Soft Computing of Biochemical Oxygen Demand Using an Improved T–S Fuzzy Neural Network

It is difficult to measure the online values of biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) due to the characteristics of nonlinear dynamics, large lag and uncertainty in wastewater treatment process. In this paper, based on the knowledge representation ability and learning capability, an improved T–S fuzzy neural network(TSFNN) is introduced to predict BOD values by the soft computing method. In this improved TSFNN, a K-means clustering is used to initialize the structure of TSFNN, including the number of fuzzy rules and parameters of membership function. For training TSFNN, a gradient descent method with the momentum item is used to adjust antecedent parameters and consequent parameters. This improved TSFNN is applied to predict the BOD values in effluent of the wastewater treatment process. The simulation results show that the TSFNN with K-means clustering algorithm can measure the BOD values accurately. The algorithm presents better approximation performance than some other methods.

Analysis of the Correlation among Three Oxygen Demand Indexes in Surface Water

Based on the monitoring data of chemical oxygen demand(COD),permanganate index(I Mn)and five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD 5)of surface water in Tongling section of Yangtze River,the linear relationship among the three indexes in the annual data analysis and the internal reasons,as well as the linear relationship and changes among the three indexes in different seasons were analyzed.The results reveal that in terms of the whole year,COD,I Mn and BOD 5 had a significant correlation and good linear relationship.The fitting slopes of the three indexes were 3.89 of COD/I Mn,4.39 of COD/BOD 5 and 1.16 of I Mn/BOD 5,respectively,which corresponded to the proportional relationship among the three indexes.From the perspective of seasonal changes,there was a very significant correlation between the three indexes in spring and summer.In autumn and winter,only COD and I Mn had a good correlation,but they had a poor correlation with BOD 5.

Variations in oxygen and some related pollution parameters in some streams in ITU Area of Nigeria

The analyses of water from four tributaries of Ikpa River: Afaha Nsai Stream (ANS), Ikot Ekpuk Stream (IES), Afaha Itam Stream(AIS) and Nduetong Stream (NDS) in International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Local Government Area of Akawa Ibom State in Nigeria were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The parameters investigated were temperature(Temp.), hydrogen ion concentration(pH), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Correlation analysis carried out between pairs of variables showed that only the correlation coefficients between TDS and DO in ANS( p <0.05); Temp. and TDS in IES ( p <0.05) and between Temp. and TDS in AIS ( p <0.01) were significant. None of the pairs of the variables in NDS showed any significant correlation. The coefficients of variation for the parameters were also computed and used in determining their stability in the water. The possible effects of these variables on each other and on the aquatic ecosystem were discussed.

Modeling of the Dissolved Oxygen in a River with Storage Zone on the Banks

The prediction of water quality in terms of variables like dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), pH value, total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity etc. is useful for evaluating the use of water for various related purposes. The widely used Streeter and Phelps models for computing biochemical oxygen demand and its impact on dissolved oxygen do not account for the settleable component of BOD and related implications. The model also does not account for the impact of storage zone on the stream’s DO. In the present work an attempt is made to develop a model which simultaneously accounts for the settleable component of BOD and the effect of storage zones onriver’s DO. An application of the model to real field data suggests that the cumulative impact of settleable BOD and presence of storage zone in the river is to shift the critical deficit closer to the point source and magnify its amount.

Biochemical Methane Potential of Food Wastes from Akouedo Landfill, Côte d’Ivoire

The determination of biochemical methane potential (BMP) is very important for the valorization of food wastes. This study is focused on the evaluation of the theoretical methane production from chemical oxygen demand (COD) of some food wastes, coming out Akouedo landfill. Almost all of the considered samples exhibited methane theoretical yields equal to about 402.5 - 507.8 mLCH4/gVS. These results indicate the suitability of all the studied food wastes from Akouedo landfill to be converted into energy.

