Impact of Fertilizer Types on Photosynthetic and Biological Effects of Direct-seeded Brassica napus at Flowering Stage

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of fertilizer type on di- rect-seeded rapeseed and to explore effective fertilizing. [Method] Four treatments including different types of fertilizers were set in the test. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters at flowering stage such as plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root dry matter, net photosynthesis, light energy conversion effi- ciency （Fv/Fm） and SPAD value, were investigated. The effects of fertilizer treat-ments on the yield of rapeseed were evaluated as well. [Result] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry matter, SPAD value, net photosynthesis, non-photochemical quenching （NPQ）, etc., which helped increase yield and stress resistance. [Conclusion] Both multi-functional fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer could improve yield significantly while multi-functional fertilizer （MFF） was better than controlled release fertilizer （CRF）.

Biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave radiation： a review

With the increasing knowledge of shortwave radiation,it is widely used in wireless communications,radar observations,industrial manufacturing,and medical treatments.Despite of the benefits from shortwave,these wide applications expose humans to the risk of shortwave electromagnetic radiation,which is alleged to cause potential damage to biological systems.This review focused on the exposure to shortwave electromagnetic radiation,considering in vitro,in vivo and epidemiological results that have provided insight into the biological effects and mechanisms of shortwave.Additionally,some protective measures and suggestions are discussed here in the hope of obtaining more benefits from shortwave with fewer health risks.

Establishment of injury models in studies of biological effects induced by microwave radiation

Microwave radiation has been widely used in various fields,such as communication,industry,medical treatment,and military applications.Microwave radiation may cause injuries to both the structures and functions of various organs,such as the brain,heart,reproductive organs,and endocrine organs,which endanger human health.Therefore,it is both theoretically and clinically important to conduct studies on the biological effects induced by microwave radiation.The successful establishment of injury models is of great importance to the reliability and reproducibility of these studies.In this article,we review the microwave exposure conditions,subjects used to establish injury models,the methods used for the assessment of the injuries,and the indicators implemented to evaluate the success of injury model establishment in studies on biological effects induced by microwave radiation.

Size-dependent Biological Effects on Vascular Endothelial Cells Induced by Different Particulate Matters

Summary： The contribution of particles to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity has been enlightened by epidemiologic and experimental studies. However, adverse biological effects of the particles with different sizes on cardiovascular cells have not been well recognized. In this study, sub-cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs） were exposed to increasing concentrations of pure quartz particles （DQ） of three sizes （DQPM1, 〈1 μm; DQPM3-5, 3-5 μm; DQPM5, 5 μm） and carbon black particles of two sizes （CB0.1, 〈0.1 μm; CB 1, 〈 1 μm） for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was estimated by measuring the activity of lactate dehydrogenase （LDH） and cell viability. Nitric oxide （NO） generation and cyto- kines （TNF-α and IL-1β） releases were analyzed by using NO assay and enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay （ELISA）, respectively. It was found that both particles induced adverse biological effects on HUVECs in a dose-dependent manner. The size of particle directly influenced the biological activity. For quartz, the smaller particles induced stronger cytotoxicity and higher levels of cytokine responses than those particles of big size. For carbon black particles, CB0.1 was more capable of inducing adverse responses on HUVECs than CB 1 only at lower particle concentrations, in contrast to those at higher concentrations. Meanwhile, our data also revealed that quartz particles performed stronger cell damage and produced higher levels of TNF-α than carbon black particles, even if particles size was similar. In conclusion, particle size as well as particle composition should be both considered in assessing vascular endothelial cells injury and inflammation responses induced by particles.

Biological Effects of Sunflower Seeds Implanted by Carbon Ion

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the effects of carbon ion implantation and implantation times on growth and genetic variation of sunflowers. [ Method] Carbon ions were implanted into Bakui 138, Bakui i36 and Bakui 118 seeds at dose of 5 - 10is C/cm2, before they were planted. Their Fl-generation seeds were irradiated again. Seeds of the both generations were planted and the growth d the seedlings was observed in field tests. Finally, their genetic variation was analyzed through RAPD. [ Result] The germination rate and several agronomic traits like plant height, stem diameter, leaf number and yields of Bakui 138 of once-irradiated group were significantly improved, while that of twice-irradiated group showed opposite trend. The variation of Bakui 136 and Bakui 118 was insig- nificant. At the molecular level, the genetic distance with the control group of once and twice-irradiated groups was 0. 111 1, 0. 108 7 in Bakui 138; 0. 068 O, O. 030 3 in Bakui 136 and 0.062 5,0.043 5 in Bakui 118. [Conclusion] Carbon ion implantation had a significant effect on the growth and development of Bakui 138, and the effect varied with irradiation times. Moreover, it caused genomic variation in the three sunflower cuhivars.

