The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste (MBW) and waste-activated sludge (WAS) under different organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated in bench-scale...The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste (MBW) and waste-activated sludge (WAS) under different organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid (VS)/(m^3·day). The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(kg COD·hr), respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/(kg COD.hr) for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/(m^3·day). A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.展开更多
Biomass waste comes from a wide range of sources,such as forest,agricultural,algae wastes,as well as other relevant industrial by-products.It is an important alternative energy source as well as a unique source for va...Biomass waste comes from a wide range of sources,such as forest,agricultural,algae wastes,as well as other relevant industrial by-products.It is an important alternative energy source as well as a unique source for various bioproducts applied in many fields.For the past two decades,how to reuse,recycle and best recover various biomass wastes for high value-added bioproducts has received significant attention,which has not only come from various academia communities but also from many civil and medical industries.To summarize one of the cutting-edge technologies applied with nanocellulose biomaterials,this review focused on various preparation methods and strategies to make nanocellulose from diverse biomass wastes and their potential applications in biomedical areas and other promising new fields.展开更多
Oxidative-exfoliation methods were in vogue in the production of rGO from graphite.Processing of such synthetic graphite needs high temperatures(2500℃).Thus,such process is not cost-effective.The present study is mad...Oxidative-exfoliation methods were in vogue in the production of rGO from graphite.Processing of such synthetic graphite needs high temperatures(2500℃).Thus,such process is not cost-effective.The present study is made on the dry leaves of sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum)as an alternative raw material so as to be economical and environmentally benign.The dry leaves are subjected to two-step pyrolysis without any catalyst or reducing agent in far divergent temperatures to produce as prepared and acid treated rGOs.They were evaluated by UV–Vis.,FTIR,XRD,Raman spectroscopy,TGA/DTG,BET,FESEM-EDS and TEM.The as prepared rGO has few layers with irregular and folded architecture whereas acid-treated rGO has thinly stacked crumpled sheets with many wrinkles on its surface.The prepared rGOs have multilayered graphitic structure due to the unique ratio between G and D bands.Acid treated rGO has poor thermal stability as compared to that of as-prepared rGO at high temperatures due to the variation in the oxygen-containing functional groups.Acid treated rGO has low antibacterial activity as compared to that of the as-prepared rGO due to the paucity of the functional groups.展开更多
Contaminants of heavy metals and antibiotics, which are frequently detected in water, soil and food chains with increasing prevalence in our current society, can cause potential harm to human health and disrupt human ...Contaminants of heavy metals and antibiotics, which are frequently detected in water, soil and food chains with increasing prevalence in our current society, can cause potential harm to human health and disrupt human ecosystem irreversibly. Herein, we have successfully utilized biomass waste ferns contaminated by iron mines, to fabricate a first-of-its-kind high-performance class of Fe single-atom catalysts(FeSAC) by a facile pyrolysis. The optimal FeSAC-800 shows an excellent efficiency in the fastphotocatalytic degradation of six types of quinolone antibiotics(e.g., norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, flumequine) in 1 h under the simulated natural light irradiation. Based on advanced characterization, a well-defined structure of FeN_(4), confined in the porous carbon is elaborated for the FeSAC-800. Mechanism of the photodegradation is via a Fenton-like oxidation process whereas the reactive oxygen species play a key role. These findings open a new avenue for efficient, sustainable utilization of biomass waste in pollutant control.展开更多
Waste biomass is always generated during the production process in industries. The ordinary way to get rid of the waste biomass is to send them to landfill or burn it in the open field. The waste may potentially be us...Waste biomass is always generated during the production process in industries. The ordinary way to get rid of the waste biomass is to send them to landfill or burn it in the open field. The waste may potentially be used for co-firing with coal to save fossil fuel consumption and also reduce net carbon emissions. In this case study, the bio-waste from a Nicotiana Tahacum (NT) pre-treatment plant is used as the biomass to co-fire with coal. The samples of NT wastes were analysed. It was found that the wastes were of the relatively high energy content which were suitable for co-firing with coal. To investigate the potential and benefits for adding NT wastes to a Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) boiler in the plant, detailed modelling and simulation are carried out using the European Coal Liquefaction Process Simulation and Evaluation (ECLIPSE) process simulation package. The feedstock blending ratios of NT waste to coal studied in this work are varied from 0% to 30%. The results show that the addition of NT wastes may decrease the emissions of CO2 and SOx without reducing the boiler performance.展开更多
Experimental research was carried out on the manufacturing of bio-coal briquettes from a blend of two different types of low-quality coal and biomass waste in the absence of coal carbonization,where the third blend of...Experimental research was carried out on the manufacturing of bio-coal briquettes from a blend of two different types of low-quality coal and biomass waste in the absence of coal carbonization,where the third blend of the material was fermented by adding a bio-activator solution before pressurizing the components into briquettes.The coal samples from Caringin-Garut Regency(BB-Garut)had a low calorific value and a high sulfur content(6.57 wt%),whereas the coal samples from Bayah-Lebak Regency(BB-Bayah)had a higher calorific value and a lower sulfur content(0.51 wt%).The biomass added to the coal blend is in the form of fermented cow dung(Bio-Kohe),and it had a calorific value of 4192 kcal/kg and a total sulfur content of 1.56 wt%.The main objective of this study is to determine the total decrease in the sulfur content in a blend of coal and biomass in which a fennentation process was carried out using a bio-activator for 24 h.The used bio-activator was made from Garant■(1:40)+molasses 1 wt%/vol,and its used amount was 0.2 L/kg.Also,the total sulfur content in the blend was 1.00 wt%-1.14 wt%,which fulfills the necessary quality requirements for non-carbonized bio-coal briquettes.The pyritic and sulfate content in the raw coal was dominant,and the organic sulfur,when fermented with Garant■,was found to be less in the produced bio-coal briquettes by 38%-58%.展开更多
Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for elec...Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for electricity generation by using timber and wood waste (T & WW) gasification in Iceland. Different expenses were considered, like capital, installation, engineering, operation and maintenance costs and the interest rate of the investment. Regarding to revenues, they come from of the electricity sale and the fee paid by the Icelandic municipalities for waste collection and disposal. The economic feasibility was conducted based on the economic indicators of net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPP), bringing together three different subgroups based on gasifier capacities, subgroup a: 50 kW, subgroup b: 100 kW and subgroup c: 200 kW. The results show that total cost increases as the implemented power is increased. This indicator varies from 1228.6 k€ for subgroups a to 1334.7 k€ for subgroups b and 1479.5 k€ for subgroups c. It is worth mentioning that NPV is positive for three subgroups and it grows as gasifier scale is extended. NPV is about 122 k€ (111,020 $), 1824 k€ (1,659,840 $) and 4392 k€ (3,996,720 $) for subgroups a, b and c, respectively. Moreover, DPP has an inversely proportional to the installed capacity. It is around 5.5 years (subgroups a), 9.5 months (subgroups b) and 6 months (subgroups c). The obtained results confirm that using small scale waste biomass gasification integrated with power generation could be techno-economically feasible for remote area in Iceland.展开更多
Waste cellulosic biomass obtains various applications due to low-cost and eco-benign characteristics.A general strategy is proposed for waste cellulosic biomass to be modified with dialdehyde functional groups as inte...Waste cellulosic biomass obtains various applications due to low-cost and eco-benign characteristics.A general strategy is proposed for waste cellulosic biomass to be modified with dialdehyde functional groups as intermediates through periodate partial oxidation.Finally,aminothiourea-modified waste cellulosic biomass can be prepared through Schiff reaction.Waste corn stalk,cotton and paper as typical precursors,were used to prepare cellulosic biomass,abbreviated as AT-S,AT-C and AT-P,respectively,and their adsorption behaviors of Au(III)from the hydrochloric acid medium were investigated.The pseudo-second kinetics equation as well as the Langmuir isotherm equation can be used to depict the adsorption process,and the maximum adsorption capacities of Au(III)are21.4,19.0and3.28mol/kg for AT-S,AT-C and AT-P at298K,respectively.The adsorption capacities of Au(III)on aminothiourea modified corn stalk(AT-S)is almost357times greater than that of raw corn stalk.To the best of our knowledge,AT-S has the highest adsorption capacity towards Au(III).AT-S also displays a superior separation selectivity towards Au(III)in the presence of Cu(II),Ni(II),Co(II),Pt(VI),Pd(II)and Rh(III).Furthermore,the characterization analysis of XRD,TG,SEM,TEM and FTIR confirms that AuCl4– has been reduced to elemental Au nanoparticles and deposit onto the surface of the biomass.It shows a prospect for waste corn stalk to be used to adsorb Au(III)from liquid phase and the possible fabrication of gold nanoparticles by a general adsorption process without any reductant.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses (WVBs) treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to asse...The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses (WVBs) treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs (Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving) and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses (10, 20 and 30% of potting mix) on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus: tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances (furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates) produced during the processing of fresh biomass.展开更多
Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are non-renewable materials and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">widely</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in many industrie...Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are non-renewable materials and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">widely</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in many industries such as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">agricultural</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">sectors</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the other hand, the demand </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> P and K as fertilizers increases which following </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">global</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> population. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The nutrient source of P and K which get from biomass waste <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> incinerated </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activated sludge and coffee husk biochar, respectively. The present study was conducted recovery of P and K as struvite-K (KMgPO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·6H</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O) precipitates. The results showed that alu</span></span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minium was released simultaneously with P from incinerated activated sludge with precipitate of Al:P of 1:1, K:P of 0.5, and Mg:P of 3. However, aluminium was inhibited to form struvite-K. Then, we examined cation removal especially for removed Al by dissolved 0.5 M HNO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the solution was mixed with KH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">PO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and MgCl</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·6H</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">source</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of K and Mg, respectively. The results showed a</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">luminium (Al)</span></span><span> </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was removed with precipitate K:P of 0.5, and Mg:P of 0.8. This study was confirmed that recovery of biomass incinerated was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">successful</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> as struvite-K and can be used as fertilizers.展开更多
At present, the focus is on distributed energy generation with low or negative carbon emissions as well as high conversion yields. In Romania, the renewable energy resource that can be used and produced when and where...At present, the focus is on distributed energy generation with low or negative carbon emissions as well as high conversion yields. In Romania, the renewable energy resource that can be used and produced when and wherever necessary is residual agricultural biomass with a potential of 31 million tons, which can produce over 40% of the national energy demand. Residual agricultural biomass is produced with an average energy efficiency of 6 kWh·bm/kWh input. The CHAB (combined heat and biochar production) concept produces high yield thermal energy as well as BC (biochar) with an average carbon footprint of 140 kg/ton biomass. If the energy produced is used to produce agricultural output, the negative carbon footprint increases by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. It increases energy independence, the safety of agricultural production, the number of jobs, and regional economic development.展开更多
The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, ...The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, waste generation is growing rapid especially for the organic and the plastic, and the uncontrolled waste disposal is becoming more serious issues to manage it. The interest on waste to energy is growing by the above drivers. This research was carried out for aiming to the real world adaption at the minimum cost of the pyrolysis oil from waste biomass in a diesel engine, mainly for electricity generation. The proposal of the appropriate adaptable blend ratio was the major scope rather than the optimization of the engine parameters. For the sake of it, the pyrolysis oil of the waste biomass was produced from a gasification pilot plant in Japan and blended with biodiesel at minimum effort. A small single cylinder diesel engine (direct injection) was used for the experiment with regard to full load power-output, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption.展开更多