BOD5荧光测定法与标准方法在地表水监测中的对比性研究

BOD5检测是一种基于微生物的污染负荷评估,有文献证明微生物代谢物类色氨酸的荧光强度与BOD5测量之间存在相关性.对长江流域常州段地表水水样的荧光强度与BOD5值之间的关系进行了探究,并通过考察浊度、pH、离子干扰和区域差异来评估荧光法应用于水质BOD5污染评价中的潜力.研究发现,地表水的pH和离子干扰对荧光法检测BOD5并不构成明显影响.区域差异对比结果t最大值为1.227,不构成显著性差异.荧光法水样检测结果与标准方法相比,相关性系数r为0.9099,具有明显相关性.结果表明,荧光法应用于地表水BOD5检测影响因素少、检测速度快、自动化程度高、结果稳定可靠,可以作为BOD5检测的替代方法,成为表征水中可生物降解污染物污染程度的主要手段.

建筑废水生化处理工艺与应用技术创新研究

为了提升建筑废水净化处理效果,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)投加量,pH值和预曝气对不同建筑废水样本进行处理的效果,对比分析了悬浮物(SS)、生化需氧量(COD)、浊度去除率的变化。结果表明,在PAC投加量为1200 mg时,COD、SS、NTU去除率取得最大值。在PAM投加量为20 mg时,COD、NTU去除率取得最大值;在PAM投加量为15 mg时,SS去除率取得最大值。在pH值为5时,COD、NTU去除率取得最大值;在pH值为7时,SS去除率取得最大值。经过预曝气30 min处理后,建筑废水的COD、SS、浊度去除率都较未经过预曝气样品有所上升。

焦化废水系统生化处理后深度除氰降氮的研究

在实际的运行过程中,焦化废水处理系统存在生化处理后出水总氰化物、化学需氧量、氨氮难以稳定达标排放的问题,为了解决这一问题,需要进一步的除氰降氮。目前采用最有效的办法为絮凝沉淀法,但传统的聚合硫酸铁联合阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的处理方案达不到现场处理需求。针对上述情况研发出AK873,应用到系统后效果显著,出水总氰化物稳定在0.2 mg·L^(-1)以下、化学需氧量低于20 mg·L^(-1)、氨氮小于10 mg·L^(-1),色度也得以降低。

测定水中五日生化需氧量的影响因素研究

五日生化需氧量是水质监测中的重要指标。对试样中溶解氧的测定方法进行比对分析,并对五日生化需氧量随温度的影响进行了详细研究。结果显示,在其他条件一定的情况下,电化学探头法在实验室测定五日生化需氧量中具有相对优势,且最佳测定温度为20℃。在最优实验条件下,对实际样品的检出限、精密度和准确度进行了分析测定,结果均满足质控要求。

生化需氧量(BOD)在线监测仪校准方法研究

本文介绍了基于紫外-可见光谱法原理的生化需氧量(BOD)在线监测仪的基本结构和工作原理,明确了监测仪的计量特性,确定了校准环境条件、测量标准、校准项目和校准方法,并对监测仪的关键性能指标的示值相对误差进行不确定度评定。同时,对不同监测仪进行试验验证。结果表明:该监测仪性能指标设置科学合理,且校准方法具有可操作性。

五日生化需氧量测定中过饱和溶解氧快速逸出方式探讨

冬季自然水体中溶解氧通常为过饱和状态,测定五日生化需氧量(BOD_(5))要求培养前振荡赶出过饱和溶解氧,采用人工振荡、超声波振荡、静置抽真空和抽真空振荡4种不同前处理方式对样品中过饱和溶解氧的逸出进行对比研究。结果表明:抽真空振荡方式能使样品中过饱和溶解氧快速逸出,且逸出速率与样品初始溶解氧浓度、取样体积成正比。当样品体积为600 mL、溶解氧浓度为9~10 mg/L时,抽真空振荡10 s可逸出过饱和溶解氧;溶解氧浓度为10~12 mg/L时,20~30 s可逸出过饱和溶解氧;溶解氧浓度大于12 mg/L时,50~70 s可逸出过饱和溶解氧。抽真空振荡方式能在10~70 s快速逸出样品中过饱和溶解氧,BOD_(5)测定结果准确,相对偏差小,缩减和降低了样品测定过程中过饱和溶解氧逸出的时间和难度,为实验室BOD_(5)的测定分析提供了参考和依据。

