Emission and performance study emulsi ed orange peel oil biodiesel in an aspirated research engine

This study paves the way on reducing smoke emission and NO_x emissions of research diesel engine by detailing the e ect of water addition in biodiesel. Fuel samples were prepared with di erent concentrations of water in orange peel oil biodiesel(94% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 4% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE1) and 90% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 8% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE2). Span 80 was employed as a nonionic surfactant, which emulsifies water in biodiesel. Experimental results revealed that the nitrogen oxides and smoke emission of orange peel oil biodiesel emulsion were reduced by 11%–19% and 3%–21%, respectively, compared to that of neat orange peel oil biodiesel(WOPOBD). In addition, the introduction of orange peel oil–water emulsions in the diesel engine considerably reduced the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The overall hydrocarbon emission of WOPOBDE2 was 12.2% lower than that of WOPOBD and 16.3% lower than that of diesel. The overall CO emission of WOPOBDE2 was 17% lower than that of base fuel(WOPOBD) and 21.8% lower than that of diesel. Experimental results revealed that modified fuel had higher brake thermal e ciency and lower brake specific fuel consumption than that of base fuel at all engine brake power levels.

Optimal Mixture Ratios of Biodiesel Ethanol Diesel for Diesel Engines

In this paper, we study the best-mixture ratio of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel for diesel engines. The simulation results show that the integrated indexes including engine power, cost-effectiveness and emission properties are rather better with different optimizing index when the ratio of bio-diesel, ethanol and diesel are 71.58:2.72:25.70 and 50:2.4127:47.5873.

A Laboratory Study of the Effect of Temperature on Densities and Viscosities of Binary and Ternary Blends of Soybean Oil, Soy Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel Oil

The depletion of world petroleum reserves and the increased environmental concerns have stimulated the search for alternative sources for petroleum based fuel. The possibility of using vegetable oils as fuel has been recognized, however, due to its high viscosities and low volatilities makes it inefficient for most combustion engines and thus the need to get them chemically altered or transesterified to obtain fatty alkyl esters of the oil (biodiesel). In this study, binary and ternary blends of biodiesel were produced and the effect of temperature on their viscosity and density was investigated. Biodiesel was produced from soybean oil by transesterification of the oil with methanol using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst at a temperature of 60℃ in a batch reactor. Binary and ternary blends of the soy-biodiesel were prepared with soy bean oil and petroleum diesel fuel, respectively. Viscosities and densities of the binary and ternary blends were measured at different temperatures of 20℃ to 90℃ as to determine the effect of temperature on viscosities and densities of the blends. The properties of the soy-biodiesel produced were compared with ASTM standard and found to be within the limits. The results show that the viscosities and densities of both the binary and ternary blends are temperature dependent. The viscosities of binary and ternary blends decreased nonlinearly with temperature, while their densities decreased linearly with temperature. The variation of temperature with viscosity and density of the blends was correlated and the polynomial equation offered the best correlation between temperature and viscosity, while linear equation gave the best correlation between temperature and density. In conclusion, the efficiency of binary and ternary blends of biodiesel in combustion engines is dependent on the viscosity and density of the blends which are invariably temperature dependent.

Exhaust emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel

The performances of diesel contrasted with that of biodiesel, such as HC and CO and NOx and fume and particles discharge, are studied on. The contents of HC, CO, NOx and flue gas are measured by Japan 163 Gas Chromatograph, USA 48 CO Analyser, Japan MEXA-7200H and FBY-201 flue gas analyzer, respectively. The experimental results shows HC dis-charge of biodiesel B20 decreases with the increase of rate of revolution;NOx discharge of biodiesel B5 and biodiesel B20 increase with the increase of torque;NOx discharge increases with the increase of adding biodiesel at the same torque;Flue gas discharge of biodiesel B5 and biodiesel B20 firstly increase and then decrease with the increase of torque;Particle discharge decreases with the increase of the amount of biodiesel.

