Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biom...Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03%(coconut shell) and 45%(coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients(UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid(NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.展开更多
A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silic...A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silica sand from an internal pyrolysis reactor to a second external annular reactor for char burning, which generates most of the heat required by the pyrolysis reactor, and a third sand-preheating reactor that burns non-condensable pyrolysis gas. The hot vapours, after high temperature cleaning, are quenched in a flash cooling system. The process generates up to 62% of bio-oil, 25% of char and 13% of non-condensable gas. The heat requirements for the total system are provided by burning part of the char and non-condensable gases generated in the pyrolysis step and by preheating the fluidizing gas for the pyrolysis reactor.展开更多
In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted ...In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.展开更多
Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst bas...Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst based on SBA-15 mesoporous silica doped with chromium ferrite nanoparticles was prepared by the double solvent technique (DS). The prepared catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Wide and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS, SAXS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FT-IR spectroscopies. Reverse spinel chromium ferrite nanoparticles were located inside the SBA-15 pores as confirmed by SEM images. The obtained catalyst was tested for pyrolysis reactions of OMSW. Several parameters were studied to optimize the conditions of the pyrolysis reaction in order to increase the bio-oil conversion yield. The GC-MS results demonstrated that the quality of the obtained bio-oil was improved by decreasing the quantity of phenolic and oxygenated components as well as the size of the obtained molecules. The produced bio-oil from pyrolysis of OMSW is identical to that obtained from the pyrolysis of commercial cellulose under the same conditions. A 37% conversion yield of bio-oil was obtained for the best conditions.展开更多
This study presents a detailed analysis of the catalytic de-oxygenation of the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products of two biomasses (beech wood and flax shives) using different catalysts (commercial HZSM-5 and H-Y,a...This study presents a detailed analysis of the catalytic de-oxygenation of the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products of two biomasses (beech wood and flax shives) using different catalysts (commercial HZSM-5 and H-Y,and lab-synthesised Fe-HZSM-5,Fe-H-Y,Pt/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3). The experiments were all conducted in a semi-batch reactor under the same operating conditions for all feed materials. BET specific surface area,BJH pore size distribution and FT-IR technologies have been used to characterise the catalysts,while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) were used to examine the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products. It was firstly seen that at higher catalyst-to-biomass ratios of 4∶1,de-oxygenation efficiency did not experience any further significant improvement. FeHZSM-5 was deemed to be the most efficient of the catalysts utilised as it helped reach the lowest oxygen contents in the bio-oils samples and the second best was HZSM-5. It was also found that HZSM-5 and H-Y tended to privilege the decarbonylation route(production of CO),whilst their iron-modified counterparts favoured the decarboxylation one (production of CO2) for both biomasses studied. It was then seen that the major bio-oil components (carboxylic acids) underwent almost complete conversion under catalytic treatment to produce mostly unoxygenated aromatic compounds,phenols and gases like CO and CO2. Finally,phenols were seen to be the family most significantly formed from the actions of all catalysts.展开更多
Biomass utilization could relieve the pressure caused by conventional energy shortage and environmental pollution. Advantage should be taken of the abundant biomass in China as clean energy source to substitute for tr...Biomass utilization could relieve the pressure caused by conventional energy shortage and environmental pollution. Advantage should be taken of the abundant biomass in China as clean energy source to substitute for traditional fossil fuels. At present, flash pyrolysis appears to be an efficient method to produce high yields of liquids that could either be directly used as fuel or converted to other valuable chemicals. Experiments were carried out of pyrolyzing biomass particles in a hot dense fluidized bed of sand to obtain high-quality bio-oil. Among four kinds of biomass species adopted in our experiment, Padauk Wood had the best characteristics in producing bio-oil. GC-MS analysis showed bio-oil to be a complex mixture consisting of many compounds. Furthermore, an integrated model was proposed to reveal how temperature influences biomass pyrolysis. Computation indicated that biomass particles underwent rapid heating before pyrolysis.展开更多
Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of biomass and on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors. Four biomass materials (poplar wood, fir wood, cotton straw and...Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of biomass and on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors. Four biomass materials (poplar wood, fir wood, cotton straw and rice husk) were pyrolyzed to reveal the difference among their products. Moreover, catalytic cracking of the pyrolysis vapors from cotton straw was performed by using five catalysts, including two microporous zeolites (HZSM-5 and HY) and three mesoporous catalysts (ZrO2&TiO2, SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15). The results showed that the distribution of the pyrolytic products from the four materials differed a little from each other, while catalytic cracking could significantly alter the pyrolytic products. Those important primary pyrolytic products such as levoglucosan, hydroxyacetaldehyde and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone were decreased greatly after catalysis. The two microporous zeolites were ef-fective to generate high yields of hydrocarbons, while the three mesoporous materials favored the formation of furan, furfural and other furan compounds, as well as acetic acid.展开更多
Bio-based phenol-formaldehyde polymer (BioNovolac) was developed by reacting molar excess of bio-oil/phenolwith formaldehyde in acidic medium. Glycidyl 3,5-diglycidoxybenzoate (GDGB), was prepared by directglycidylati...Bio-based phenol-formaldehyde polymer (BioNovolac) was developed by reacting molar excess of bio-oil/phenolwith formaldehyde in acidic medium. Glycidyl 3,5-diglycidoxybenzoate (GDGB), was prepared by directglycidylation of α-resorcylic acid (RA), a naturally occurring phenolic monomer. GDGB was crosslinked in thepresence of BioNovolac by anionic polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmedthe formation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The glass transition temperature and moduli of biobasedcrosslinked systems were observed to increase with increasing GDGB content. Active chain density andmass retention measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Soxhlet extraction, respectively, indicated ahigh crosslink density of the cured networks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted thehomogeneity of the bulk phase. The preparation of bio-based epoxy-novolac thermoset network resulted inreduced consumption of petroleum-based chemicals.展开更多
Fast pyrolysis of sawdust(SD)and upgrading of the derived bio-oil*(water-free basis)over Shenmu bituminous coal char(SMC)were conducted in an integrated free fall pyrolyzer and moving bed upgrading reactor.The water s...Fast pyrolysis of sawdust(SD)and upgrading of the derived bio-oil*(water-free basis)over Shenmu bituminous coal char(SMC)were conducted in an integrated free fall pyrolyzer and moving bed upgrading reactor.The water soluble and heavy bio-oil*(THF soluble)yields decrease and the content of light bio-oil*(CH_(2)Cl_(2) soluble)increases significantly compared that without SMC despite the decrease of light bio-oil*yield.Chemical analyses of the light bio-oil*were performed using GC-MS and ^(1)H NMR techniques.The results show that during volatiles-char interaction,the SMC plays important roles in deoxygenation and denitrogenation.The role of SMC in the upgrading process was explored by BET,FT-IR and XRD characterization.The porous structure provides reaction active sites for the bio-oil upgrading.After volatiles-char interaction,the specific surface area of SMC decreases significantly and the carbon crystallite size increases.With increasing the char updating rate from 1 g/min to 4 g/min,the relatively fresh SMC surface leads to the increased active sites,the conversion of heavy bio-oil*is slightly promoted and the removal effects of heteroatoms(O,N)compounds in the light bio-oil*are enhanced.The changes in SMC specific surface area and microcrystalline size are weakened accordingly.展开更多
Oil palm biomass(OPB)represents major portion of the lignocellulosic waste in Malaysia that can be converted into bio-oil.This review aims to provide important insights in OPB-derived bio-oil production by first discu...Oil palm biomass(OPB)represents major portion of the lignocellulosic waste in Malaysia that can be converted into bio-oil.This review aims to provide important insights in OPB-derived bio-oil production by first discussing the chemical compositions of different OPB and their effects to the bio-oil yield and quality obtained from pyrolysis process,followed by discussing the addition of plastics and catalysts into the pyrolysis for bio-oil upgrading,and lastly summarizing the existing technoeconomic and environmental studies and the potential use of process integration and intensification in this topic.Polypropene(PP),low density polyethylene(LDPE),and high density polyethylene(HDPE)have been commonly used in co-pyrolysis of OPB,which can effectively increase the heating value of bio-oil up to 80%that of diesel.Likewise,acidic,basic,and neutral catalysts have been applied to increase the amount of hydrocarbon and phenol in the bio-oil,further improving the heating value to be comparable to diesel.The bio-oil production from OPB is currently still limited to demonstration scale despite the favorable environmental compatibility and technoeconomic feasibility shown by studies focused on empty fruit bunch(EFB).Several promising advanced pyrolysis processes that integrate other processes such as anaerobic digestion,hydrogen production process,and heat and power generation units as well as the advanced reactor designs are also overviewed here as future innovation of the bio-oil production from OPB,which may play more significant role as the technology matures.展开更多