五日生化需氧量自动稀释装置设计与研究

五日生化需氧量作为地表水质量监测的常规项目,在水质评价中具有重要意义,常用测定五日生化需氧量时的稀释方法,对操作人员的虹吸操作技能要求较高,具有一定局限性。本文介绍一种五日生化需氧量自动稀释装置,可提高实验的自动化程度,节省人工成本和时间,混匀装置也避免了稀释过程中水样中混入额外氧气,提高测量结果准确度。通过对比,与传统稀释方法测量结果相符合,满足五日生化需氧量测量要求。

稀释接种法和压差法测定五日生化需氧量的比较

本文对稀释接种法和压差法两种方法测定五日生化需氧量(BOD_(5))进行了比较。实验结果表明,两种方法均可用于BOD_(5)的测定,但各有优劣。稀释接种法几乎适用于任何样品,但需要较长的实验周期和较高的实验技能。压差法操作简单,与标准方法相比,具有较好的一致性,适用于样品中BOD_(5)浓度较高的情况,但成本较高。

基于FRBPSO-RBF神经网络的污水BOD5软测量方法

污水处理过程中污水BOD5难以实时准确测量,故软测量方法逐渐被用于污水BOD5的预测,其中RBF神经网络软测量方法应用广泛,但存在训练过程易陷入局部极值等问题。为提高RBF神经网络的预测精度,提出了基于适应度排名的粒子群算法(fitness ranking based particle swarm optimization,FRBPSO),根据适应度排名与迭代次数确定惯性权重的大小,并根据粒子个体历史最优值的排名与迭代次数确定自我学习因子与社会学习因子的大小,并将FRBPSO算法引入RBF神经网络的参数训练中。基于13个基准测试函数与其他3个粒子群优化算法对比,实验结果显示FRBPSO算法的寻优能力相对较强。再将基于FRBPSO算法的RBF神经网络用于构建污水BOD5软测量模型,仿真结果表明,在测试数据中,FRBPSO-RBF软测量模型的平均绝对误差比PSO-RBF软测量模型、DAIW-RBF软测量模型、SCVPSO-RBF软测量模型分别降低了0.7178、0.2402、0.5851,平均绝对百分比误差分别降低了0.47%、0.15%、0.33%,均方根误差分别降低了0.0034、0.0015、0.0039。与其他3个基于PSO算法的BOD5软测量模型相比,FRBPSO-RBF模型具有较高的BOD5预测精度。

Characterization and analysis of petrochemical wastewater through particle size distribution, biodegradability, and chemical composition

The centralized treatment method is a widely used form of wastewater treatment that tends to be less effective at removing toxic substances. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the composition of wastewater can provide important information for the design of an effective wastewater treatment process. The objective of this paper was to investigate particle size distribution(PSD), biodegradability, and the chemical composition of the petrochemical wastewater discharges. For this purpose, this project selected the petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater of China National Offshore Oil Corporation Zhongjie Petrochemical Co, Ltd. as the analysis objects.The step-by-step filtration method, along with a molecular weight classification method, was selected to build the chemical oxygen demand(COD) and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) fingerprints of petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater. The results showed that the main pollutants were settleable particles in petrochemical wastewater, which contributed to over 54.85% of the total COD. The colloidal particles with particle sizes in the range of 450–1000 nm had the highest COD value in the treated wastewater, which contributed34.17% of the total COD of treated wastewater. The results of the BOD analysis showed that the soluble fractions were the main reason that treated wastewaters did not meet the treatment standards. Tests on the organic compounds in petrochemical wastewater found that there were mainly linear paraffins, branched paraffins, benzene series compounds, and some plasticizers in the influent of the petrochemical wastewater. The most abundant pollutants in treated petrochemical wastewater were the adjacent diisobutyl phthalate and the linear alkanes.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) transmission spectroscopy analysis showed that the settleable particles of petrochemical wastewater and membrane bioreactor(MBR)-treated wastewater contained multiple types of organic substances. The results also indicated that removing the oil-settleable substances, the colloidal particles(450–1000 nm), and the soluble organics will be necessary for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater.

