width of the transition zone is in direct proportion to the parameter H, qualitatively. Through the optimization of the coating device, high quality of multi-material sand layers can be obtained. This will provide a solution in manufacturing the multi-material composite sand mold.

Glass matrix composite material prepared with waste foundry sand

The technology of glass matrix of the composite material manufactured through a sintering process and using waste foundry sand and waste glass as the main raw materials was studied. The effects of technological factors on the performance of this material were studied. The results showed that this composite material is formed with glass as matrix, core particulate as strengthening material, it has the performance of glass and ceramics, and could be used to substitute for stone.

Loose Sand Cemented by Microbial Cementitious Material:Composition,Microstructure and Mechanical Properties

Through the influence of the dosage of culture solution and calcium source on hardness and compressive strength of samples,the formulation of microbial cementitious materials was optimized and defined.The influence of temperature on composition,microstructure and mechanical properties of loose sand cemented by microbial cementitious material was compared and analyzed systematically.With the increase of temperature,the performance of loose sand was improved remarkably.Calcite with cementitious properties could be induced at higher temperatures,but not at lower temperatures.When the temperature was 30℃,loose sand cemented by microbial cementitious material had more calcite and more dense structure.Moreover,hardness and compressive strength were also superior.The wind tunnel test showed that the wind erosion resistance was improved obviously and the mass loss was lower at high temperature.Engineering properties of loose sand cemented by microbial cementitious material was measured integrally.Through comparative analysis,engineering properties of loose sand were basically unchanged,and there was no negative effect on the later period use of sand.

The Consequence of Particle Crushing in Engineering Properties of Granular Materials

This paper presents experimental investigation for particles breakage for natural sand. The particle breakage was induced by subjecting the sample to one dimensional compression. Grain size analyses were performed before and after induced breakage. Thereafter, the sand shear strength parameters were assessed using direct shear box tests and the coefficient of permeability was assessed using constant head permeameter. Examining the obtained results revealed that the amount of breakage due to one dimensional compression was of order higher than the amount occurring during direct shear test. Peak shear strength parameters decreased with the particles breakage increasing. Moreover, dilation angle of shear strength pronouncedly decreases with the amount of particles breakage increasing. Crushing has obvious effect on the evaluated coefficient of permeability.

River Sand Characterization for Its Use in Concrete: A Revue

Despite the gradual professionalization of the construction sector as well as the abundance of sand mining sites offered by the North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo Region, ignorance of materials by local builders persists. This is the case of quarries extracting river sand used to make concrete and mortar. However, the dosages of the various constituents are most often chosen on the basis of experience without any prior characterization of this material. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the characterization of river sand for its use in concrete in DRC. The origin and global use of river sand in construction are presented in percentage terms to highlight the importance of river sand as a construction material. The physical properties of river sand, including particle size distribution, bulk density, absolute density, and cleanliness are discussed in detail. The paper examines the effect of variations in river sand properties on concrete behavior, including density and compressive strength. Overall, this paper emphasizes the need to properly characterize river sand before using it in construction to ensure durable, high-quality structures. This will avoid the problems that are observed in particular a bad behavior of the coating on the walls;cracks and crumbling of the beams, lintels, posts and even the ruin of the structures.

由石蜡基相变材料和煤渣改良的粉砂土的冻融性能

【目的】针对季节冻土区渠道的衬砌结构因冻融作用而受损的现状,同时为了解决石蜡基相变材料(phase change materials, PCM)的泄露,并满足煤渣的再利用需求,研究石蜡基PCM和煤渣对土体冻融性能的影响。【方法】以粉砂土为研究对象,选取石蜡基PCM和煤渣作为改良剂,制备石蜡基PCM改良土和石蜡基PCM-煤渣改良土;通过冻融循环作用下的体积变化率试验、无侧限抗压强度试验,微观结构及潜热研究土体的体积和无侧限抗压强度的变化。【结果】石蜡基PCM能抑制粉砂土的冻融变形,质量分数为8%时2种改良土的体积变化率最小;随着冻融循环次数的增加,土体的无侧限抗压强度均降低,降低速率先大后小;循环次数相同时,加入煤渣的改良土的无侧限抗压强度均大于未加入煤渣的;冻融循环9次后,石蜡基PCM质量分数为10%的石蜡基PCM改良土的无侧限抗压强度最低;2种改良土的结构比粉砂土更密实、稳定;潜热的吸收或释放延缓了土体冻融过程。【结论】将石蜡基PCM和煤渣共同掺入粉砂土,能控制土体的冻融变形且效果稳定,改善土体的冻融性能,减轻季节冻土区输水渠道衬砌结构的冻害,提高煤渣的利用率。