Measurement of Emissions from a Passenger Truck Fueled with Biodiesel from Different Feedstocks

Biodiesel has generated increased interest recently as an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel. Due to its high oxygen content, biodiesel typically burns more completely than petroleum diesel, and thus has lower emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM). However, biodiesel may increase or decrease nitrogen oxide (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, depending on biodiesel feedstock, engine type, and test cycle. The purpose of this study was to compare emissions from 20% blends of biodiesel made from 4 feedstocks (soybean oil, canola oil, waste cooking oil, and animal fat) with emissions from ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD). Emissions of NOx and CO2 were made under real-world driving conditions using a Horiba On-Board Measurement System OBS-1300 on a highway route and arterial route;emissions of NOx, CO2, HC, CO, and PM were measured in a controlled setting using a chassis dynamometer with Urban Dynamometer Drive Schedule. Dynamometer test results showed statistically significant lower emissions of HC, CO, and PM from all B20 blends compared to ULSD. For CO2, both on-road testing (arterial, highway, and idling) and dynamometer testing showed no statistically significant difference in emissions among the B20 blends and ULSD. For NOx, dynamometer testing showed only B20 from soybean oil to have statistically significant higher emissions. This is generally consistent with the on-road testing, which showed no statistically significant difference in NOx emissions between ULSD and the B20 blends.

Simulation of a DI Diesel Engine Performance Fuelled on Biodiesel Using a Semi-Empirical 0D Model

Diesel engines have proven over the years important in terms of efficiency and fuel consumption to power generation ratio. Many research works show the potential of biodiesel as a substitute for conventional gasoil. Mainly, previous and recent researches have focused on experimental investigation of diesel engine performance fuelled by biodiesel. Researches on the mathematical description of diesel engine process running on biodiesel are scarce, and mostly about chemical and thermodynamic description of the combustion process of biodiesel rather than performance studies. This work describes a numerical investigation on the performance analysis of a diesel engine fuelled by palm oil biodiesel. The numerical investigation was made using a semi empirical 0D model based on Wiebe’s and Watson’s model which was implemented via the open access numerical calculation software Scilab. The model was validated first by comparing with experimental pressure and performance data of a one cylinder engine at rated speed and secondly by comparing with a six cylinders engine performance data at various crankshaft rotational speeds. Simulations were then made to analyze the engine performance when running on biodiesel. The calculations were made at constant combustion duration and constant coefficient of excess air. Results showed that the model matches the overall experimental data, such as the power output and peak cylinder pressure. The ignition delay was somehow underestimated by the model for the first experiment, which caused a slight gap on in cylinder pressure curve, whereas it predicted the average ignition delay fairly well for the second set of validation. The simulations of engine performance when running on biodiesel confirmed results obtained in previous experimental researches on biodiesel. The model will be further investigated for engine control when shifting to biodiesel fuel.

Investigating the Use of <i>Jatropha</i>Biodiesel in Compression Ignition Engines by Comparing Effects of Storage Time on Its Properties with the Standard Properties of Fossil-Diesel and Properties of Quality Biodiesel

Effects of storage time on some properties of jatropha biodiesel were investigated over the storage time of 0 to 8 weeks at the temperature of 25℃. Such properties as water content and density were found to increase at the rates of 5 ppm and 14 kg/m3 per week respectively. These rates translate into property values which compare closely with the standard properties of fossil-diesel and properties of quality biodiesel. As a result, the jatropha biodiesel can be used as alternative fuel to fossil-diesel in compression ignition engines within 8 weeks of its production. However, the calorific value and flash point of the biodiesel decreased at the rate of 1.4℃ and 2.5 MJ/kg per week respectively. Although the flash point was within the acceptable level for quality biodiesel, the calorific values were abnormally higher than the values for quality biodiesel of about 38.7 MJ/kg. With the exception of the calorific values, the other properties were not reasonably affected.