Disruption of biofilms from sewage pipes under physical and chemical conditioning

Biofilms grown inside two sewage collecting pipes located in industrial and residential areas are studied. Bacterial biomass inside three layers of biofilms was evaluated. Biofilm cohesion under different mixing rate and ionic strength was also investigated. Effects of physical and chemical parameters in the biofilms were evaluated by monitoring turbidity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Extracted organic matter from biofilms was partitioned to polar, aromatic and saturated fractions using activated silica column chromatography. Results revealed that bacterial biomass growth depending on biofilm thickness and stratification. The most loaded stratum in bacteria/biomass was the sewage-biofilm interface stratum that represented 51% of the total bacteria/biomass. Stirring rate and ionic strength of mono- and bivalent salts showed a major influence in biofilm disruption. The stirring time enhanced the exchange dynamic and matter capture between biofilm fragments at the critical stirring rate 90 r/min. Sodium chloride showed the dispersing effect on biofilms in suspension, and decreased the BOD5 （biochemical oxygen demand） beyond the physiological salt concentration.

Application of Microbial BOD Sensors in Marine Monitoring

A strain of yeast, which can endure high osmotic pressure, is employed for the sensitive material of the microbial BOD sensor. Two immobilization methods are used, I.e. Calcium alginate gel be ads and PV A gel beads. The results show that the PVA gel beads is better. The influences of osmosis and heavy metal ions on the yeast entrapped in the PVA gel beads are also studied in the experiment.

Problems in Water Environmental Control—Sense and Nonsense in Measurement of Water Protection

Water environmental control and process refinement inside a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is fundamentally based on sampling, analysis and on-line measurements on water and sludge streams. The problems related to an accurate and reliable control and thus an efficient water protection are addressed in the following. Four different crucial points whenever a sampling and control scheme is planned: 1) Where should a sampling and on-line measurement take place? 2) When should sampling take place? 3) How should the sampling and on-line measurement take place? 4) Which variables should be controlled? Examples are given from different plants demonstrating ways to address the questions. Especially the relevance of the adopted parameter BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is discussed. It is finally suggested to even abandon the use of BOD as consent variable in favor of on-line measurement of Suspended Solids, Nitrogen and Phosphorous.

Seasonal and Spatial Variation in the Monitoring Parameters of Zomar Stream, Palestine during 2010

Levels of pollutants at Zomar stream, the only recreational area for the inhabitants of the northern part of the West Bank, Palestine, were recently determined, and have shown to be relatively high. Three bathing sites along the Zomar stream area were monitored for one year （fortnightly）. Wastewater samples were subjected to microbiological analysis （fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Klebsiella）, physico-chemical analyses （water temperature, pH, electroconductivity and DO （dissolved oxygen））, biochemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ammonia. The study results demonstrated seasonal and locational variations in all parameters studied. The highest levels of pollution were detected during summer, especially before a rainfall or after a discharge from onsite cesspits. Locations associated with sewage discharge were found to have the highest fecal indicator levels.

Characterisation of Raw Sewage and Performance Evaluation of Al-Diwaniyah Sewage Treatment Work, Iraq

These days, water and wastewater treatment are one of the most important issues regarding to the human health. Wastewaters are one of the most environmental pollutants and a wide range of adverse effects linked to the effect of untreated wastewaters or wastewaters that treat improperly. The aim of this present study was to evaluate performance of the wastewater treatment plant at Al-Diwaniyah City according to the national standards. Therefore, data of the most common parameters (PH, BOD5, COD, TSS, PO4, NO3, Cl, and Oil and Grease) were collected from the wastewater treatment plant. The study revealed that the wastewater treatment plant was receiving medium to strong influent with a BOD5/COD ratio of between (0.4 - 0.7). Regression analysis was achieved to approximate the influent of BOD5 and TSS. While the effluent quality was exceeded the Iraq standards for disposing treated wastewater to the water bodies with a fluctuation in the ratio of BOD5to COD as a consequence of the operational problems. Therefore, these results would be of help to planners and policy makers in the City to combat such this problem and to take the necessary actions to reduce the impact of these pollutants.