江苏沿海沙脊群表层沉积物Pb同位素特征及对物源的指示

为进一步查明江苏沿海沙脊群沉积物的来源,分析了该区域沉积物酸不溶组分Pb同位素特征。结果表明,远岸沙脊群陆向区域沉积物Pb同位素比值与近岸沙脊群相似,暗示其在潮波作用下有向岸运移的趋势。铅钕同位素分析揭示长江及周边河流沉积物在长江冲淡水和东海沿岸流作用下输移至远岸沙脊群海向区域。在苏北沿岸流作用下,老黄河三角洲沉积物输入对近岸沙脊群及远岸沙脊群陆向区域有影响;相反,诸如现代黄河口、济州岛和韩国河流等地沉积物输入对江苏沿海沙脊群的影响较弱。

采空区治理用尾矿砂注浆材料的制备及性能研究

为了解决常用的矿山采空区治理用注浆材料凝结时间长、析水率高、结石率低、水下浇筑时水泥流失量大、硬化后易脱空等问题,制备了一种尾矿砂注浆材料,并通过添加性能调节剂CA-Ⅳ、调整原材料配比对其性能进行了优化。结果表明:优化后的尾矿砂注浆材料工作性得到明显改善,凝结时间大幅缩短,24 h竖向膨胀率、结石率和28 d抗压强度均有大幅提高,水泥流失量显著降低。

基于电吸附技术的海砂淡化效果试验研究

海砂淡化是有效利用海砂资源的关键,电吸附技术可以有效的吸附溶液中的氯离子。提出了基于电吸附技术的海砂淡化方法,可实现氯离子在阳极表面富集从而实现溶液的淡化。试验分别选取了碳纤维布、泡沫铝和泡沫镍作为电极材料,分析了不同电极材料下电吸附技术的除氯效果。结果表明:利用电吸附技术淡化海砂5次之后,3种电极材料均能使海砂中的氯离子含量降低至标准规范以下;联合泡沫铝和碳纤维布的除氯效果最佳,单独使用泡沫镍作为电极材料时除氯效果优于单独使用碳纤维布电极材料;电吸附法淡化海砂比水洗法淡化海砂,能节约用水65%以上。

风沙土混拌刀具的改良设计与试验

为解决风沙土改良设备研制中存在的核心问题,探讨混拌刀具与风沙土-改土材料间相互作用机理,以国标旋耕刀IT245为基础,分析其作用原理,在此基础上设计了专用于风沙土改良的混拌刀具,通过离散元仿真模拟及室内沙槽试验,以改土材料体积比为评价指标对国标刀及专用刀具5层深度下的混拌效果进行分析。结果显示,风沙土混拌刀具偏转角度越大,改土材料体积比越大,当深度150—120 mm、偏转角为60°时达到最大值(35.67%);风沙土混拌刀具弯折角越大,改土材料体积比越大,当深度150—120 mm、弯折角为130°时达到最大值(36.02%)。风沙土混拌刀具与国标旋耕刀IT245混拌效果相比,深度越浅,改土材料体积比越大,混合效果越好,在深度90—60、60—30 mm时,偏转角60°的风沙土混拌刀具作业后改土材料体积比分别比IT245增加了3.19%、5.11%。研究结果为风沙土混拌刀具及风沙土治理机械的设计与优化提供依据。

微胶囊相变材料改良粉砂土的导热系数及预测模型

【目的】针对季节冻土地区渠道冻融破坏,分析微胶囊相变材料(microencapsulated phase change materials,mPCM)改良粉砂土层渠基的温度场,对改良粉砂土的导热系数进行研究。【方法】以mPCM为改良剂,掺入渠基粉砂土形成mPCM改良粉砂土;对mPCM改良粉砂土进行导热系数实验和内部结构表征;采用多元线性回归和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)方法分别建立mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数预测模型。【结果】mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数与含水率、干密度、mPCM掺量有关,且受冰水相对含量、冰水相变潜热、mPCM相变潜热和mPCM填充密实作用的影响,具有明显的温度效应;mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数的变化与实验温度和mPCM相变温度有关,可分为快速降低、缓慢降低和逐步上升3个阶段;多元线性回归和SVM模型均能较好地拟合预测mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数,但SVM模型更适用于表征mPCM改良粉砂土导热系数各影响因素间的非线性关系。【结论】mPCM改良粉砂土的导热系数提高能够有效调控渠基土温度场,减轻渠道冻害,且SVM模型能更加准确地进行导热系数预测。