Metal-nanocluster materials have gradually become a promising electrode candidate for supercapaci-tor application.The high-efficient and rational architecture of these metal-nanocluster electrode mate-rials with satis...Metal-nanocluster materials have gradually become a promising electrode candidate for supercapaci-tor application.The high-efficient and rational architecture of these metal-nanocluster electrode mate-rials with satisfied supercapacitive performance are full of challenges.Herein,Fe-nanocluster anchored porous carbon(FAPC)nanosheets were constructed through a facile and low-cost impregnation-activation strategy.Various characterization methods documented that FAPC nanosheets possessed a mesopore-dominated structure with large surface area and abundant Fe-N4 active sites,which are crucial for su-percapacitive energy storage.The optimal FAPC electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 378 F/g at a specific current of 1 A/g and an excellent rate capability(271 F/g at 10 A/g),which are comparable or even superior to that of most reported carbon candidates.Furthermore,the FAPC-based device achieved a desired specific energy of 14.8 Wh/kg at a specific power of 700 W/kg.This work opens a new avenue to design metal-nanocluster materials for high-performance biomass waste-based supercapacitors.展开更多
In the context of the circular economy,the huge amounts of biomass waste should be converted into value-added materials and energy to diminish pollution,atmospheric CO_(2)levels and costly waste disposal.Biological im...In the context of the circular economy,the huge amounts of biomass waste should be converted into value-added materials and energy to diminish pollution,atmospheric CO_(2)levels and costly waste disposal.Biological imaging usually uses expensive and toxic chemicals e.g.,organic dyes,semiconductor quantum dots,calling for safer,greener,cheaper fluorescent probes for biological imaging in vitro and in vivo.In these regards,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)-based fluorescent probes using biomass waste as a precursor may have much higher potential.Here we transformed the biomass waste of peach leaves into value-added fluorescent CQDs through a low-cost and green one-step hydrothermal process.The obtained CQDs show excitation-dependent photoluminescence properties with a fluorescence lifetime of 5.96 ns and a quantum yield of 7.71%without any passivation.In addition,the CQDs have a fine size of 1.9 nm with good hydrophilicity and high fluorescent stability over pH 4.0-11.0 range.Fluorescence imaging of in vitro cell cultures and in vivo with zebrafish show that CQDs possess ultra-low toxicity and remarkable performance for biological imaging.Even when CQDs present at a concentration as high as500μg/m L,the organism can still maintain more than 90%activity both in vitro and in vivo,and present bright fluorescence.The cheaper,greener,ultra-low toxicity CQDs developed in this work is a potential candidate for biological imaging in vitro and in vivo.展开更多
The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident...The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident that carbon dioxide removal(CDR)technologies must be deployed immediately to stabilize concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and avoid major climate change impacts.Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by high-temperature conversion of biomass under reduced oxygen conditions,and its production is one of few established CDR methods that can be deployed at a scale large enough to counteract effects of climate change within the next decade.Here we provide a generalized framework for quantifying the potential contribution biochar can make toward achieving national carbon emissions reduction goals,assuming use of only sustainably supplied biomass,i.e.,residues from existing agricultural,livestock,forestry and wastewater treatment operations.Our results illustrate the significant role biochar can play in world-wide CDR strategies,with carbon dioxide removal potential of 6.23±0.24%of total GHG emissions in the 155 countries covered based on 2020 data over a 100-year timeframe,and more than 10%of national emissions in 28 countries.Concentrated regions of high biochar carbon dioxide removal potential relative to national emissions were identified in South America,northwestern Africa and eastern Europe.展开更多
The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment option.It can provide a source of protein while tre...The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment option.It can provide a source of protein while treating biomass waste,which means that nutrients can be returned to the natural food chain.However,the performance of this technology in terms of its environmental impacts is still unclear,particularly with regards to global warming potential(GWP).This study used a life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess a housefly larvae treatment plant with a treatment capacity of 50 tons of biomass waste per day.The LCA results showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the GWP in summer and winter were determined to be 24.46-32.81 kg CO_(2) equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)/ton biomass waste and5.37-10.08 kg CO_(2)-eq/ton biomass waste,respectively.The greater GWP value in summer is due to the longer ventilation time and higher ventilation intensity in summer,which consumes more power.The main GWP contributions are from(1)electricity needs(accounting for 78.6% of emissions in summer and 70.2%in winter)and(2)product substitution by mature housefly larvae and compost(both summer and winter accounting for 96.8% of carbon reduction).展开更多
There is an increased global demand for activated carbon(AC)in application of water treatment and purification.Water pollutants that have exhibited a greater removal efficiency by AC included but not limited to heavy ...There is an increased global demand for activated carbon(AC)in application of water treatment and purification.Water pollutants that have exhibited a greater removal efficiency by AC included but not limited to heavy metals,pharmaceuticals,pesticides,natural organic matter,disinfection by-products,and microplastics.Granular activated carbon(GAC)is mostly used in aqueous so-lutions and adsorption columns for water treatment.Commercial AC is not only costly,but also obtained from non-renewable sources.This has prompted the search for alternative renewable materials for AC production.Biomass wastes present a great potential of such materials because of their availability and carbonaceous nature.This in turn can reduce on the adverse environmental effects caused by poor disposal of these wastes.The challenges associated with biomass waste based GAC are their low strength and attrition resistance which make them easily disintegrate under aqueous phase.This paper provides a comprehensive review on recent advances in production of biomass waste based GAC for water treatment and highlights future research directions.Production parameters such as granulation conditions,use of binders,carbonization,activation methods,and their effect on textural properties are discussed.Factors influencing the adsorption capacities of the derived GACs,adsorption models,adsorption mechanisms,and their regeneration potentials are reviewed.The literature reveals that biomass waste materials can produce GAC for use in water treatment with possibilities of being regenerated.Nonetheless,there is a need to explore 1)the effect of preparation pathways on the adsorptive properties of biomass derived GAC,2)sustainable production of biomass derived GAC based on life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis,and 3)adsorption mechanisms of GAC for removal of contaminants of emerging concerns such as microplastics and unregulated disinfection by-products.展开更多
