Physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from the peel of Dioscorea opposita Thunb.extracted by four different methods

Polysaccharides are the important biologically active components found in the peel of Dioscorea opposita Thunb.(DTTP).The influences of 4 extraction methods,namely hot water extraction(W),acidic extraction(HA),hot-compressed water extraction(HCW)and enzyme-assisted extraction(EAE),on the yields,physicochemical properties,hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from DTTP were studied and compared.Among these DTTP polysaccharides,DTTP-HA was outstanding in several respects.DTTP-HA was the most water soluble;it had the highest total carbohydrate content(85.08%),the highest uronic acid(13.20%)and the highest thermal stability.DTTP-HA and DTTP-W possessed a triple-helix structure.These 4 kinds of polysaccharides have the same types of monosaccharides,but in different molar percentages.Extraction method had a significant impact on the microstructures of the extracted polysaccharides.DTT-HA exhibited irregular structure with many holes.Among the 4 extracted methods,the DTTP-HA and DTTP-W initially exhibited higher hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities.The better bioactivities of DTTP-HA may be related to the above factors.The findings indicated that acid extraction is an effective method to extract polysaccharides with high biological activities from DTTP.

Extraction, Production and Quality Evaluation of Margarine from Oil Extracted from Waste Biomass Peels of Avocado and Virgin Coconut Oil, Using Chitosan from Reared Shells as Preservative

The production and consumption of avocado pears generates tons of wastes, mainly the pear peels which are usually discarded, although they have been reported to contain important phyto-chemicals with biological activities. The adverse health effect associated with the consumption of saturated lipid based foods has ignited research on reformulation of lipid based foods to eliminate Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs). This study was thus aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from Avocado Peels (APO) and evaluation of the quality of margarine produced from it. Five verities of pear were used for oil extraction by soxhlet method and physiochemical, oxidative, functional and antioxidant characterization was done. Margarines were formulated using a central composite design using oil blends of APO and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with an oil ratio of 10:90, 40:60, 70:30 respectively, varied blending speed, blending time, and chitosan concentration. Samples were characterized and the effect of process parameters on the physiochemical and functional properties of the margarine studied. Optimized conditions were used to produce samples for sensory evaluation. Color, spreadability, aroma, taste and general acceptability was evaluated using ranking difference test. The results showed that the yield, density, and iodine values of APOs oils ranged from 14.91 ± 0.18 to 11.76 ± 0.46;0.93 ± 0.001 to 0.99 ± 0.1;46.63 ± 1.70 to 52.4 ± 0.63, their acid values, TBA and PV values ranged from 1.42 ± 0.39 to 1.97 ± 0.5;0.11 ± 0.002 to 0.18 ± 0.04;and 2.72 ± 0.14 to 4.43 ± 0.36 respectively, with Brogdon avocado peel variety having the overall best properties prepared blends of trans-free APO margarines showed that increase in APO ratio decreased melting point, increased oxidative stability and reduced moisture content of margarine samples. Chitosan addition leads to decrease moisture content and increase functional properties. VCO lead to increase in phenolic and flavonoid content of the margarines. Samples were spreadable and palatable with R20 being most palatable and the most accepted being R26 with a mean score of 7.07 ± 0.70. Decrease in color intensity increased acceptability. This study therefore demonstrated that avocado peel waste biomass can be valorized by using it as raw material for oil extraction, which can serve as good material for the production of trans-free margarines with good oxidative stability, functional and antioxidant properties.

Extraction and Characterization of Biological Humic Acids from Fermented Furfural Residue

Objective] This study aimed to eliminate the negative effects brought about by continuous, long-term accumulation of sodium ions in soil on soil environ-ment. [Method] Biological humic acids （BHAs） were extracted from fermented furfural residue via alkali-dissolution and acidification. The effects of solid-liquid ratio （mass ratio of fermented furfural residue to water）, alkali concentration, extraction tempera-ture and extraction time on the content of BHA were investigated. Also its structure was characterized by FTIR. [Result] The optimal extraction conditions were as fol-lows： solid-liquid ratio of 1：7, KOH concentration of 6%, extraction temperature of 70℃ and extraction time of 1 h. Under the optimal conditions, the content of BHAs extracted was up to 8.5%. The infrared spectrum analysis indicated that BHA had more types of functional groups and lower molecular weight than commercial humic acid although they had similar structures. [Conclusion] The technique has the ad-vantages of simple operation and good stability, and is suitable for extracting BHAs. BHAs have a good prospect in developing new types of humic acid fertilizers.

