Effect of Ta_(2)O_(5)nanoparticles on bioactivity,composition,structure,in vitro and in vivo behavior of PEO coatings on Mg-alloy

The present study investigates the physical and chemical characteristics,behavior in vitro and in vivo,and biocompatibility of coatings containing Ta_(2)O_(5),which are obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)on MA8 magnesium alloy.The obtained coatings demonstrate in vivo biocompatibility and in vitro bioactivity.Compared to the base PEO coating,the layers containing Ta_(2)O_(5)facilitate the development of apatite in simulated body fluid,suggesting that the inclusion of nanoparticles improves bioactivity of the coatings.It was found that incorporation of Ta_(2)O_(5)nanoparticles increases roughness and porosity of the formed layers by increasing particle concentration in electrolytes for the PEO process contributing to sufficient soft tissue ingrowth in vivo.Based on in vivo studies,these coatings also provide favorable tissue response and minimal inflammatory reaction in comparison with the bare magnesium alloy due to protection of living tissues from deleterious corrosion events of magnesium implant such as local alkalization and intense hydrogen evolution.The results obtained in the present study concluded biocompatibility,tissue integration of the PEO coatings containing Ta_(2)O_(5)nanoparticles making them a promising protective layer for biodegradable magnesium implants.

Antibacterial HA-coatings on bioresorbable Mg alloy

In this study,a calcium-phosphate coating was formed on a Mg-Mn-Ce alloy by the plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO).The antibiotic vancomycin,widely used in the treatment of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus),was impregnated into the coating.Samples with vancomycin showed high bactericidal activity against S.aureus.The mechanical and electrochemical properties of the formed coatings were studied,as well as in vitro cytotoxicity tests and in vivo tests on mature male rats were performed.According to SEM,EDS,XRD and XPS data,coatings had a developed morphology and contained hydroxyapatite,which indicates high biocompatibility.The analysis of roughness of coatings without and with vancomycin did not reveal any differences,confirming the high roughness of the samples.During electrochemical tests,an increase in corrosion resistance by more than two times after the application of PEO coatings was revealed.According to the results of an in vivo study,after 28 days of the implantation of samples with calcium phosphate PEO coating and vancomycin,no signs of inflammation were observed,while an inflammatory reaction developed in the area of implantation of bare alloy,followed by encapsulation.Antibiotic release tests from the coatings show a sharp decrease in the concentration of the released antibiotic on day 7 and then a gradual decrease until day 28.Throughout the experiment,no significant deviations in the condition and behavior of the animals were observed;clinical tests did not reveal a systemic toxic reaction.

Sol-gel Derived TiO_2-Bioactive glass-Hydroxyapatite Bioactive Coating on Titanium Alloy Substrate

Coating the hydroxyapatite （HA） on the titanium alloy surface can obtain a bioactive implant with high mechanical properties However, the bonding force between the titanium alloy and the HA was low due to their different coefficient of thermal expansion （CET）. Preparing the multi-layer coating with alleviated thermal stress on titanium alloy substrate is few reported. Fabrication of a TiO2-bioactive glass （BG）-HA bioactive coating was proposed to solve this problem. A particular TiO2 surface was prepared on the titanium alloy substrate by micro-arc oxidation treatment. The BG and HA coating were coated onto the TiO2 surface in turn by using a sol-gel method. The microstructure, surface morphology and phase composition of the coatings were analyzed. The bonding force of coatings was investigated by the nick apparatus. In vitro dissolution was performed by soaking the TiO2-BG-HA coated samples into the simulated body fluid for various periods. Micro-structural observations indicated that no delamination and crack occurred at the interface of HA/BG and BG/TiO2. The bonding between the substrate and coating consists of the mechanical interaction and the chemical bonding. The bonding force could reach about 45 N. The TiO2-BG-HA coating displayed the excellent forming ability of bone-like apatite when it was soaked into the simulated body fluid. This work suggests an innovative way to reduce the internal stress among coatings through varying BG composition to adjust its CTE, so as to enhance the bonding force.