The present study addresses the influence of blending of waste plastics(i.e.,polystyrene,PS and waste nitrile gloves,WNG)with mahua seeds(MH)for co-pyrolytic liquid yield and its fuel properties.Various blends of wast...The present study addresses the influence of blending of waste plastics(i.e.,polystyrene,PS and waste nitrile gloves,WNG)with mahua seeds(MH)for co-pyrolytic liquid yield and its fuel properties.Various blends of waste plastics were mixed with biomass(10,20 and 30 wt%)and pyrolyzed in a semi-batch reactor at an optimized environment(550℃ temperature,80℃ min^(-1) heating rate,and 100 mL min^(-1) N_(2) flow rate).Physicochemical results displayed its ability to yield renewable fuel and valuable chemicals.Co-pyrolysis outcomes showed that blending of waste plastics at 20 wt%,yielded maximum liquid(44.18±1.2 wt%and 45.89±1.4 wt%for MH+WNG and MH+PS respectively)which was higher than thermal pyrolysis of individual MH(39.26±1.2 wt%).Further,characterization results revealed a substantial reduction in viscosity,oxygen content,moisture,and a positive increment in gross heating value,carbon content and acidity.FTIR examination exposed the attendance of mainly aromatics,acids,phenols,water,esters and ethers.Further,NMR analysis of pyrolytic oil confirmed an increase in aromaticity by blending of waste plastics(20 wt%)while there was a reduction in paraffinic compounds.GC-MS investigation revealed substantial improvement in hydrocarbons and minimization in the oxygen-rich products by blending of waste plastics at 20 wt%.展开更多
Herein,a one-step co-pyrolysis protocol was adopted for the first time to prepare a novel pyrogenic carbon-Cu^(0)/Fe_(3)O_(4)heteroatoms (FCBC) in CO_(2)ambiance to discern the roles of each component in PDS activatio...Herein,a one-step co-pyrolysis protocol was adopted for the first time to prepare a novel pyrogenic carbon-Cu^(0)/Fe_(3)O_(4)heteroatoms (FCBC) in CO_(2)ambiance to discern the roles of each component in PDS activation.During co-pyrolysis,CO_(2)catalyzed formation of reducing gases by biomass which facilitated reductive transformation of Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)to Cu^(0)and Fe_(3)O_(4),respectively.According to the analysis,the resulting metal (oxide) catalyzed graphitization of biocharand decomposition of volatile substances resulting in an unprecedented surface area (1240 m^(2)/g).The resulting FCBC showed greater structural defects and less electrical impedance.Batch experiments indicated that Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation by FCBC (100%) was superior to Fe_(3)O_(4)(50%) and Cu^(0)/Fe_(3)O_(4)(76.4%) in persulfate (PDS) system,which maintained reasonable efficiency (75.6%-63.6%) within three cycles.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with RhB degradation was identified by an electron paramagnetic resonance and confirmed by scavenging experiments.RhB degradation invoked both(sulfate and dominantly hydroxyl) radical and non-radical (singlet oxygen,^(1)O_(2)) pathways.Regarding FCBC,Cu^(0)can continuously react with Fe^(3+)in Fe_(3)O_(4)to generate larger quantities of Fe^(2+),and both Cu^(0)and Fe^(2+)activated PDS to yield sulfate radicals which was quickly converted to hydroxyl radical.Besides,Cu^(0)/Cu^(2+)could complex with PDS to form a metastable complex,which particularly contributed to1O_(2)generation.These cascade reactions by FCBC were reinforced by carbonyl group of biochar and favorable electron transfer ability.This work highlighted a new approach to prepare a magnetic and environment-benign heterogonous catalyst to remove organic pollutants in water.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds have posed a serious threat to the environment and human health,which require urgent and effective removal.In recent years,the preparation of porous carbon from biomass waste for volatile or...Volatile organic compounds have posed a serious threat to the environment and human health,which require urgent and effective removal.In recent years,the preparation of porous carbon from biomass waste for volatile organic compounds adsorption has attracted increasing attention as a very cost-effective and promising technology.In this study,porous carbon was synthesized from orange peel by urea-assisted hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation.The role of typical components(cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin)in pore development and volatile organic compounds adsorption was investigated.Among the three components,hemicellulose was the major contributor to high porosity and abundant micropores in porous carbon.Higher hemicellulose content led to more abundant–COOR,amine-N,and pyrrolic/pyridonic-N in the derived hydrochar,which were favorable for porosity formation during activation.In this case,the toluene adsorption capacity of the porous carbon improved from 382.8 to 485.3 mg·g^(–1).Unlike hemicellulose,cellulose reduced the>C=O,amine-N,and pyrrolic/pyridonic-N content of the hydrochar,which caused porosity deterioration and worse toluene adsorption performance.Lignin bestowed the hydrochar with slightly increased–COOR,pyrrolic/pyridonic-N,and graphitic-N,and reduced>C=O,resulting in comparatively poor porosity and more abundant micropores.In general,the obtained porous carbon possessed abundant micropores and high specific surface area,with the highest up to 2882 m^(2)·g^(–1).This study can provide guidance for selecting suitable biomass waste to synthesize porous carbon with better porosity for efficient volatile organic compounds adsorption.展开更多
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No.2010DFA22770)the National Science and Technology Support Program of China (No.2010BAC66B04)the Key Laboratory for Advanced Technology in Environmental Protection of Jiangsu Province (No.AE201003)
文摘The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste (MBW) and waste-activated sludge (WAS) under different organic loading rates (OLRs) was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid (VS)/(m^3·day). The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/(kg COD·hr), respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/(kg COD.hr) for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/(m^3·day). A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFE0107100)Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation(BK20190842)+1 种基金the Start-up Fund for Introduced Scholar of Jiangsu University(4111370004)the foundation of Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education of China.
文摘Biomass waste comes from a wide range of sources,such as forest,agricultural,algae wastes,as well as other relevant industrial by-products.It is an important alternative energy source as well as a unique source for various bioproducts applied in many fields.For the past two decades,how to reuse,recycle and best recover various biomass wastes for high value-added bioproducts has received significant attention,which has not only come from various academia communities but also from many civil and medical industries.To summarize one of the cutting-edge technologies applied with nanocellulose biomaterials,this review focused on various preparation methods and strategies to make nanocellulose from diverse biomass wastes and their potential applications in biomedical areas and other promising new fields.