3D Confocal Raman Imaging of Oil-Rich Emulsion from Enzyme-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Extruded Soybean Powder

The understanding of the structure morphology of oil-rich emulsion from enzyme-assisted extraction processing(EAEP)was a critical step to break the oil-rich emulsion structure in order to recover oil.Albeit EAEP method has been applied as an alternative way to conventional solvent extraction method,the structure morphology of oil-rich emulsion was still unclear.The current study aimed to investigate the structure morphology of oil-rich emulsion from EAEP using 3 D confocal Raman imaging technique.With increasing the enzymatic hydrolysis duration from 1 to 3 h,the stability of oil-rich emulsion was decreased as visualized in the 3 D confocal Raman images that the protein and oil were mixed together.The subsequent Raman spectrum analysis further revealed that the decreased stability of oil-rich emulsion was due to the protein aggregations via SS bonds or protein-lipid interactions.The conformational transfer in protein indicated the formation of a compact structure.

Fabrication of edge-curled petals-like covalent organic frameworks and their properties for extracting indole alkaloids from complex biological samples

In this study,a functionalized covalent-organic framework(COF)was first synthesized using porphyrin as the fabrication unit and showed an edge-curled,petal-like and well-ordered structure.The synthesized COF was then introduced to prepare porous organic polymer monolithic materials(POPMs).Two composite POPM/COF monolithic materials with rod shapes,referred to as sorbent A and sorbent B,were prepared in stainless steel tubes using different monomers.Sorbents A and B exhibited relatively uniform porous structures and enhanced specific surface areas of 153.14 m;/g and 80.01 m;/g,respectively.The prepared composite monoliths were used as in-tube solid-phase extraction(SPE)sorbents combined with HPLC for the on-line extraction and quantitative analytical systems.Indole alkaloids(from Catharanthus roseus G.Don and Uncaria rhynchophylla(Miq.)Miq.Ex Havil.)contained in mouse plasma were extracted and quantitatively analyzed using the online system.The two composite multifunctional monoliths showed excellent clean-up ability for complex biological matrices,as well as superior selectivity for target indole alkaloids.Method validation showed that the RSD values of the repeatability(n=6)were≤3.46%,and the accuracy expressed by the spiked recoveries was in the ranges of 99.38%-100.91%and 96.39%-103.50%for vinca alkaloids and Uncaria alkaloids,respectively.Furthermore,sorbents A and B exhibited strong reusability,with RSD values≤5.32%,which were based on the peak area of the corresponding alkaloids with more than 100 injections.These results indicate that the composite POPM/COF rod-shaped monoliths are promising media as SPE sorbents for extracting trace compounds in complex biological samples.

Mussel meat protein: Extraction, processing, nutrition value, and application in food products

The rapidly increasing global population has resulted in an increased demand for proteins in the human diet.The mussel meat protein is an affordable,abundant,sustainable,and environmentally friendly source of proteins suitable for human consumption.This review described the composition and characteristics of mussel meat proteins,as well as methods for sufficiently isolating and extracting these proteins.Several non-thermal processing technologies including high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication are introduced for the mussel meat protein modification,and the impact of these processing treatments on the structure and functional properties of mussel meat proteins is also discussed.Moreover,the production of bioactive peptides with various kinds of biological activities from mussel meat proteins is highlighted.Finally,industrial and commercial applications of mussel meat proteins and their derived bioactive peptides in food formulations are discussed.The research findings demonstrated that homogenization and ultrasonication treatments could induce the change in protein conformation and significantly improve the functionality of mussel meat proteins.Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are effective approaches to produce bioactive peptides with multiple biological activities from mussels.Mussel meat proteins exhibit considerable nutritional and functional values compared to other widely used protein sources.Therefore,mussel meat protein could be used as a sustainable alternative protein resource in food applications.

