Customization of FeNi alloy nanosheet arrays inserted with biomass-derived carbon templates for boosted electromagnetic wave absorption

Electromagnetic wave(EMW)-absorbing materials have considerable capacity in the military field and the prevention of EMW radiation from harming human health.However,obtaining lightweight,high-performance,and broadband EMW-absorbing material remains an overwhelming challenge.Creating dielectric/magnetic composites with customized structures is a strategy with great promise for the development of high-performance EMW-absorbing materials.Using layered double hydroxides as the precursors of bimetallic alloys and combining them with porous biomass-derived carbon materials is a potential way for constructing multi-interface heterostructures as efficient EMW-absorbing materials because they have synergistic losses,low costs,abundant resources,and light weights.Here,FeNi alloy nanosheet array/Lycopodium spore-derived carbon(FeNi/LSC)was prepared through a simple hydrothermal and carbonization method.FeNi/LSC presents ideal EMW-absorbing performance by benefiting from the FeNi alloy nanosheet array,sponge-like structure,capability for impedance matching,and improved dielectric/magnetic losses.As expected,FeNi/LSC exhibited the minimum reflection loss of-58.3 dB at 1.5 mm with 20wt%filler content and a widely effective absorption bandwidth of 4.92 GHz.FeNi/LSC composites with effective EMW-absorbing performance provide new insights into the customization of biomass-derived composites as high-performance and lightweight broadband EMW-absorbing materials.

Integration of pore structure modulation and B,N co-doping for enhanced capacitance deionization of biomass-derived carbon

Biomass-derived carbon has demonstrated great potentials as advanced electrode for capacitive deionization(CDI),owing to good electroconductivity,easy availability,intrinsic pores/channels.However,conventional simple pyrolysis of biomass always generates inadequate porosity with limited surface area.Moreover,biomass-derived carbon also suffers from poor wettability and single physical adsorption of ions,resulting in limited desalination performance.Herein,pore structure optimization and element co-doping are integrated on banana peels(BP)-derived carbon to construct hierarchically porous and B,N co-doped carbon with large ions-accessible surface area.A unique expansionactivation(EA)strategy is proposed to modulate the porosity and specific surface area of carbon.Furthermore,B,N co-doping could increase the ions-accessible sites with improved hydrophilicity,and promote ions adsorption.Benefitting from the synergistic effect of hierarchical porosity and B,N co-doping,the resultant electrode manifest enhanced CDI performance for NaCl with large desalination capacity(29.5 mg g^(-1)),high salt adsorption rate(6.2 mg g^(-1)min^(-1)),and versatile adsorption ability for other salts.Density functional theory reveals the enhanced deionization mechanism by pore and B,N co-doping.This work proposes a facile EA strategy for pore structure modulation of biomass-derived carbon,and demonstrates great potentials of integrating pore and heteroatoms-doping on constructing high-performance CDI electrode.

High loading FeS2 nanoparticles anchored on biomass-derived carbon tube as low cost and long cycle anode for sodium-ion batteries

In recent years, the sodium storage mechanism and performance optimization of FeS2 have been studied intensively. However, before the commercial application of FeS2, preconditions of low-cost, simple craft and scale production of nanoscale FeS2 are also essential. Based on above challenges, mesh-like FeS2/carbon tube/FeS2 composites are prepared simply from green, low-cost and renewable natural herb in this work. With the assistance of protogenetic interconnected carbon tube network(only 5.3 wt%), FeS2/carbon tube/FeS2 composites show high capacity(542.2 mA h g^-1), good stability(< 0.005% per cycle over 1000 cycles), and excellent rate performance(426.2 mA h g^-1 at 2 A g^-1).The outstanding electrochemical performance of FeS2/carbon tube/FeS2 composites may be attributed to the unique interconnected reticular structure, meaning that FeS2 nanoparticles are effectively immobilized by carbon tube network via physical encapsulation and chemical bonding.More importantly, this work may provide green and low cost preparation method for specially structured metal sulfides/carbon composites,which promotes their commercial utilization in environmentally friendly energy storage system.