文摘Oxidative-exfoliation methods were in vogue in the production of rGO from graphite.Processing of such synthetic graphite needs high temperatures(2500℃).Thus,such process is not cost-effective.The present study is made on the dry leaves of sugarcane(Saccharum officinarum)as an alternative raw material so as to be economical and environmentally benign.The dry leaves are subjected to two-step pyrolysis without any catalyst or reducing agent in far divergent temperatures to produce as prepared and acid treated rGOs.They were evaluated by UV–Vis.,FTIR,XRD,Raman spectroscopy,TGA/DTG,BET,FESEM-EDS and TEM.The as prepared rGO has few layers with irregular and folded architecture whereas acid-treated rGO has thinly stacked crumpled sheets with many wrinkles on its surface.The prepared rGOs have multilayered graphitic structure due to the unique ratio between G and D bands.Acid treated rGO has poor thermal stability as compared to that of as-prepared rGO at high temperatures due to the variation in the oxygen-containing functional groups.Acid treated rGO has low antibacterial activity as compared to that of the as-prepared rGO due to the paucity of the functional groups.
基金supported by the Key Realm Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2020B0202080001)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-022)+6 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019B1515120058)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22078374)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB36030200)the National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFC1807600)the National Ten Thousand Talent PlanKey-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2019B110209003)the Hundred Talent Plan (201602) from Sun Yat-sen University for financial support。
文摘Contaminants of heavy metals and antibiotics, which are frequently detected in water, soil and food chains with increasing prevalence in our current society, can cause potential harm to human health and disrupt human ecosystem irreversibly. Herein, we have successfully utilized biomass waste ferns contaminated by iron mines, to fabricate a first-of-its-kind high-performance class of Fe single-atom catalysts(FeSAC) by a facile pyrolysis. The optimal FeSAC-800 shows an excellent efficiency in the fastphotocatalytic degradation of six types of quinolone antibiotics(e.g., norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, flumequine) in 1 h under the simulated natural light irradiation. Based on advanced characterization, a well-defined structure of FeN_(4), confined in the porous carbon is elaborated for the FeSAC-800. Mechanism of the photodegradation is via a Fenton-like oxidation process whereas the reactive oxygen species play a key role. These findings open a new avenue for efficient, sustainable utilization of biomass waste in pollutant control.
基金supported by a joint UK-China research program funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of the UK and the international collaboration funding from Guizhou Science and Technology Department(No.Qian-Ke-He-Wai G[2009]700110)
文摘Waste biomass is always generated during the production process in industries. The ordinary way to get rid of the waste biomass is to send them to landfill or burn it in the open field. The waste may potentially be used for co-firing with coal to save fossil fuel consumption and also reduce net carbon emissions. In this case study, the bio-waste from a Nicotiana Tahacum (NT) pre-treatment plant is used as the biomass to co-fire with coal. The samples of NT wastes were analysed. It was found that the wastes were of the relatively high energy content which were suitable for co-firing with coal. To investigate the potential and benefits for adding NT wastes to a Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) boiler in the plant, detailed modelling and simulation are carried out using the European Coal Liquefaction Process Simulation and Evaluation (ECLIPSE) process simulation package. The feedstock blending ratios of NT waste to coal studied in this work are varied from 0% to 30%. The results show that the addition of NT wastes may decrease the emissions of CO2 and SOx without reducing the boiler performance.
基金The authors express appreciation for the support of this research by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences(LIPI)-National Priority(PN-2019)Program-Center of Excellent for Advanced Functional Material produced from Mineral and Coal Resources(PUI-MFBSDMB)in conjunction with the Research Competitive Program-Productive Innovative Research(RISPRO LPDP)2019-2021The authors also acknowledge the support from the PT.Biofarma and R&D for tekMIRA.The publication of this research is supported by the funding scheme under the Deputy of Earth Sciences of the Indonesian Institute of Sciences(LIPI).Financial aid was partly provided by a RISPRO LPDP 2019-2021,PUI-MFBSDMBIn House Research(IHR)Program-Research Centre for Geotechnology-LIPI 2018-2019.
文摘Experimental research was carried out on the manufacturing of bio-coal briquettes from a blend of two different types of low-quality coal and biomass waste in the absence of coal carbonization,where the third blend of the material was fermented by adding a bio-activator solution before pressurizing the components into briquettes.The coal samples from Caringin-Garut Regency(BB-Garut)had a low calorific value and a high sulfur content(6.57 wt%),whereas the coal samples from Bayah-Lebak Regency(BB-Bayah)had a higher calorific value and a lower sulfur content(0.51 wt%).The biomass added to the coal blend is in the form of fermented cow dung(Bio-Kohe),and it had a calorific value of 4192 kcal/kg and a total sulfur content of 1.56 wt%.The main objective of this study is to determine the total decrease in the sulfur content in a blend of coal and biomass in which a fennentation process was carried out using a bio-activator for 24 h.The used bio-activator was made from Garant■(1:40)+molasses 1 wt%/vol,and its used amount was 0.2 L/kg.Also,the total sulfur content in the blend was 1.00 wt%-1.14 wt%,which fulfills the necessary quality requirements for non-carbonized bio-coal briquettes.The pyritic and sulfate content in the raw coal was dominant,and the organic sulfur,when fermented with Garant■,was found to be less in the produced bio-coal briquettes by 38%-58%.
文摘Energy recovery from waste biomass can have significant impacts on the most pressing development challenges of rural poverty and environmental damages. In this paper, a techno-economic analysis is carried out for electricity generation by using timber and wood waste (T & WW) gasification in Iceland. Different expenses were considered, like capital, installation, engineering, operation and maintenance costs and the interest rate of the investment. Regarding to revenues, they come from of the electricity sale and the fee paid by the Icelandic municipalities for waste collection and disposal. The economic feasibility was conducted based on the economic indicators of net present value (NPV) and discounted payback period (DPP), bringing together three different subgroups based on gasifier capacities, subgroup a: 50 kW, subgroup b: 100 kW and subgroup c: 200 kW. The results show that total cost increases as the implemented power is increased. This indicator varies from 1228.6 k€ for subgroups a to 1334.7 k€ for subgroups b and 1479.5 k€ for subgroups c. It is worth mentioning that NPV is positive for three subgroups and it grows as gasifier scale is extended. NPV is about 122 k€ (111,020 $), 1824 k€ (1,659,840 $) and 4392 k€ (3,996,720 $) for subgroups a, b and c, respectively. Moreover, DPP has an inversely proportional to the installed capacity. It is around 5.5 years (subgroups a), 9.5 months (subgroups b) and 6 months (subgroups c). The obtained results confirm that using small scale waste biomass gasification integrated with power generation could be techno-economically feasible for remote area in Iceland.