Optimization of Ethanol-Ultrasound-Assisted Destabilization of a Cream Recovered from Enzymatic Extraction of Soybean Oil

A novel method using ethanol and ultrasound to extract oil from cream obtained from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybean oil was developed.To evaluate the relationships between operating variables and free oil yield and to maximize the free oil yield,response surface methodology was introduced in this work.The developed regression model was fitted with R2=0.9591.Optimized variables were:ethanol concentration of73%,ethanol addition volume of 0.55 L/kg,ultrasound power of 427 W,ultrasound time of 47 s,and ultrasound temperature of 53℃.The free oil yield from the cream under the above conditions was 92.6±3.4%.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic treatment on ethanoltreated cream,and the SEM images clearly showed that the ultrasound treatment affected dispersing and fracturing of the microstructure of ethanol-treated cream.

黄皮中黄酮类化合物的结构及生物活性研究进展

黄皮是我国华南地区特色优稀水果,风味独特,深受广大消费者喜爱。黄酮类物质是黄皮果实中主要的活性成分之一,具有多种生物活性。目前关于黄皮中黄酮类化合物的研究较为零散,结论缺乏系统性。本文全面综述了黄皮中黄酮类化合物的组成、提取方法,系统阐述了其抗氧化、抗肿瘤、保护心血管、增强认知、抗炎、降糖和抑制黑色素生成等功效及作用机制,以期为黄皮中黄酮类化合物的科学研究、黄皮产品的开发和品牌创建提供理论依据。

Pressure shear assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula and its biological activities

In this paper,using to the comprehensive scoring method,pressure shear assisted extraction was used to prepare polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula(PS-AAP)by orthogonal test to optimize the extraction.The highest comprehensive score(90.70)was obtained under 1:70 g/mL solid-liquid ratio,110°C reaction temperature,60 min reaction time and 1.0 MPa reaction pressure.Compared to AAP by water bath(WB-AAP),PS-AAP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased the relative molecular weight.In addition,infrared spectrum(FT-IR)analysis showed that pressure shear assisted did not change the polysaccharide structure.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that PS-AAP was smaller and more broken by pressure shear assisted.Furthermore,the ratio of glucose to mannose in PS-AAP was relatively higher than WB-AAP,which also proved that PS-AAP had certain antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.Compared with WB-AAP,the inhibitionα-glucosidase andα-amylase activity of PS-AAP increased by 11.37%and 24.43%respectively.These results revealed that PS-AAP has the poten-tial value of being a antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

河蚌多糖生物活性与提取、纯化工艺研究进展

目的为河蚌多糖的提取工艺研究和临床应用提供参考。方法计算机检索维普、中国知网、PubMed数据库1995年1月至2023年9月与河蚌多糖相关的文献,归纳河蚌多糖的生物活性及其提取、纯化工艺,比较不同提取、纯化工艺参数下河蚌多糖提取物的差异。结果河蚌多糖具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤,镇痛、抗炎,抗乙型肝炎病毒、保肝等生物活性。河蚌多糖多以热水(80~100℃)提取法为基础,辅以微波或超声等提取方法,但工艺参数差异较大;提取液多以醇沉方式获得粗提物;纯化后的河蚌多糖在单糖组成(葡萄糖占比较大)、分子量(400~1700kDa)等方面存在一定差异。结论需加强河蚌多糖提取工艺-药效关系、活性成分构效关系、化学修饰-药效关系等研究,为相关药物和功能性食品的开发奠定基础。

鳄梨油的提取、营养组成及生物学功能研究进展

鳄梨油富含单不饱和脂肪酸(尤其是油酸)、生育酚和植物甾醇等营养成分,具有抗氧化、改善心血管健康、预防糖尿病、抗癌和降血压等生物学功能。随着研究的不断深入,鳄梨油越来越受到食品及生物医药领域的青睐,其市场规模也在逐年扩大。通过梳理近年来国内外报道的有关鳄梨油的研究成果,该文从鳄梨油的提取工艺、营养组成和生物学功能等方面展开综述,为鳄梨油提取工艺的创新、营养功效及其潜在机制的深入研究提供理论参考。

贝母多糖提取纯化、结构表征及生物活性研究进展

贝母是一种具有数千年历史的药食两用的中药材,含有多种活性成分,如皂苷、生物碱、氨基酸、黄酮类和多糖。其中,贝母多糖具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老、免疫调节等作用,在食品医药领域具有良好应用前景。文章综述了近年来国内外关于贝母多糖的研究现状,比较了贝母多糖不同提取纯化方法的优缺点,探讨贝母多糖结构与其生物活性的关系,分析贝母多糖研究的发展趋势及在畜禽养殖中的应用前景,为贝母多糖的研究和开发利用提供一定参考依据。