A Study on the Biological Effects of Laser-induced Mutation on Fibrous Roots of Yellow Skin Onion

[ Objective] This study aimed to investigate the biological effects of laser-induced mutation on fibrous roots of yellow skin onion. [ Method] Wet seeds of two yellow skin onion cultivars were irradiated by CO2 laser and He-Ne laser at three dosage levels separately. A randomized complete block design with three replications was adopted. The biological effects of laser-induced mutation on fibrous roots of Ll-generation yellow skin onion were investigated with biostatistics and physiological and biochemical methods. [Result] Significant variations in the biological effects caused by various laser treatments were observed in the length, quantity, fresh weight and activity of onion fibrous roots. Specifically, the variation in fibrous root length induced by different types of laser reached 5% significance level; significant variation was observed in fibrous roots of different onion cultivars induced by laser, while the variation among each treatment did not reach 5% sig- nifieance level ; the variation in fibrous root quantity induced by different dosage levels of laser reached 5% significance level ; laser radiation showed stimulating effect on root activity of onion. [ Conclusion] This study provided reference for laser-induced breeding of yellow skin onion.

Biological effects of indoor sunlight in ruraldweling houses

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Cycloartenol triterpenoid saponins from Cimicifuga simplex(Ranunculaceae) and their biological effects

The constituents of Cimicifuga plants have been extensively investigated, and the principal metabolites are 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides, which are distributed widely in Cimicifuga plants, but not in other members of the Ranunculaceae family, and are considered to be characteristics of the Cimicifuga genus. This type of triterpenoid glycoside possesses several important biological activities. More than 120 cycloartane triterpene glycosides have been isolated from Cimicifuga simplex Wormsk. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the major findings based on the available scientific literatures on C. simplex, with a focus on the identified 9,19-cyclolanostane triterpenoid glycosides. Biological studies of cycloartane triterpene glycosides from Cimicifuga spp. are also discussed.

Evaluation of biological effects of three neodymium compounds on silkworm,Bombyx mori

Neodymium(Nd)is one of the most famous members of rare earth elements family.With the increasing global demand for Nd,it can inevitably enter the environment and affect the ecological environment through the food chain and other ways.Therefore,it is very important to study the biological effects of Nd.In this study,the biological effects of 3 kinds of Nd compounds,i.e.neodymium oxide(Nd_(2)O_(3)),neodymium chloride(NdCl3)and neodymium nitrate(Nd(NO_(3))_(3)),were evaluated by using silkworm models through the method of intravascular injection.Each of the three Nd compounds was prepared into 6 groups at different concentrations(40,50,60,70,80,90μg/μL).The results show that within the certain concentration range,Nd compounds show great damage to the growth of silkworms since high death rate is observed:the death rate from Nd2 O3 group is floating between 30%and 80%,the one from NdCl3 group is between 17%and 33%and that from Nd(NO3)3 group is between 23%and 37%.It also reveals that Nd compounds have some negative effects on the body length and weight of silkworms.However,the histophysiological study shows that the three Nd compounds cause no obvious negative effects on the cell morphologies in midgut,fat body and silk gland.The XRD and FTIR spectra show that the secondary and the crystalline structures of silks are not destroyed,the TGA and DTG data exhibit that the thermal stability of silks is not damaged,and the tensile test shows that the mechanical properties of silks are not affected significantly by the intake of Nd compounds.In general,the intake of Nd compounds has significant inhibitory effects on silkworm growth but little negative impact on silk structures or cell morphology,the study can provide useful toxicological data for the safe application of Nd compounds in various fields.

Biological effects of low-energy C ion implantation on sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)

Field cultivation experiments on white sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)seeds implanted with low-energy C ion showed that different dosages of C ion implantation pro-duce different biological effects.Sesame plants in 6 different dosage groups with C ion density respectively at 1×10^(11),1×10^(12),1×10^(15),5×10^(15),1×10^(16),5×10^(16)ion/cm2 were superior to the control group in plant height,leaf number,stalk diameter and leaf size.Further,sesame plants in these groups flower and seed earlier than those in the control group,and single plant yield also increased.Of all the groups,the 5×10^(15)ion/cm2 dosage group yielded the best effect,whereas the 1×10^(17)/cm^(2)dosage group showed an evident inhibitory effect of ion implantation on the germination and growth of the sesame seeds.