基金Projects(51504073,51404081,51672275)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2012CBA01202)supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology,China+1 种基金Project(QianJiaoKeHe KY[2015]433)supported by the Research Program of the Education Department of Guizhou Province,ChinaProject(XJG20141104)supported by the Research Program of Talented Scholars of Guizhou Institute of Technology,China
文摘Waste cellulosic biomass obtains various applications due to low-cost and eco-benign characteristics.A general strategy is proposed for waste cellulosic biomass to be modified with dialdehyde functional groups as intermediates through periodate partial oxidation.Finally,aminothiourea-modified waste cellulosic biomass can be prepared through Schiff reaction.Waste corn stalk,cotton and paper as typical precursors,were used to prepare cellulosic biomass,abbreviated as AT-S,AT-C and AT-P,respectively,and their adsorption behaviors of Au(III)from the hydrochloric acid medium were investigated.The pseudo-second kinetics equation as well as the Langmuir isotherm equation can be used to depict the adsorption process,and the maximum adsorption capacities of Au(III)are21.4,19.0and3.28mol/kg for AT-S,AT-C and AT-P at298K,respectively.The adsorption capacities of Au(III)on aminothiourea modified corn stalk(AT-S)is almost357times greater than that of raw corn stalk.To the best of our knowledge,AT-S has the highest adsorption capacity towards Au(III).AT-S also displays a superior separation selectivity towards Au(III)in the presence of Cu(II),Ni(II),Co(II),Pt(VI),Pd(II)and Rh(III).Furthermore,the characterization analysis of XRD,TG,SEM,TEM and FTIR confirms that AuCl4– has been reduced to elemental Au nanoparticles and deposit onto the surface of the biomass.It shows a prospect for waste corn stalk to be used to adsorb Au(III)from liquid phase and the possible fabrication of gold nanoparticles by a general adsorption process without any reductant.
文摘The purpose of this study was to assess the suppressive effect of Waste Vegetable Biomasses (WVBs) treated by the Steam Explosion technique in a continuous plant, against soil-borne plant pathogens. In order to assess their disease suppression, five WVBs (Miscanthus biomass, durum wheat straw, rice straw, corn stalk and wood shaving) and commercial compost were tested in vivo at three different doses (10, 20 and 30% of potting mix) on seven horticultural pathosystems plant/fungus: tomato/Phytophthora nicotianae, cucumber/Pythium ultimum, lettuce/Fusariurn oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melordFusariurn oxysporum f. sp. melonis, bearffRhizoctonia solani, eggplant/Verticillium dahlie and fennel/Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The results showed that the corn stalk was more efficient respect to Miscanthus, compost, wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving in all the patbosystems and at all the doses tested. The corn stalk suppression ranged from 97% in eggplant/F, dahliae to 35% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, and it was significantly higher with respect to the other substrates. In general, the wheat straw, rice straw and wood shaving were statistically found less efficient as suppressive substrate with respect to corn stalk, Miscanthus and compost at the 30% dose in four pathosystems In particular, the wood shaving suppressiveness ranged from 48% in eggplant/V, dahliae to 12% in lettuce/F, oxysporum f. sp. lactucae. The different suppressiveness observed could be attributed to different concentration of the microbial inhibitory substances (furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates) produced during the processing of fresh biomass.
文摘Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are non-renewable materials and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">widely</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in many industries such as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">agricultural</span> <span style="font-family:Verdana;">sectors</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. On the other hand, the demand </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> P and K as fertilizers increases which following </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">global</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> population. </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The nutrient source of P and K which get from biomass waste <i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i.e.</i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> incinerated </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">of</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activated sludge and coffee husk biochar, respectively. The present study was conducted recovery of P and K as struvite-K (KMgPO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·6H</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O) precipitates. The results showed that alu</span></span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">minium was released simultaneously with P from incinerated activated sludge with precipitate of Al:P of 1:1, K:P of 0.5, and Mg:P of 3. However, aluminium was inhibited to form struvite-K. Then, we examined cation removal especially for removed Al by dissolved 0.5 M HNO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">3</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and the solution was mixed with KH</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">PO</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">4</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and MgCl</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">·6H</span><sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">2</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">O as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">source</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> of K and Mg, respectively. The results showed a</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">luminium (Al)</span></span><span> </span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was removed with precipitate K:P of 0.5, and Mg:P of 0.8. This study was confirmed that recovery of biomass incinerated was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">successful</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> as struvite-K and can be used as fertilizers.
文摘At present, the focus is on distributed energy generation with low or negative carbon emissions as well as high conversion yields. In Romania, the renewable energy resource that can be used and produced when and wherever necessary is residual agricultural biomass with a potential of 31 million tons, which can produce over 40% of the national energy demand. Residual agricultural biomass is produced with an average energy efficiency of 6 kWh·bm/kWh input. The CHAB (combined heat and biochar production) concept produces high yield thermal energy as well as BC (biochar) with an average carbon footprint of 140 kg/ton biomass. If the energy produced is used to produce agricultural output, the negative carbon footprint increases by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels. It increases energy independence, the safety of agricultural production, the number of jobs, and regional economic development.