The escalating demand for energy coupled with environmental concerns necessitates exploring sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.The study explores the viability of using large ocean-based seaweeds as a source of ...The escalating demand for energy coupled with environmental concerns necessitates exploring sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.The study explores the viability of using large ocean-based seaweeds as a source of thirdgeneration biomass,specifically focusing on their conversion to biofuel via the process of pyrolysis.Sargassum plagiophyllum and Ulva lactuca represent prevalent forms of macroalgae,posing significant discharge challenges for coastal regions globally.However,the exploration of their potential for bio-oil generation via pyrolysis remains limited.This study investigates the pyrolysis process of S.plagiophyllum and U.lactuca for biofuel production,aiming to provide valuable insights into their utilization and optimization.Pyrolysis experiments were conducted within temperature ranges of 400°C to 600°C and durations of 10 to 50 min using a batch reactor.The chemical analysis of the synthesized bio-oil indicated it contains critical compounds such as organic acid derivatives,furans,nitrogenous aromatics,and aliphatic hydrocarbons.The effectiveness of converting the initial biomass into bio-oil is significantly influenced by the pace at which the biomass undergoes decomposition,underscoring the importance of comprehending the kinetic aspects of this conversion.By applying the Arrhenius formula,we calculated the activation energies and frequency factors,with the findings for S.plagiophyllum being 15.27 kJ/mol and 0.477 s^(-1),and for U.lactuca,the values were 43.17 kJ/mol and 0.351 s^(-1),correspondingly.These findings underscore the potential of brown and green macroalgae as sustainable sources for biofuel production via pyrolysis,offering insights for further optimization and valorization efforts in the quest for renewable energy solutions.展开更多
Fast pyrolysis bio-oils(fpBO)were extracted with two alternative commercial transportation fuels,hydrocarbon diesel and bio-diesel.The extraction of fpBO with commercial diesel fuel provided a yield of 4.3 wt%,but the...Fast pyrolysis bio-oils(fpBO)were extracted with two alternative commercial transportation fuels,hydrocarbon diesel and bio-diesel.The extraction of fpBO with commercial diesel fuel provided a yield of 4.3 wt%,but the yield increased significantly to 26.6 wt%when bio-diesel was the extractant.The molecular weight of fpBO before and after extraction were consistent with the loss of a more soluble,low molecular weight fraction from the crude fpBO.The relative energy difference(RED),based on the Hansen solubility parameter(HSP),is used to examine the extraction efficiency of specific compounds in the two different‘solvents’.Differences in the RED values could be used to rationalize differences in the partitioning of common fpBO phenolics.展开更多
The low yield and poor fuel properties of bio-oil have made the pyrolysis production process uneconomic and also limited bio-oil usage.Proper manipulation of key pyrolysis variables is paramount in order to produce hi...The low yield and poor fuel properties of bio-oil have made the pyrolysis production process uneconomic and also limited bio-oil usage.Proper manipulation of key pyrolysis variables is paramount in order to produce high-quality bio-oil that requires less upgrading.In this research,the pyrolysis of pig hair was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor using a calcium oxide catalyst derived from calcination of turtle shells.In the pyrolysis process,the influence of three variables-temperature,heating rate and catalyst weight-on two responses-bio-oil yield and its higher heating value(HHV)-were investigated using Response Surface Methodology.A second-order regression-model equation was obtained for each response.The optimum yield of the bio-oil and its HHV were obtained as 51.03%and 21.87 mJ/kg,respectively,at 545oC,45.17oC/min and 2.504 g of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate and catalyst weight,respectively.The high R2 values of 0.9859 and 0.9527,respectively,obtained for the bio-oil yield and its HHV models using analysis of variance revealed that the models can adequately predict the bio-oil yield and its HHV from the pyrolysis process.展开更多
基金the Ministry of Research,Technology and Higher Education,Indonesia,for the financial support of this work through the research grant of "Produk Terapan" Universitas Negeri Semarang,Nomor:084/SP2H/LT/DRPM/IV/2017
文摘Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03%(coconut shell) and 45%(coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients(UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid(NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.