CURRENT STUDIES ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL INTERNAL IRRADIATION

The biological effects of relative low level internal irradiation were introduced. 1. Life span studies on carcinogenesis. Pacific Northwest Laboratory observed 3782 rats given a single inhalation of 239Pu O2 at initial lung burden ranging from 0.25 to 180 nCi. Significant life span shortening was found at lung dose > 8 Gy and it was indicated that the presence of a 'possible' threshold of about 1 Gy for lung tumor formation. 2. Health effects of radon and its progeny. Both experimental and epidemiological survey were studied. The nominal probability coefficient (fatality) for the public and workers are 7.90×105 per mJhm-3 (2.77 ×10~4 per working level month, WLM). 3. Health effects of 3H on postnatal brain development and neurobehavior, genetic effects, carcinogenic effects and adaptive effects of 3H were investigated. 4. Study on the effects of neuroendocrine system under low level irradiation of 75Se (Auger electron emitter) and 35S (β-particles emitter). The results showed that the neuroendocrine system is very sensitive to small dose of internal irradiation.

Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes

Currently,the wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge.However,they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs.In this study,the removal of micropollutants was investigated,and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP.Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83%using the traditional biological treatment processes,the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations.Of the five categories of micropollutants,herbicides,insecticides,and bactericides were difficult to remove,pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated.The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5%of aquatic organisms are affected.The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible,even the untreated raw wastewater.However,the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect,posed potential ecological risk.To decrease non-specific biological effects,especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter,overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary.Meanwhile,the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent;≥0.34 g O 3/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.

A Study on Early Biological Effects of Oral Administration of Terephthalic Acid in Rats

Rats were fed with foods containing various doses of terephthalic (TPA) for 8 weeks. General status was observed and biological indices(including urine,serum and bone) were determined after 1, 3 and 8 week administration.Differences in urine calcium, ammonia, PH and serum albumin between the treat groups and the control were significant. Marked correlation was found in these indices. No Change in N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG),serum calcium,bone calcium, alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase was noted in the treat groups.It suggests that change of urine ammonium concentration may serve as a protective level in setting the TPA exposure limit.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TWEEN－80 IN COMBINATION WITH HYPERTHERMIA ON HUMAN STOMACH CANCER CELL LINE BGC－823

Various biological indices were used to observe the effects of Tween-80 in combination with hyperthermia at different temperature (39-43℃) for different period of time (20-100 minutes) on human stomach cell line BGC-823. The results showed that Tween-80obviously reduced the activation energy of BGC-823 cells. Synergistic effect was observed if applied with heat at 39℃ with the increase in temperature and time,the inhibitory effect on the cancer cells was gradually intensified. The lethal rate of BGC-823 cells treated by heat at 41℃ in combination with Tween-80 was around 5.2 times as that treated by hyperthermia alone. The synergistic effect of heat at 41℃ for 100 min. in combination with Tween-80 was equivalent to the effect of 43℃ for 100 min.In other words, the critical temperature for BGC-823 cells was hereby reduced about 2℃. The measurement of membrane mobility, SDH activity etc.also showed that at 41℃ the synergistic effect of hyperthermia in combination with Tween-80 was the best, it exceeding the single effect of these factors in combination and showing effect of multiplication. The synergistic effect of heat at 41℃ in combination with Tween-80 was higher than that of heat at 41℃ in combination with MMC. It also demonstrated that the specific and sustained action on the inhibition of cancer cells did exist. These studies suggested that the synergistic mechanism of Tween-80 and hyperthermia probably was that both of them acted on the cell membrane system. Supported by The National Natural Science Fund of China (No. 3860948)

Effects of Nano-TiO2 on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Cell Surface under UV,Natural Light Conditions

Cell surface of aquatic organisms constitutes a primary site for the interaction and a barrier for the nano-TiO2 biological effects.In the present study,the biological effects of nano-TiO2 on a unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were studied by observing the changes of the cell surface morphology and functional groups under UV or natural light.By SEM,the cell surface morphology of C.reinhardtii was changed under UV light,nano-TiO2 with UV light or natural light,which indicated that photocatalysis damaged cell surface.It was also observed that cell surface was surrounded by TiO2 nanoparticles.The ATR-FTIR spectra showed that the peaks of functional groups such as C-N,-C=O,-C-O-C and P=O,which were the important components of cell wall and membrane,were all depressed by the photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 under UV light or natural light.The photocatalysis of nano-TiO2 promoted peroxidation of functional groups on the surface of C.reinhardtii cells,which led to the damages of cell wall and membrane.

