Biological membrane derived nanomedicines for cancer therapy

The development of nanomedicine systems for applications in cancer therapies has been widely explored in the last decade.With inherent biocompatibility,nanomedicine devices derived from biological membranes have shown many unique advantages compared with traditional artificial nanomaterials for biomedical applications.Herein,we present a comprehensive review of the recent development of cell membrane derived nanomedicines in cancer treatment.We firstly outline the advantages of biological membranes in nanomedicine design derived from their intrinsic characteristics,and then discuss the applications of biological membrane derived nanomedicines.For the first major category of membrane-derived nanomedicine,synthetic nanoparticles are usually camouflaged with cell membranes to acquire additional functionalities.The other type of membrane-based nanomedicine is directly using the engineered cell membrane-derived vesicles or nanovesicles secreted by cells for tumor treatment.At last,we discuss the challenges of membrane-derived nanomedicines towards future clinical applications,following with perspectives on possible solutions to the current problems.

A biological membrane-based novel excisional wound-splinting model in mice (With video)

Rodents have robust wound healing mechanism compared to other animal species.The major mechanisms of wound healing diff er between rodents and humans.In humans,wound healing primarily depends on re-epithelialization and granulation tissue(GT)formation,whereas wound contraction is more important during rodent wound closure.In this study,we described a novel excisional wound-splinting model in mice with a new biological membrane to imitate wound healing in humans.In this model,wound contraction can be eff ectually prevented,and the extent of re-epithelialization and the amount of granulation tissue can be determined easily.Furthermore,the harvested tissues can be analyzed with diff erent methods according to the research aim.In conclusion,we have developed a biological membrane-based,novel,excisional wound-splinting model in mice that has unique advantages for wound healing research compared with the conventional animal model.

United membrane biological reactor in the treatment of wastewater

The united membrane biological reactor(UMBR) was studied for the treatment of some simulate and municipal wastewater. The removal efficiency for COD and turbidity are greater than 80% and 99% respectively. Effluent COD is less than 100 mg/L while turbidity less than 5 The removal of LAS in bath wastewater is greater than 70%. In treatment of dinning hall wastewater, removal of fatty oil is greater than 90%, and its concentration in effluent is less than 5 mg/L. The match of biological reactor and the membrane separation component were calculated. The stable performance of wastewater treatment can be maintained by the optimization of operation conditions and the cleanout of membranes.

The System Design of Green Wastewater Treatment in Campus Life

[Objective] The aim was to address the difficulty of long pipe for centralized sewage treatment in campus life and difficulty in use. [ Method] Though the four integrated approach of fermentation tank, coal ash slag filters, chemical and biological membrane reactor and separation of heavy metals in electromagnetic fields, the green wastewater treatment system in campus life was designed to realize the recycle use of sewage in campus life. [ Result] The processed sewage can flush the restroom. The sludge in the processed sewage can feed earthworms, while earth- worms （material or production servers） were food for chickens and ducks and the compost of earthworms was fertilizer, which brought promising economic and social benefits. Tests showed that using the green treatment system to process campus sewage can achieve or pass national second emission standard. Process charge was 50% lower than the centralized sewage processed company and the treatment process was completely qreenized and recvclincl rate was hiah.

Effect of ozone on the performance of a hybrid ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon process

Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon （BAC） （Process A） and ceramic membrane-BAC （Process B） were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm （UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure） were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively.

Recent improvements in oily wastewater treatment:Progress, challenges, and future opportunities

Oily wastewater poses significant threats to the soil, water, air and human beings because of the hazardous nature of its oil contents. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the current and recently developed methods for oily wastewater treatment through which contaminants such as oil, fats, grease, and inorganics can be removed for safe applications.These include electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, biological treatment,hybrid technologies, use of biosurfactants, treatment via vacuum ultraviolet radiation,and destabilization of emulsions through the use of zeolites and other natural minerals.This review encompasses innovative and novel approaches to oily wastewater treatment and provides scientific background for future work that will be aimed at reducing the adverse impact of the discharge of oily wastewater into the environment. The current challenges affecting the optimal performance of oily wastewater treatment methods and opportunities for future research development in this field are also discussed.

Behavior of aqueous stable colloidal nano-C60 aggregates exposed to TX100 micelles under different environmental conditions

C60, as one of carbon nanomaterials widely used in various fields, could be released into the water environment thus exerting some potential health risks to human beings. This work examined the behavior of aqueous stable colloidal nano-C60 （nC60） aggregates under different environmental conditions including Polyethylene glycol octylphenol ether （TX100） micelles concentration, pH, and reaction time when exposed to TX100micelles. Results show that the nC60 aggregates became more dispersive and restored the capability of generating the singlet oxygen when exposed to TX100 micelles. With the increase of TX100 concentration, smaller average size of nC60 aggregates was observed in dynamic light scattering （DLS） analysis, the fluorescence intensity of TX100 was more quenched by nC60 aggregates, and the kinetic rate constant of generating the singlet oxygen for nC60 aggregates was improved. The mean size of nC60 aggregates in the presence of TX 100 had no obvious variations when the pH ranged from 4 to 8. The longer reaction time between nCro aggregates and TX100 led to a higher kinetic rate constant of generating the singlet oxygen. Collective data suggest that variations in physicochemical properties of nC60 aggregates are strongly dependent on the surrounding media under different environmental conditions and directly govern nC60＇S transport behavior and potential toxicity.

Direct GHG emissions from a pilot scale MBR-process treating municipal wastewater

To evaluate direct greenhouse gas emissions from Membrane Biological Reactor(MBR),measurements of nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)and methane(CH_(4))were made at a pilot-scale MBR treating municipal wastewater Measurements were conducted during two campaigns with some changes in processes,i.e.introducing a pre-aeration tank in the second measurement,different distributions of aeration in the treatment line,not the same wastewater inflow rate,two types of ultrafiltration membrane.It was found that about 0.004% and 0.07% of the total ammonium loads were emitted as N_(2)O,CH_(4) emissions were 0.026% and 0.12% of incoming TOC(0.008% and 0.04% of incoming COD)in 2014 and 2018.The obtained N_(2)O emission values were relatively low.The study suggested that a high aeration at the beginning of the treatment line may result in significantly high emissions of both N_(2)O and CH_(4).A significant change in aeration in the membrane ultrafiltration tank did not have the same impact.The MBR process is known for high quality effluent but have been questioned due to its higher carbon footprint due to energy consumption.This study gave a reference case about direct GHG emissions from MBR process and provide information for the further evaluation of MBR processes.