文摘A novel system of fast pyrolysis and vapour quenching was developed at pilot scale to obtain bio-oil from biomass. The system uses three-stage of interconnected fluidized bed reactors that continuously circulate silica sand from an internal pyrolysis reactor to a second external annular reactor for char burning, which generates most of the heat required by the pyrolysis reactor, and a third sand-preheating reactor that burns non-condensable pyrolysis gas. The hot vapours, after high temperature cleaning, are quenched in a flash cooling system. The process generates up to 62% of bio-oil, 25% of char and 13% of non-condensable gas. The heat requirements for the total system are provided by burning part of the char and non-condensable gases generated in the pyrolysis step and by preheating the fluidizing gas for the pyrolysis reactor.
文摘In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm<sup>3</sup> stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.
文摘Olive Mill Solid Wastes (OMSW) released in nature without any treatment is a major environmental problem in the Mediterranean region. In this work, the catalyzed pyrolysis of OMSW has been investigated. A catalyst based on SBA-15 mesoporous silica doped with chromium ferrite nanoparticles was prepared by the double solvent technique (DS). The prepared catalyst was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Wide and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS, SAXS), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) and FT-IR spectroscopies. Reverse spinel chromium ferrite nanoparticles were located inside the SBA-15 pores as confirmed by SEM images. The obtained catalyst was tested for pyrolysis reactions of OMSW. Several parameters were studied to optimize the conditions of the pyrolysis reaction in order to increase the bio-oil conversion yield. The GC-MS results demonstrated that the quality of the obtained bio-oil was improved by decreasing the quantity of phenolic and oxygenated components as well as the size of the obtained molecules. The produced bio-oil from pyrolysis of OMSW is identical to that obtained from the pyrolysis of commercial cellulose under the same conditions. A 37% conversion yield of bio-oil was obtained for the best conditions.
基金supported by the European Union with the European Regional Development Fund(ERDF)the Regional Council of Normandie
文摘This study presents a detailed analysis of the catalytic de-oxygenation of the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products of two biomasses (beech wood and flax shives) using different catalysts (commercial HZSM-5 and H-Y,and lab-synthesised Fe-HZSM-5,Fe-H-Y,Pt/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3). The experiments were all conducted in a semi-batch reactor under the same operating conditions for all feed materials. BET specific surface area,BJH pore size distribution and FT-IR technologies have been used to characterise the catalysts,while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) were used to examine the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products. It was firstly seen that at higher catalyst-to-biomass ratios of 4∶1,de-oxygenation efficiency did not experience any further significant improvement. FeHZSM-5 was deemed to be the most efficient of the catalysts utilised as it helped reach the lowest oxygen contents in the bio-oils samples and the second best was HZSM-5. It was also found that HZSM-5 and H-Y tended to privilege the decarbonylation route(production of CO),whilst their iron-modified counterparts favoured the decarboxylation one (production of CO2) for both biomasses studied. It was then seen that the major bio-oil components (carboxylic acids) underwent almost complete conversion under catalytic treatment to produce mostly unoxygenated aromatic compounds,phenols and gases like CO and CO2. Finally,phenols were seen to be the family most significantly formed from the actions of all catalysts.