食用菌多糖功能活性的研究进展

食用菌多糖是一种大分子碳水化合物。几十年来,研究人员对食用菌多糖的提取、分离纯化、功能性作用等进行了相关研究。文章综述了热水浸提法、酸碱提取法、酶提取法、超声波提取法、闪式提取法、亚临界水提取法、超临界流体萃取法等不同食用菌多糖的提取方法,并简述了其优缺点;阐述了食用菌多糖的组成结构和食用菌多糖在抗氧化、抗肿瘤、免疫调节、降血糖、降血脂、调节肠道菌群等方面的功能,并展望了其未来的研究方向。

某市供水系统饮用水中有机物的毒性及其影响因素

为了解某市饮用水中有机物的生物毒性及其影响因素,在2018年6月至2019年9月期间采集该市A、B两个水厂的水源水、出厂水和管网水,测定水样有机提取物对费式弧菌(Vibrio fischeri)发光的抑制作用,计算引起50%发光抑制的浓度(EC_(50)),并分析其与水样在254 nm波长处的紫外吸光度值(UV_(254))、溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度的关联。结果表明:饮用水有机提取物EC_(50)值范围为0.23~98.97 REF(相对富集系数),中位数为3.37 REF。水文期、常规饮用水处理工艺、管网输送过程及水源水UV_(254)和DOC浓度水平对饮用水中有机物的毒性无明显影响。饮用水UV_(254)、DOC浓度与有机提取物EC_(50)的Spearman相关系数分别为-0.025(P=0.807)、-0.237(P=0.020),表明不能用UV_(254)、DOC浓度检测代替毒性测试来监测饮用水有机物污染的潜在健康风险。

非线性时空正则化的相关滤波目标跟踪算法

针对目标跟踪过程中跟踪模型容易漂移,以及对于多样性形态变化的目标不能进行鲁棒跟踪的问题,结合生物视觉感知规律提出了非线性时空正则化的相关滤波目标跟踪算法。在目标函数中提出贴近人类视觉感知幂定律的非线性滤波更新的时间正则项,相比于时空正则相关滤波器(spatial-temporal regularized correlation filters,STRCF)中固定的时间正则项,非线性滤波更新的时间正则项可以根据跟踪的时间变化进行自适应更新,同时采用交替乘子法降低算法复杂度。提取非线性的梯度方向直方图(histogram of oriented gradient,HOG)特征,使用符合生物映射的对数极坐标进行尺度适应。根据最大响应值与平均峰值相关能量的关系进行遮挡异常检测,降低模型漂移的机率,增强算法的抗遮挡能力。实验结果表明,该算法在OTB2015数据集上的精确率和成功率分别达到89.8%和83.3%,该算法相比于STRCF在精确率上提升了2.5%,在成功率上提升了3.2%,在OTB2013与OTB2015数据集上的11种属性的分类对比中,该算法在旋转、低分辨率、背景杂乱、光照变化等因素干扰下的目标跟踪中具有较高的精确率和较强的鲁棒性。

磁分散固相萃取-高效液相色谱法检测人体尿样中天麻素

建立了一种磁分散固相萃取技术结合高效液相色谱法,用于快速检测人体尿液样本中的天麻素。采用化学共沉淀法自组装制备磁性活性炭/大孔树脂三元复合材料(Fe_3O_(4)/AC/MR),并将该材料用作吸附剂,实现尿液样本中天麻素的分离富集。在最佳实验条件下,天麻素浓度与峰面积间呈良好线性关系,线性范围为3.0×10^(-2)~10.0μg·mL^(-1),线性相关系数为0.9994,检出限为5.4μg·L^(-1)。以模拟人体尿液作为实际样品进行加标回收验证,加标回收率为94.87%~106.3%,相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.8%-4.2%之间。本研究建立的方法简便、快速、有效,为生物样本中天麻素的分离提纯提供了新方法。