废弃物料对灌浆料力学性能影响的试验研究

为提高铁尾矿砂和固体废弃物的利用率,选用铁尾矿砂部分取代石英砂、粉煤灰和矿渣部分的方式制备水泥基灌浆料。采用正交试验方法,对水胶比、胶砂比、铁尾矿砂掺量、粉煤灰及矿渣掺量五个因素进行研究。试验结果表明:所制备灌浆料的流动度都满足大于260mm的要求且各因素水平对灌浆料抗折、抗压强度产生不同影响。正交试验中,水胶比对灌浆料抗折、抗压强度的影响程度最大,以灌浆料28d抗压强度作为极差分析的主要指标强度,确定28d抗压强度的最优因子水平组合为A1B2C4D1E2,即水胶比0.33、胶砂比1:1.0、铁尾矿砂掺量20%、粉煤灰掺量4%、矿渣掺量为6%。

外掺剂联合MICP固化风积沙试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术(MICP)结合纤维加筋或外加剂已成为岩土体改良的新型方式,在土地荒漠化治理等场景具有广阔的应用前景。以取自毛乌素沙漠的风积沙为研究对象,在MICP联合纤维加筋的基础上,分别引入料姜石和氧化钙,使得两种无机化合物对微生物过程及加固效果产生影响,在最优养护条件下进行风积沙的固化试验,通过无侧限抗压强度试验、三轴试验、扫描电镜试验等,从宏观、微观角度系统分析外掺剂参与固化后试样的力学特性、破坏形态及作用机理。结果表明,MICP纤维加筋试样的强度随料姜石掺量的增加呈现增大趋势,并在掺量为4%时达到峰值,较未掺入料姜石试样的强度提高了37.3%;MICP纤维加筋试样的强度随氧化钙掺量的增加呈现先减小后增大的趋势,并在掺量达到1%时强度下降了74.6%;氧化钙对细菌具有明显的抑制作用,当氧化钙掺量达到0.8%时,大部分细菌已失去活性,OD_(600)值降至最低,为0.107;料姜石对MICP纤维加筋固化效果的作用机理主要表现在料姜石可有效地黏结砂土颗粒和填充孔隙,从而提高试样的整体稳定性。研究成果可为风积沙固化实践和实际工程应用提供参考依据。

面板堆石坝含特细砂砂砾石填筑料碾压特性研究

阿尔塔什水利枢纽工程大坝主堆石区填筑料以砂砾石料为主,该地区河滩砂砾石料颗粒级配中的砂为特细砂,其在砂的级配中缺少中粗砂、级配不连续、保水性较差等特殊性级配料的特点导致其在施工过程中势必会影响到碾压的压实效果,给施工过程的质量控制带来很大难度。阐述了施工中通过对含特细砂砂砾石填筑料进行的不同加水量、不同厚度、不同碾压遍数及碾压机械等不同的碾压工艺参数进行试验检测、综合统计分析研究,探索出适合该工程的相关碾压施工参数标准,优化了施工碾压参数,提升了施工现场试验检测控制的时效性,为大坝填筑建设提供了稳定、可靠的施工参数,增强了坝体整体填筑的可靠性,为减小坝体沉降变形、提高大坝抗震安全储备和控制大坝施工质量等提供了有利条件。

临界状态土的物理标度律

土的临界状态理论描述了土有效应力、抗剪强度与土密实度之间的对应关系,大量土力学试验还揭示了土体强度与加载速率存在相关性。考虑到颗粒物质是自然土体的实际载体,从颗粒物理本源出发,将流态颗粒惯性数I发展为考虑砂土密实程度(即初始颗粒体积分数Ф0)的准静态颗粒物理惯性数Q=Ф0[ln(I)+α]。以砂土的经典三轴试验数据为基础,探究了处于临界状态土的颗粒物理标度律,发现颗粒的摩擦系数μ与准静态颗粒惯性数Q之间满足简单的μ=ξQ线性关系。新建立的简单物理标度律能够统一刻画处于临界状态砂土的密实状态、剪切速率、围压和粒径等因素与土内摩擦角间复杂的经验关系。为描述受剪颗粒准静态变形的体变规律,进一步探索了临界状态下土颗粒体积分数与准静态颗粒惯性数间的相关性。对三维应力状态情况,引入一个新的无量纲量“中主应力数”对标度律进行拓展,可揭示中主应力对临界状态砂土摩擦特性的影响。