文摘Biomass utilization could relieve the pressure caused by conventional energy shortage and environmental pollution. Advantage should be taken of the abundant biomass in China as clean energy source to substitute for traditional fossil fuels. At present, flash pyrolysis appears to be an efficient method to produce high yields of liquids that could either be directly used as fuel or converted to other valuable chemicals. Experiments were carried out of pyrolyzing biomass particles in a hot dense fluidized bed of sand to obtain high-quality bio-oil. Among four kinds of biomass species adopted in our experiment, Padauk Wood had the best characteristics in producing bio-oil. GC-MS analysis showed bio-oil to be a complex mixture consisting of many compounds. Furthermore, an integrated model was proposed to reveal how temperature influences biomass pyrolysis. Computation indicated that biomass particles underwent rapid heating before pyrolysis.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB210203)National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2007BAD34B02)Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sci-ences (Grant No. KGCX2-YW-330)
文摘Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was employed to achieve fast pyrolysis of biomass and on-line analysis of the pyrolysis vapors. Four biomass materials (poplar wood, fir wood, cotton straw and rice husk) were pyrolyzed to reveal the difference among their products. Moreover, catalytic cracking of the pyrolysis vapors from cotton straw was performed by using five catalysts, including two microporous zeolites (HZSM-5 and HY) and three mesoporous catalysts (ZrO2&TiO2, SBA-15 and Al/SBA-15). The results showed that the distribution of the pyrolytic products from the four materials differed a little from each other, while catalytic cracking could significantly alter the pyrolytic products. Those important primary pyrolytic products such as levoglucosan, hydroxyacetaldehyde and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone were decreased greatly after catalysis. The two microporous zeolites were ef-fective to generate high yields of hydrocarbons, while the three mesoporous materials favored the formation of furan, furfural and other furan compounds, as well as acetic acid.
文摘Bio-based phenol-formaldehyde polymer (BioNovolac) was developed by reacting molar excess of bio-oil/phenolwith formaldehyde in acidic medium. Glycidyl 3,5-diglycidoxybenzoate (GDGB), was prepared by directglycidylation of α-resorcylic acid (RA), a naturally occurring phenolic monomer. GDGB was crosslinked in thepresence of BioNovolac by anionic polymerization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmedthe formation of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The glass transition temperature and moduli of biobasedcrosslinked systems were observed to increase with increasing GDGB content. Active chain density andmass retention measured by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and Soxhlet extraction, respectively, indicated ahigh crosslink density of the cured networks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted thehomogeneity of the bulk phase. The preparation of bio-based epoxy-novolac thermoset network resulted inreduced consumption of petroleum-based chemicals.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFB0600304).
文摘Fast pyrolysis of sawdust(SD)and upgrading of the derived bio-oil*(water-free basis)over Shenmu bituminous coal char(SMC)were conducted in an integrated free fall pyrolyzer and moving bed upgrading reactor.The water soluble and heavy bio-oil*(THF soluble)yields decrease and the content of light bio-oil*(CH_(2)Cl_(2) soluble)increases significantly compared that without SMC despite the decrease of light bio-oil*yield.Chemical analyses of the light bio-oil*were performed using GC-MS and ^(1)H NMR techniques.The results show that during volatiles-char interaction,the SMC plays important roles in deoxygenation and denitrogenation.The role of SMC in the upgrading process was explored by BET,FT-IR and XRD characterization.The porous structure provides reaction active sites for the bio-oil upgrading.After volatiles-char interaction,the specific surface area of SMC decreases significantly and the carbon crystallite size increases.With increasing the char updating rate from 1 g/min to 4 g/min,the relatively fresh SMC surface leads to the increased active sites,the conversion of heavy bio-oil*is slightly promoted and the removal effects of heteroatoms(O,N)compounds in the light bio-oil*are enhanced.The changes in SMC specific surface area and microcrystalline size are weakened accordingly.
基金the funding support in the form of Research Supervision Grant(2-5545)from Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(Grant number:FRGS/1/2020/TK0/SWIN/03/3)from Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.