Incorporation of Mg-phenolic networks as a protective coating for magnesium alloy to enhance corrosion resistance and osteogenesis in vivo

Magnesium(Mg) and its alloys have been intensively studied to develop the next generation of bone implants recently, but their clinical application is restricted by rapid degradation and unsatisfied osteogenic effect in vivo. A bioactive chemical conversion Mg-phenolic networks complex coating(e EGCG) was stepwise incorporated by epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG) and exogenous Mg^(2+)on Mg-2Zn magnesium alloy. Simplex EGCG induced chemical conversion coating(c EGCG) was set as compare group. The in vitro corrosion behavior of Mg-2Zn alloy, c EGCG and e EGCG was evaluated in SBF using electrochemical(PDP, EIS) and immersion test. The cytocompatibility was investigated with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(r BMSCs). Furthermore, the in vivo tests using a rabbit model involved micro computed tomography(Micro-CT) analysis, histological observation, and interface analysis. The results showed that the e EGCG is Mgphenolic multilayer coating incorporated Mg-phenolic networks, which is rougher, more compact and much thicker than c EGCG. The e EGCG highly improved the corrosion resistance of Mg-2Zn alloy, combined with its lower average hemolytic ratios, continuous high scavenging effect ability and relatively moderate contact angle features, resulting in a stable and suitable biological environment, obviously promoted r BMSCs adhesion and proliferation. More importantly, Micro-CT, histological and interface elements distribution evaluations all revealed that the e EGCG effectively inhibited degradation and enhanced bone tissue formation of Mg alloy implants. This study puts forward a promising bioactive chemical conversion coating with Mg-phenolic networks for the application of biodegradable orthopedic implants.

Development of a Low Temperature Sol-Gel-Derived Titania-Silica Implant Coating

Objective of this study was to develope low temperature sol-gel coatings for shape memory metal (NiTi) and evaluate their biocompatibility on NiTi suture material. A series of low temperature TiO2 and TiO2-SiO2 sol-gel coatings were prepared on glass substrates. The silica content of TiO2-SiO2 coatings ranged from 0 to 30 mol%. The coatings were also prepared with polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The contact angle and photocatalytic activity measurements were used to evaluate the surface properties of the coatings. Stability of the coatings was tested in simulated body fluid (SBF). The TiO2-SiO2 90/10 film made with PEG was more hydrophilic, showed photocatalytic activity and was crack-free after the SBF test, thus it was chosen to animal experiment as a new experimental coating. Uncoated NiTi suture and the suture coated with high temperature TiO2 were used as reference materials. NiTi sutures were inserted subcutaneously on the back of rat for four weeks. In routine histological examinations all materials showed good biocompatibility with mild inflammatory cell reaction. No significant differences in the soft tissue response among the materials were observed. Both the high and new low temperature processed sol-gel coatings remained attached on the sutures confirming the suitability of the coating technique on thin NiTi sutures.

A first look at the formation of PEO-PDA coatings on 3D titanium

Additive manufacturing has revolutionized implantology by enabling the fabrication of customized,highly porous implants.Surface modifications using electrochemical methods can significantly enhance the bioactivity and biocompatibility of biomaterials,including 3D-printed implants.This study investigates novel coatings on 3D titanium(Ti)samples.Mesh Ti samples were designed and subjected to plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)to form a calcium phosphate coating.Subsequently,a layer of polydopamine(PDA)was applied.The electrochemical properties and morphology of the coatings were analyzed.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)revealed well-developed coatings containing calcium phosphates(including hydroxyapatite),titanium dioxide,and polymerized dopamine,suggesting promising bioactive potential.Composite layers incorporating PDA exhibited superior protective properties compared to base PEO coatings.

Construction of Zn-incorporated Micro/Nano Hierarchical Structure Coatings on Tantalum

Tantalum(Ta)alloys have been widely used as bone repair materials duc to their excellent biocompatibility.In present work,zinc(Zn)incorporated ceramic coatings with micro/nano hierarchical structure were successfully fabricated on Ta by micro-arc oxidation and hydrothermal treatment.The content of Zn ions is about(1.35士0.3)wt%.Cortex-like rough morphology(Ra:1.504μm)with irregular vermiform slots can be clearly observed on the surface of Ta.More importantly,the coatings resembling the structure of natural bone can release Zn,Ca,and P ions in a controlled and sustained manner.The corrosion resistance ofTa is greatly improved after functionalized with ceramic coatings,confirming by potentiodynamic polarization tests.The bonding strength between the coatings and substrates can be up to 18.9 N.Furthermore,the surface of MAOs-HT@Ta is covered by bonelike apatite after immersed in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF)for three weeks,showing excellently bioactivity.These results suggest that the innovative Zn-incorporated micro/nano hierarchical coatings on Ta may be used as promising candidates for orthopedic implants.