文摘The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, waste generation is growing rapid especially for the organic and the plastic, and the uncontrolled waste disposal is becoming more serious issues to manage it. The interest on waste to energy is growing by the above drivers. This research was carried out for aiming to the real world adaption at the minimum cost of the pyrolysis oil from waste biomass in a diesel engine, mainly for electricity generation. The proposal of the appropriate adaptable blend ratio was the major scope rather than the optimization of the engine parameters. For the sake of it, the pyrolysis oil of the waste biomass was produced from a gasification pilot plant in Japan and blended with biodiesel at minimum effort. A small single cylinder diesel engine (direct injection) was used for the experiment with regard to full load power-output, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3905804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22078374,22378434,22309210)+4 种基金the National Ten Thousand Talent Plan,the Key Realm Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2020B0202080001)Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(No.2021B1212040008)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2022A1515011150)the Scientific and Technological Planning Project of Guangzhou(No.202206010145)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.23qnpy85).
文摘Metal-nanocluster materials have gradually become a promising electrode candidate for supercapaci-tor application.The high-efficient and rational architecture of these metal-nanocluster electrode mate-rials with satisfied supercapacitive performance are full of challenges.Herein,Fe-nanocluster anchored porous carbon(FAPC)nanosheets were constructed through a facile and low-cost impregnation-activation strategy.Various characterization methods documented that FAPC nanosheets possessed a mesopore-dominated structure with large surface area and abundant Fe-N4 active sites,which are crucial for su-percapacitive energy storage.The optimal FAPC electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of 378 F/g at a specific current of 1 A/g and an excellent rate capability(271 F/g at 10 A/g),which are comparable or even superior to that of most reported carbon candidates.Furthermore,the FAPC-based device achieved a desired specific energy of 14.8 Wh/kg at a specific power of 700 W/kg.This work opens a new avenue to design metal-nanocluster materials for high-performance biomass waste-based supercapacitors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21976116 and 52161145409)the Shaanxi Science and Technology Program(No.2020KWZ-005)+1 种基金SAFEA of China(“Belt and Road”Innovative Exchange Foreign Expert Project,No.DL2021041001L)Researchers Supporting Project number(No.RSP-2021/149),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia。
文摘In the context of the circular economy,the huge amounts of biomass waste should be converted into value-added materials and energy to diminish pollution,atmospheric CO_(2)levels and costly waste disposal.Biological imaging usually uses expensive and toxic chemicals e.g.,organic dyes,semiconductor quantum dots,calling for safer,greener,cheaper fluorescent probes for biological imaging in vitro and in vivo.In these regards,carbon quantum dots(CQDs)-based fluorescent probes using biomass waste as a precursor may have much higher potential.Here we transformed the biomass waste of peach leaves into value-added fluorescent CQDs through a low-cost and green one-step hydrothermal process.The obtained CQDs show excitation-dependent photoluminescence properties with a fluorescence lifetime of 5.96 ns and a quantum yield of 7.71%without any passivation.In addition,the CQDs have a fine size of 1.9 nm with good hydrophilicity and high fluorescent stability over pH 4.0-11.0 range.Fluorescence imaging of in vitro cell cultures and in vivo with zebrafish show that CQDs possess ultra-low toxicity and remarkable performance for biological imaging.Even when CQDs present at a concentration as high as500μg/m L,the organism can still maintain more than 90%activity both in vitro and in vivo,and present bright fluorescence.The cheaper,greener,ultra-low toxicity CQDs developed in this work is a potential candidate for biological imaging in vitro and in vivo.
文摘The Climate Change Conference of Parties(COP)21 in December 2015 established Nationally Determined Contributions toward reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.In the years since COP21,it has become increasingly evident that carbon dioxide removal(CDR)technologies must be deployed immediately to stabilize concentration of atmospheric greenhouse gases and avoid major climate change impacts.Biochar is a carbon-rich material formed by high-temperature conversion of biomass under reduced oxygen conditions,and its production is one of few established CDR methods that can be deployed at a scale large enough to counteract effects of climate change within the next decade.Here we provide a generalized framework for quantifying the potential contribution biochar can make toward achieving national carbon emissions reduction goals,assuming use of only sustainably supplied biomass,i.e.,residues from existing agricultural,livestock,forestry and wastewater treatment operations.Our results illustrate the significant role biochar can play in world-wide CDR strategies,with carbon dioxide removal potential of 6.23±0.24%of total GHG emissions in the 155 countries covered based on 2020 data over a 100-year timeframe,and more than 10%of national emissions in 28 countries.Concentrated regions of high biochar carbon dioxide removal potential relative to national emissions were identified in South America,northwestern Africa and eastern Europe.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD1100600)Shanghai Municipal Government State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission(No.2022028)。
文摘The significant increase in the demand for biomass waste treatment after garbage classification has led to housefly larvae treatment becoming an attractive treatment option.It can provide a source of protein while treating biomass waste,which means that nutrients can be returned to the natural food chain.However,the performance of this technology in terms of its environmental impacts is still unclear,particularly with regards to global warming potential(GWP).This study used a life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess a housefly larvae treatment plant with a treatment capacity of 50 tons of biomass waste per day.The LCA results showed that the 95% confidence intervals for the GWP in summer and winter were determined to be 24.46-32.81 kg CO_(2) equivalent(CO_(2)-eq)/ton biomass waste and5.37-10.08 kg CO_(2)-eq/ton biomass waste,respectively.The greater GWP value in summer is due to the longer ventilation time and higher ventilation intensity in summer,which consumes more power.The main GWP contributions are from(1)electricity needs(accounting for 78.6% of emissions in summer and 70.2%in winter)and(2)product substitution by mature housefly larvae and compost(both summer and winter accounting for 96.8% of carbon reduction).
基金support from the Government of the Republic of Uganda through Makerere University Research and Innovations Fund(RIF1/CEDAT/015).