文摘Oil palm biomass(OPB)represents major portion of the lignocellulosic waste in Malaysia that can be converted into bio-oil.This review aims to provide important insights in OPB-derived bio-oil production by first discussing the chemical compositions of different OPB and their effects to the bio-oil yield and quality obtained from pyrolysis process,followed by discussing the addition of plastics and catalysts into the pyrolysis for bio-oil upgrading,and lastly summarizing the existing technoeconomic and environmental studies and the potential use of process integration and intensification in this topic.Polypropene(PP),low density polyethylene(LDPE),and high density polyethylene(HDPE)have been commonly used in co-pyrolysis of OPB,which can effectively increase the heating value of bio-oil up to 80%that of diesel.Likewise,acidic,basic,and neutral catalysts have been applied to increase the amount of hydrocarbon and phenol in the bio-oil,further improving the heating value to be comparable to diesel.The bio-oil production from OPB is currently still limited to demonstration scale despite the favorable environmental compatibility and technoeconomic feasibility shown by studies focused on empty fruit bunch(EFB).Several promising advanced pyrolysis processes that integrate other processes such as anaerobic digestion,hydrogen production process,and heat and power generation units as well as the advanced reactor designs are also overviewed here as future innovation of the bio-oil production from OPB,which may play more significant role as the technology matures.
基金funded by LPDP through the International Research Collaboration–RISPRO Funding Program“RISPRO KI”(Grant Number RISPRO/KI/B1/KOM/12/11684/1/2020).
文摘The escalating demand for energy coupled with environmental concerns necessitates exploring sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.The study explores the viability of using large ocean-based seaweeds as a source of thirdgeneration biomass,specifically focusing on their conversion to biofuel via the process of pyrolysis.Sargassum plagiophyllum and Ulva lactuca represent prevalent forms of macroalgae,posing significant discharge challenges for coastal regions globally.However,the exploration of their potential for bio-oil generation via pyrolysis remains limited.This study investigates the pyrolysis process of S.plagiophyllum and U.lactuca for biofuel production,aiming to provide valuable insights into their utilization and optimization.Pyrolysis experiments were conducted within temperature ranges of 400°C to 600°C and durations of 10 to 50 min using a batch reactor.The chemical analysis of the synthesized bio-oil indicated it contains critical compounds such as organic acid derivatives,furans,nitrogenous aromatics,and aliphatic hydrocarbons.The effectiveness of converting the initial biomass into bio-oil is significantly influenced by the pace at which the biomass undergoes decomposition,underscoring the importance of comprehending the kinetic aspects of this conversion.By applying the Arrhenius formula,we calculated the activation energies and frequency factors,with the findings for S.plagiophyllum being 15.27 kJ/mol and 0.477 s^(-1),and for U.lactuca,the values were 43.17 kJ/mol and 0.351 s^(-1),correspondingly.These findings underscore the potential of brown and green macroalgae as sustainable sources for biofuel production via pyrolysis,offering insights for further optimization and valorization efforts in the quest for renewable energy solutions.
基金IBSS project funded by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no.2011-68005-30410 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
文摘Fast pyrolysis bio-oils(fpBO)were extracted with two alternative commercial transportation fuels,hydrocarbon diesel and bio-diesel.The extraction of fpBO with commercial diesel fuel provided a yield of 4.3 wt%,but the yield increased significantly to 26.6 wt%when bio-diesel was the extractant.The molecular weight of fpBO before and after extraction were consistent with the loss of a more soluble,low molecular weight fraction from the crude fpBO.The relative energy difference(RED),based on the Hansen solubility parameter(HSP),is used to examine the extraction efficiency of specific compounds in the two different‘solvents’.Differences in the RED values could be used to rationalize differences in the partitioning of common fpBO phenolics.
文摘The low yield and poor fuel properties of bio-oil have made the pyrolysis production process uneconomic and also limited bio-oil usage.Proper manipulation of key pyrolysis variables is paramount in order to produce high-quality bio-oil that requires less upgrading.In this research,the pyrolysis of pig hair was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor using a calcium oxide catalyst derived from calcination of turtle shells.In the pyrolysis process,the influence of three variables-temperature,heating rate and catalyst weight-on two responses-bio-oil yield and its higher heating value(HHV)-were investigated using Response Surface Methodology.A second-order regression-model equation was obtained for each response.The optimum yield of the bio-oil and its HHV were obtained as 51.03%and 21.87 mJ/kg,respectively,at 545oC,45.17oC/min and 2.504 g of pyrolysis temperature,heating rate and catalyst weight,respectively.The high R2 values of 0.9859 and 0.9527,respectively,obtained for the bio-oil yield and its HHV models using analysis of variance revealed that the models can adequately predict the bio-oil yield and its HHV from the pyrolysis process.