Controlling of NO_x Emitted from a Diesel Engine Fueled on Biodiesel: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Evaluation

The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by running the engine on an electric dynamometer at eight steady-state operating conditions.The refined engine model was used to predict the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） less than those measured earlier in the experiments,and hence to recommend changes in the engine for the verification of the results.The refined engine model is greatly influenced by the start of injection angle （ψ）,ignition delay （φ）,premix duration （DP）,and main duration （DM） for the prediction of reduced NOx emissions.It is found that optimum ψ is 6.5° before top dead center （BTDC）.At this angle,the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement,showing only a difference of up to 4%,6.2%,and 7.5% for engine performance,maximum combustion pressure （Pmax）,and NOx,respectively.

Combined Effect of a Catalytic Reduction Device with Waste Frying Oil-Based Biodiesel on NOx Emissions of Diesel Engines

Internal combustion engines with application in automobiles and other relevant industries constitute significant environmental pollution via the release of toxic exhaust gasses like carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NOx). Engine researchers and manufacturers are challenged to develop external and internal measures to ensure environmentally friendly solutions to accommodate and conform to the growing list of emission standards. Therefore, this work presents an experimental investigation of the NOx emission profile of a diesel engine that is fuelled and fitted with waste frying oil-based biodiesel and catalytic converter. Using a single-cylinder, four-stroke air-cooled CI engine at a constant speed of 1900 rpm and different loadings of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%;fitted with a catalytic converter at the exhaust outlet of the engine and linked to a dynamometer and a gas analyser, an experiment was conducted at biodiesel/diesel volume blends of B0 (0/10), B5 (5/95), B20 (20/80), B30 (30/70), B70 (70/30), B100 (100/0);and 30% concentration (v/v), 0.5 litre/hr flow rate of aqueous urea from the catalytic converter. The results show an increasing NOx emission as the biodiesel component increased in the blend. The catalytic converter showed a downward NOx reduction with a significant 68% reduction in efficiency at high exhaust gas temperatures. It is concluded that the combined utilisation of waste frying oil-based biodiesel and the catalytic converter yields substantial NOx emission reduction.

Comparative Study of Performances of a Single-Cylinder Diesel Enginefueled with Pure Diesel and Blends of Biodiesels/Pure Diesel

In this study, the principal objective is to compare the performances of an air-cooled one cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine using the blends (5% by volume B5, 10% by volume B10) of diesel and biodiesels derived respectively from palm oil, castor oil and raphia sese De Wild oil with pure diesel. All the biodiesels used in this work come from the plant species of the democratic republic of Congo as listed above. The engine performances (power, torque and brake specific consumption) at different engine speeds were determined at both full and partial loads. According to experimental results, the increments in the power output and torque when the mixtures of diesel and biodiesels were used and were observed. On the other side, the specific fuel consumption of the mixtures is higher than that of pure diesel although the calculated lower heating values are almost within the same range for the all studied fuels. Finally, in partial load 1/1, pure diesel blended with biodiesels B5 derived from castor oil presented high specific brake consumption values compared to the other fuels while B10 from the same oil presents low brake specific consumption values for power greater than 3.2 kW.

Effect of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on Engine Emission and Performance Characteristics in an Internal Combustion Engine

Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NOx emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.

运用米勒循环与生物柴油对柴油机性能优化分析

本文基于GT-Power软件,对比分析了B20生物柴油在1000 r/min转速、2种负荷工况(100%和50%)下的2种米勒循环最佳方案,找到关于动力、经济、排放性能最佳的进气门提前关闭角;再基于米勒循环方案,对其性能进行了优化和分析,得出了B20生物柴油发动机在2种工况下功率、油耗、soot排放与NOx排放最佳性能的进气正时方案。结果表明:变气门重叠角米勒循环在整体性能方面优于变凸轮型线米勒循环,变气门重叠角米勒循环燃用B20生物柴油在2种不同负荷工况下,当处于进气门提前关闭角30℃A时功率性能最佳,并且通过模型优化后2种工况分别在进气门正时179.0℃aA和排气门正时174.0℃aA、进气门正时224.5℃aA和排气门正时119.0℃aA区域内有功率极大值;同理,油耗、soot与NOx排放也同样存在相对应的最佳进气门提前关闭角与优化后相对应的区域。