文摘There is an increased global demand for activated carbon(AC)in application of water treatment and purification.Water pollutants that have exhibited a greater removal efficiency by AC included but not limited to heavy metals,pharmaceuticals,pesticides,natural organic matter,disinfection by-products,and microplastics.Granular activated carbon(GAC)is mostly used in aqueous so-lutions and adsorption columns for water treatment.Commercial AC is not only costly,but also obtained from non-renewable sources.This has prompted the search for alternative renewable materials for AC production.Biomass wastes present a great potential of such materials because of their availability and carbonaceous nature.This in turn can reduce on the adverse environmental effects caused by poor disposal of these wastes.The challenges associated with biomass waste based GAC are their low strength and attrition resistance which make them easily disintegrate under aqueous phase.This paper provides a comprehensive review on recent advances in production of biomass waste based GAC for water treatment and highlights future research directions.Production parameters such as granulation conditions,use of binders,carbonization,activation methods,and their effect on textural properties are discussed.Factors influencing the adsorption capacities of the derived GACs,adsorption models,adsorption mechanisms,and their regeneration potentials are reviewed.The literature reveals that biomass waste materials can produce GAC for use in water treatment with possibilities of being regenerated.Nonetheless,there is a need to explore 1)the effect of preparation pathways on the adsorptive properties of biomass derived GAC,2)sustainable production of biomass derived GAC based on life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis,and 3)adsorption mechanisms of GAC for removal of contaminants of emerging concerns such as microplastics and unregulated disinfection by-products.
文摘The present study addresses the influence of blending of waste plastics(i.e.,polystyrene,PS and waste nitrile gloves,WNG)with mahua seeds(MH)for co-pyrolytic liquid yield and its fuel properties.Various blends of waste plastics were mixed with biomass(10,20 and 30 wt%)and pyrolyzed in a semi-batch reactor at an optimized environment(550℃ temperature,80℃ min^(-1) heating rate,and 100 mL min^(-1) N_(2) flow rate).Physicochemical results displayed its ability to yield renewable fuel and valuable chemicals.Co-pyrolysis outcomes showed that blending of waste plastics at 20 wt%,yielded maximum liquid(44.18±1.2 wt%and 45.89±1.4 wt%for MH+WNG and MH+PS respectively)which was higher than thermal pyrolysis of individual MH(39.26±1.2 wt%).Further,characterization results revealed a substantial reduction in viscosity,oxygen content,moisture,and a positive increment in gross heating value,carbon content and acidity.FTIR examination exposed the attendance of mainly aromatics,acids,phenols,water,esters and ethers.Further,NMR analysis of pyrolytic oil confirmed an increase in aromaticity by blending of waste plastics(20 wt%)while there was a reduction in paraffinic compounds.GC-MS investigation revealed substantial improvement in hydrocarbons and minimization in the oxygen-rich products by blending of waste plastics at 20 wt%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41771349, 41977117, 41977085)Qing-Lan Project of Yangzhou University (2020)+2 种基金High-level Talent Support Plan of Yangzhou University (2019)the Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province (No. 2019C02053)Foreign Expert Recruitment Program of Jiangsu Province (No. BX2020050)。
文摘Herein,a one-step co-pyrolysis protocol was adopted for the first time to prepare a novel pyrogenic carbon-Cu^(0)/Fe_(3)O_(4)heteroatoms (FCBC) in CO_(2)ambiance to discern the roles of each component in PDS activation.During co-pyrolysis,CO_(2)catalyzed formation of reducing gases by biomass which facilitated reductive transformation of Fe^(3+)and Cu^(2+)to Cu^(0)and Fe_(3)O_(4),respectively.According to the analysis,the resulting metal (oxide) catalyzed graphitization of biocharand decomposition of volatile substances resulting in an unprecedented surface area (1240 m^(2)/g).The resulting FCBC showed greater structural defects and less electrical impedance.Batch experiments indicated that Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation by FCBC (100%) was superior to Fe_(3)O_(4)(50%) and Cu^(0)/Fe_(3)O_(4)(76.4%) in persulfate (PDS) system,which maintained reasonable efficiency (75.6%-63.6%) within three cycles.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with RhB degradation was identified by an electron paramagnetic resonance and confirmed by scavenging experiments.RhB degradation invoked both(sulfate and dominantly hydroxyl) radical and non-radical (singlet oxygen,^(1)O_(2)) pathways.Regarding FCBC,Cu^(0)can continuously react with Fe^(3+)in Fe_(3)O_(4)to generate larger quantities of Fe^(2+),and both Cu^(0)and Fe^(2+)activated PDS to yield sulfate radicals which was quickly converted to hydroxyl radical.Besides,Cu^(0)/Cu^(2+)could complex with PDS to form a metastable complex,which particularly contributed to1O_(2)generation.These cascade reactions by FCBC were reinforced by carbonyl group of biochar and favorable electron transfer ability.This work highlighted a new approach to prepare a magnetic and environment-benign heterogonous catalyst to remove organic pollutants in water.
基金This work was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Grant No.JSGG20210802154804013).
文摘Volatile organic compounds have posed a serious threat to the environment and human health,which require urgent and effective removal.In recent years,the preparation of porous carbon from biomass waste for volatile organic compounds adsorption has attracted increasing attention as a very cost-effective and promising technology.In this study,porous carbon was synthesized from orange peel by urea-assisted hydrothermal carbonization and KOH activation.The role of typical components(cellulose,hemicellulose,and lignin)in pore development and volatile organic compounds adsorption was investigated.Among the three components,hemicellulose was the major contributor to high porosity and abundant micropores in porous carbon.Higher hemicellulose content led to more abundant–COOR,amine-N,and pyrrolic/pyridonic-N in the derived hydrochar,which were favorable for porosity formation during activation.In this case,the toluene adsorption capacity of the porous carbon improved from 382.8 to 485.3 mg·g^(–1).Unlike hemicellulose,cellulose reduced the>C=O,amine-N,and pyrrolic/pyridonic-N content of the hydrochar,which caused porosity deterioration and worse toluene adsorption performance.Lignin bestowed the hydrochar with slightly increased–COOR,pyrrolic/pyridonic-N,and graphitic-N,and reduced>C=O,resulting in comparatively poor porosity and more abundant micropores.In general,the obtained porous carbon possessed abundant micropores and high specific surface area,with the highest up to 2882 m^(2)·g^(–1).This study can provide guidance for selecting suitable biomass waste to synthesize porous carbon with better porosity for efficient volatile organic compounds adsorption.