A new horizon for neuroscience:terahertz biotechnology in brain research

Terahertz biotechnology has been increasingly applied in various biomedical fields and has especially shown great potential for application in brain sciences.In this article,we review the development of terahertz biotechnology and its applications in the field of neuropsychiatry.Available evidence indicates promising prospects for the use of terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging techniques in the diagnosis of amyloid disease,cerebrovascular disease,glioma,psychiatric disease,traumatic brain injury,and myelin deficit.In vitro and animal experiments have also demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of terahertz technology in some neuropsychiatric diseases.Although the precise underlying mechanism of the interactions between terahertz electromagnetic waves and the biosystem is not yet fully understood,the research progress in this field shows great potential for biomedical noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications.However,the biosafety of terahertz radiation requires further exploration regarding its two-sided efficacy in practical applications.This review demonstrates that terahertz biotechnology has the potential to be a promising method in the field of neuropsychiatry based on its unique advantages.

Effects of simulated acid rain on the injury and physiological responses of crops

Experiment was performed to determine the injury and physiological responses of plantfoliage to simulated acid rain. Cross section of injured leaves, PH value of foliar homogenate,electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content, content of peroxidase and some other enzymes were exa-nilned after exposure to simulated acid rain. Plants exhibited visible leaf injury when exposed tosimulated acid rain at PH values of 2.5 and 3.0. Peroxidase content and isozyme bands increasedsignificantly after the treatment at PH 3.0. Injured plants had higher electrolyte leakage and higherlevels of malondialdehyde. This showed that simulated acid rain induced lipid peroxidation andmembrane damage.

Biologically effective radiation of solar ultraviolet radiation and the depletion of stratospheric ozone

Based on the biological action spectra and total UV-B radiation in the atmosphere,the effective UV-dose for DNA, erythema,and plant at different seasons in the last decade,and their future change in Beijing area were calculated.Computation results indicate that the maxi- mum of biologically effective radiation dose at noontime is in July and the minimum is in January. From 1980 to 1989 biologically effective radiation dose have increased with the average rates of about 0.6,0.7 and 1.1 mW/m￣2 per year for January, April and October,while in July the trend of radiation dose is not ln evidence. For 1% reduction of ozone concentration radiation amplification factor for DNA,erythema and plant are 2.3,2.3 and 1.4 and for 30% reduction of ozone concentration the RAF for DNA,erythema and plant are 4.2,4.0 and 2.1,respectively.

Sensitivity of Some Biological Objects to Repetitive Submicrosecond Microwave Pulses

The effect of repetitive pulsed microwaves （10 GHz, pulse duration of 100-300 ns, pulse repetition rate of 4-25 pulse per second, peak power density of 0.04-3.5 kW/cm^2） on mastocytoma P815, Ehrlich carcinoma, normal spleen cells and wound healing was investigated. It was found that short-time irradiation with an intensity of 0.9-1.5 kW/cm^2 inhibited proliferation of tumor cells in vitro, whereas at same time it contributes to proliferation of normal spleen cells in vitro. The repetitive pulsed microwaves with an intensity of 0.04-1.5 kW/cm^2 stimulated healing of skin wounds and ulcerations in mice. The effects showed a dependence on the pulse repetition rate and irradiation intensity.

The Biological Promotion Effect of a new Biological Promotive Ceramsite

Tourmaline can promote the growth of microorganisms under the temperature less than 900 ℃ by experiment. However, this promotion effect will vanish at 900 ℃ as a result of denaturation. Through the XRD analysis the crystal form change can explain the vanishment of tourmaline’s biological promotion effect at high temperature. Therefore, tourmaline as a biological promoter was used to prepare a kind of biological promotive ceramsite with the surface area of 7.914 m2/g, pore volume of 0.1002 mg/L, superficial pH value of 7.8, Zeta potential of 25 mV, unit water absorption of 0.1365 g/g, biocompatibility of 0.023 A/g and SICE of 0.8456. The experimental results show that the biomass of biological promotive ceramsite is 3.58 times more than that of ordinary ceramsite, and the treatment effect of the biological promotive ceramsite is better than the ordinary ceramsite. These features of this new biological promotive ceramsite makes it a preferable biovector.