米勒循环对柴油机燃用生物柴油的性能研究

借助GT-Power软件实现某机车柴油机仿真模型的搭建,采用试验对仿真模型的准确性进行分析验证。研究在75%负载1000r/min工况燃用5种生物柴油B0、B10、B20、B50和B100,分析采用两种米勒循环对柴油机油耗、功率以及排放功能的影响。试验结果表明:柴油机功率发生变化拐点在30℃A米勒度处,油耗变化拐点在30℃A米勒度,碳烟排放发生变化拐点在20℃A米勒度,在该工况条件下NOx排放降低的效果较为显著。综合分析可知,在75%负载1000r/min工况条件下燃用B10生物柴油,米勒度为30℃A且变气阀重叠角米勒循环下柴油机表现最为佳。

EGR技术对生物柴油混合燃料发动机性能的影响研究

为缓解柴油掺烧生物柴油导致的NO_(x)排放过高问题,将4190ZLC船用中速柴油机作为试验台架,通过AVL_FIRE软件建立燃烧室模型,并验证该模型准确性。设置生物柴油掺混比0~40%等4组变量,EGR率0~12.5%等4组变量,进行柴油机燃烧、性能和排放分析。结果表明,掺烧适量生物柴油能够降低柴油机缸内温度,降低Soot排放,但同时会导致NO_(x)排放明显升高;EGR的引入能够实现低温燃烧,显著降低NO_(x)排放,但EGR率过高会增加Soot排放。生物柴油掺混比B40、EGR率12.5%组合NO排放比原机降低47.7%,Soot排放质量分数比原机降低98.13%。本文结果将为柴油掺混生物柴油燃烧并结合EGR技术提供一定的研究方向。

基于模糊分析的船用柴油机燃用生物柴油性能优化

为优化生物柴油/柴油船用发动机的综合性能,利用AVL-Fire软件构建混合燃料发动机燃烧室模型,将仿真值与台架试验值进行对比验证其准确性,并通过燃用不同比例的生物柴油确立其最佳掺混比;最后,采用正交试验设计安排5个发动机运行参数进行多参数优化匹配,将NO排放量和指示功率作为评价指标,权重分别设置为0.6和0.4,对试验结果进行模糊数学分析。结果表明:对发动机性能影响大小顺序为EGR率(a_(1))、进气压力(a_(2))、进气温度(a_(3))、喷油提前角(a_(4))、喷油孔直径(a_(5));最优参数组合为:生物柴油掺混比30%、a_(1)=12.5%、a_(2)=0.173MPa、a_(3)=315.15K、a_(4)=18.6°CA、a_(5)=0.32mm,该组指示功率为52.7kW与原机55kW相比略低,NO排放量为5.37×10^(-5)%相比于原机8.5×10^(4)%降低了94.7%。该方法可以在保证发动机动力性的前提下,大幅降低NO排放量。

生物柴油调合燃料在EGR氛围下的燃烧颗粒结构特征分析

以某农用单缸柴油机为研究对象,在EGR率分别为0,15%,30%的条件下,测试其燃用生物柴油调合燃料时的碳烟排放特性,探究EGR率对生物柴油调合燃料燃烧颗粒结构特征的影响。研究结果表明:生物柴油调合燃料可以缓解因引入EGR而导致的碳烟排放量升高问题,且大EGR率工况下的改善效果更显著;柴油机排放颗粒物的粒径为20~80 nm,呈正态分布;相同EGR率条件下,燃用生物柴油调合燃料形成的颗粒粒径明显减小,且颗粒间的团聚程度增强,颗粒的孔隙率增大,界面层厚度增加;采用EGR技术,颗粒群的平均粒径增大,团聚程度增强,颗粒的孔隙率减小,界面层厚度增加;掺混生物柴油及引入EGR均会导致形成的颗粒表面粗糙程度和不规则程度有所提高。