Bioactive glass coatings on metallic implants for biomedical applications

Metallic implant materials possess adequate mechanical properties such as strength,elastic modulus,and ductility for long term support and stability in vivo.Traditional metallic biomaterials,including stainless steels,cobalt-chromium alloys,and titanium and its alloys,have been the gold standards for load-bearing implant materials in hard tissue applications in the past decades.Biodegradable metals including iron,magnesium,and zinc have also emerged as novel biodegradable implant materials with different in vivo degradation rates.However,they do not possess good bioactivity and other biological functions.Bioactive glasses have been widely used as coating materials on the metallic implants to improve their integration with the host tissue and overall biological performances.The present review provides a detailed overview of the benefits and issues of metal alloys when used as biomedical implants and how they are improved by bioactive glass-based coatings for biomedical applications.

Poly-dopamine, poly-levodopa, and poly-norepinephrine coatings: Comparison of physico-chemical and biological properties with focus on the application for blood-contacting devices

Thanks to its simplicity,versatility,and secondary reactivity,dopamine self-polymerized coatings(pDA)have been widely used in surface modification of biomaterials,but the limitation in secondary molecular grafting and the high roughness restrain their application in some special scenarios.Therefore,some other catecholamine coatings analog to pDA have attracted more and more attention,including the smoother poly-norepinephrine coating(pNE),and the poly-levodopa coating(pLD)containing additional carboxyl groups.However,the lack of a systematic comparison of the properties,especially the biological properties of the above three catecholamine coatings,makes it difficult to give a guiding opinion on the application scenarios of different coatings.Herein,we systematically studied the physical,chemical,and biological properties of the three catecholamine coatings,and explored the feasibility of their application for the modification of biomaterials,especially cardiovascular materials.Among them,the pDA coating was the roughest,with the largest amount of amino and phenolic hydroxyl groups for molecule grafting,and induced the strongest platelet adhesion and activation.The pLD coating was the thinnest and most hydrophilic but triggered the strongest inflammatory response.The pNE coating was the smoothest,with the best hemocompatibility and histocompatibility,and with the strongest cell selectivity of promoting the proliferation of endothelial cells while inhibiting the proliferation of smooth muscle cells.To sum up,the pNE coating may be a better choice for the surface modification of cardiovascular materials,especially those for vascular stents and grafts,but it is still not widely recognized.

Rapid inactivation of multidrug-resistant bacteria and enhancement of osteoinduction via titania nanotubes grafted with polyguanidines

The rapid in situ inhibition of bacterial contamination and subsequent infection without inducing drug resistance is highly vital for the successful implantation and long-term service of titanium(Ti)-based orthopedic implants.However,the instability and potential cytotoxicity of current coatings have deterred their clinical practice.In this study,anodic oxidized titania nanotubes(TNT)were modified with antibacterial polyhexamethylene guanidine(PG)with the assistance of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid.Interestingly,the prepared TNT-PG coating exhibited superior in vitro antibacterial activity than flat Ti-PG coating and effectively killed typical pathogens such as Escherichia coli and superbug methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus with above 4-log reduction(>99.99%killed)in only 5 min.TNT-PG coating also exerted excellent hemocompatibility with red blood cells and nontoxicity toward mouse pre-osteoblasts(MC3 T3-E1)in 1 week of coculture.In addition,the efficient in vivo anti-infective property of this coating was observed in a rat subcutaneous infection model.More importantly,TNT-PG coating improved the expression of alkaline phosphatase and enhanced the extracellular matrix mineralization of pre-osteoblasts,denoting its osteoinductive capacity.This versatile TNT-PG coating with excellent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility could be a promising candidate for advanced orthopedic implant applications.