山茱萸多糖的提取分离、化学结构及生物活性研究进展

山茱萸始载于《神农本草经》,在我国应用历史悠久,具有补益肝肾、涩精固脱的功效。多糖是山茱萸中被关注的主要活性成分之一,查阅近20年的国内外文献,综述山茱萸多糖常用的提取分离及纯化方法,并对山茱萸多糖化学结构特征和生物活性的研究现状进行总结。结果显示,山茱萸多糖的提取分离多采用经典的水提醇沉法,还有超声波提取法、微波辅助提取法、复合酶解法及稀碱提取法等,提取率范围为5.29%~18.92%;均一多糖的分离纯化多同时采用DEAE-纤维素柱、Sephadex及Sephacryl等多种分离填料层析获得,已明确均一多糖的分子量、单糖组成及比例、糖苷键类型和连接顺序的多糖共有9个。山茱萸多糖具有降血糖、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、免疫调节和肝脏保护等多种生物学活性,已成为近几年来有关山茱萸基础研究及产品开发的热点。综上所述,对山茱萸多糖的结构进行综合解析,基于肠道微生态探讨山茱萸多糖的构效关系及作用机制可能是未来的主要研究方向。

桑黄总黄酮的提取、组分分析及其生物活性评价

为系统研究桑黄中总黄酮的提取工艺,明晰总黄酮中黄酮类化合物的组成及含量,探讨桑黄总黄酮的生物活性,本研究采用响应面法优化了桑黄总黄酮的提取工艺,高效液相色谱法分析了桑黄总黄酮的组成,并检测其生物活性。实验结果表明,以桑黄总黄酮得率为指标的最优提取条件为提取温度73℃、固液比1:50 g/mL、提取时间3 h,在此提取条件下桑黄总黄酮的得率达到了2.68%;采用高效液相色谱法测定了桑黄总黄酮中的黄酮种类及其含量,发现桑黄总黄酮中主要含有花旗松素、槲皮素和山奈酚,其中花旗松素含量最高达到3727.31 mg/kg;桑黄总黄酮生物活性分析结果显示,其具有一定的体外抗氧化、降脂、降糖活性,在其浓度为14μg/mL时对DPPH自由基的清除率达到58.63%±0.45%,浓度为0.08 mg/mL时,对羟基自由基的清除率达到52.51%±1.49%;桑黄总黄酮的降脂活性实验结果显示,桑黄总黄酮在浓度为6 mg/mL时对胰脂肪酶的抑制率达到10.56%±0.06%,在浓度为4 mg/mL时对胆固醇胶束溶解度的抑制率达到了32.59%±0.78%;桑黄总黄酮具有明显的降糖活性,其对α-葡萄糖苷酶和α-淀粉酶的IC_(50)分别为71.42 mg/mL和97.28 mg/mL。

甘蔗多酚提取、纯化及生物活性研究进展

甘蔗是我国最重要的糖料作物,具有良好的营养价值、药用价值和经济价值。甘蔗中富含酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖等多种生理功能。本文重点综述了甘蔗多酚的提取方法以及新型提取技术在植物多酚中的应用,介绍了甘蔗多酚纯化方法的原理及特点,并对其抗氧化、降血糖、抗炎、抗癌、抗菌等重要生物活性的研究情况进行了阐述。总结发现甘蔗多酚提取纯化方法较为传统,虽然具有多种生物活性,但其活性作用机制尚未明晰,应关注甘蔗多酚提取纯化新技术以及活性机制研究,以促进甘蔗多酚的开发利用以及甘蔗副产物的精深加工。

油用玫瑰研究进展

油用玫瑰栽培应用历史悠久,是全球重要的木本香料资源和药食同源植物,从其花瓣中提取的玫瑰精油作为重要的香料原料已广泛应用于日化、医药和食品行业。玫瑰精油的品质主要受玫瑰的品种类型、产地条件和提取工艺等综合因素的影响。我国油用玫瑰资源非常丰富,但玫瑰精油的深加工技术起步较晚,针对我国栽培油用玫瑰资源特性及玫瑰精油的应用现状还鲜有归纳,本文对油用玫瑰的主要栽培类型和现状,玫瑰精油提取技术、相关行业标准、化学成分及功能活性进行了系统的归纳总结,并从油用玫瑰资源的挖掘与利用、精油提取技术研发与优化、精油相关标准的完善、产品应用领域的拓展和功能活性评价体系的建立等方面提出参考建议,以期为我国玫瑰产业的发展提供参考,为我国蔷薇属植物资源的创新利用提供理论指导。