不同海拔下柴油机燃用不同比例生物柴油的碳烟形成历程

基于不同海拔下某农用柴油机燃用生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的试验数据,建立柴油机生物柴油-柴油混合燃料时缸内燃烧的三维仿真模型。利用该模型研究不同海拔下柴油机燃用不同比例生物柴油时缸内碳烟的生成与氧化过程。研究结果表明:当柴油机燃用不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料时,随着海拔的升高,碳烟的开始生成始点和峰值对应的时刻有所推后,碳烟的峰值和趋于稳定的终值均随之升高,碳烟从开始生成到趋于稳定所对应的区间延长;随着柴油机燃用生物柴油比例的增大,碳烟生成的始点没有明显的变化规律,碳烟生成速率、缸内峰值以及趋于稳定的终值均随之降低,碳烟从开始生成到趋于稳定所对应的区间缩短。本研究可为高原地区柴油机燃用生物柴油实现高效清洁燃烧提供参考。

聚甲氧基二甲醚混合燃料喷雾特性试验研究

发展替代燃料是缓解石油能源短缺和环境污染的重要手段,在众多替代燃料中,含氧燃料因为其可再生、含碳量较低、能降低尾气排放等优势,得到了极大的发展。聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)、乙醇和生物柴油都是极具发展潜力的含氧替代燃料。在实际发动机中,替代燃料的喷雾行为直接影响后续的燃烧与排放过程。考虑到PODE可作为柴油-乙醇燃料的助溶剂,同时能弥补生物柴油高黏度和低挥发性的缺点,分别对柴油-乙醇-PODE和生物柴油-PODE混合燃料在定容燃烧室中的喷雾特性进行了研究。结果表明:在柴油中添加PODE对混合燃料的喷雾贯穿距(STP)影响不大,而在生物柴油中添加PODE,混合燃料的STP随着PODE比例的增加先增后减。在柴油中添加PODE和乙醇可以增加喷雾锥角(SCA),改善径向扩散,但对柴油的喷雾投影面积(SPA)影响不大,混合燃料对空气的卷吸能力与柴油相似。在生物柴油中添加PODE,混合燃料的喷雾锥角和喷雾投影面积均明显大于生物柴油,能够有效改善生物柴油的喷雾质量。

生物柴油在柴油机上的应用研究

为验证生物柴油在柴油机上的适用性,在不改变柴油机内部结构的前提下,分别考察了0号车用柴油D100和生物柴油BD20(BD100与D100按质量比1∶4调合而成的生物柴油)作为燃料时对柴油机润滑性能的影响,期间对润滑油各项指标进行了监控,并在试验结束后进行拆机检查。结果表明,润滑油中混入生物柴油BD20后不利于其抗磨性能和抗氧化性能,一方面表现在发动机运行过程中润滑油磨损金属元素含量和氧化值的增加,另一方面表现在拆机后活塞清净性变差。因此,使用生物柴油有加大发动机磨损、严重时导致喷油嘴堵塞的风险。

生物柴油-柴油-DEC混合燃料发动机的喷雾、燃烧与排放性能分析

应用纹影法观察高压共轨系统下燃料的宏观喷雾特性,在高压共轨柴油机上开展外特性下燃烧和排放试验,分析生物柴油-柴油-碳酸二乙酯(diethyl carbonate,DEC)混合燃料的喷雾、燃烧与排放特性,生物柴油和柴油按体积比为3:7混合后的燃料记为B30,DEC和B30按体积比2:8掺混后的燃料记为B30DEC20。试验结果表明:混合性燃料B30DEC20的雾化效果明显提升,喷雾形态匀称、饱满,喷雾锥角、喷雾浓度等接近柴油;外特性运行时,燃用B30DEC20的发动机转矩比燃用柴油低27.4 N·m,但其热效率比燃用柴油高,转速为2400 r/min时,燃用B30DEC20的发动机热效率比燃用柴油高1.5%;B30DEC20的含氧属性使其具有较低的颗粒物(particulate matter,PM)和CO排放,燃用该燃料的发动机PM排放比燃用柴油降低65%~85%,THC排放低于燃用柴油;虽然燃用B30DEC20发动机的NO_(x)比排放大于燃用其他燃料,但当发动机转速大于2400 r/min后,燃用B30DEC20发动机的NO_(x)排放低于燃用柴油。