Biomass-Derived Carbon Heterostructures Enable Environmentally Adaptive Wideband Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers

Although advances in wireless technologies such as miniature and wearable electronics have improved the quality of our lives,the ubiquitous use of electronics comes at the expense of increased exposure to electromagnetic(EM)radiation.Up to date,extensive efforts have been made to develop high-performance EM absorbers based on synthetic materials.However,the design of an EM absorber with both exceptional EM dissipation ability and good environmental adaptability remains a substantial challenge.Here,we report the design of a class of carbon heterostructures via hierarchical assembly of graphitized lignocellulose derived from bamboo.Specifically,the assemblies of nanofibers and nanosheets behave as a nanometer-sized antenna,which results in an enhancement of the conductive loss.In addition,we show that the composition of cellulose and lignin in the precursor significantly influences the shape of the assembly and the formation of covalent bonds,which affect the dielectric response-ability and the surface hydrophobicity(the apparent contact angle of water can reach 135°).Finally,we demonstrate that the obtained carbon heterostructure maintains its wideband EM absorption with an effective absorption frequency ranging from 12.5 to 16.7 GHz under conditions that simulate the real-world environment,including exposure to rainwater with slightly acidic/alkaline pH values.Overall,the advances reported in this work provide new design principles for the synthesis of high-performance EM absorbers that can find practical applications in real-world environments.

Biomass-Derived Carbon Dots and Their Applications

Carbon dots(CDs) have received much attention due to their superior properties including water solubility, low toxicity, biocompatibility, small size,fluorescence, and ease of modification. The use of a more environmentally friendly method to prepare high-quality CDs is still an urgent question waiting for solve. The use of renewable, inexpensive, and green biomass resources not only meets the urgent need for large-scale synthesis biomass CDs(BCDs), but also promotes the development of sustainable applications.In this article, we summarize the representative methods for synthesizing BCDs in green and simple ways using biomass as a carbon source, including hydrothermal carbonization, and microwave, pyrolysis. The prepared BCDs have a uniform particle size distribution and a relatively high throughput,which provide a method to scale up industrial production. Moreover, the integration of specific optical properties, that is, tunable photoluminescence and up-photoluminescence, has led to remarkable use in bioimaging, sensing,and drug delivery. But the current review is not particularly comprehensive for BCDs. Therefore, we now provide a review focusing on the synthesis,properties, and recent advances in BCDs in biosensing, bioimaging,optoelectronics, and catalytic applications.

Designandconstructionof athree-dimensionalelectrodewith biomass-derived carbon current collector andwater-soluble binder for high-sulfur-loading lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries attract lots of attention due to their high specific capacity,low cost,and environmental friendliness.However,the low sulfur utilization and short cycle life extremely hinder their application.Herein,we design and fabricate a three-dimensional electrode by a simple filtration method to achieve a high-sulfur loading.Biomass porous carbon is employed as a current collector,which not only enhances the electronic transport but also effectively limits the volume expansion of the active material.Meanwhile,an optimized carboxymethyl cellulose binder is chosen.The chemical bonding restricts the shuttle effect,leading to improved electrochemical performance.Under the ultrahigh sulfur load of 28mg/cm2,the high capacity of 18mAh/cm2 is still maintained,and stable cycling performance is obtained.This study demonstrates a viable strategy to develop promising lithium-sulfur batteries with a three-dimensional electrode,which promotes sulfur loading and electrochemical performance.

Interfacial growth of N,S-codoped mesoporous carbon onto biomass-derived carbon for superior potassium-ion storage

Carbonaceous materials have been recognized as one of the most promising anode materials for potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)due to their abundant raw materials,controllable structure,superior conductivity,and good chemical inertness.However,the large radius of K ions and the low potassium content of intercalation compounds result in the sluggish storage kinetics and low reversible capacity of carbon anodes.In this work,we present a unique heteroatom-doped carbon composite(denoted as NS-MC/SC)through a facile interfacial assembly route and simple heat-treatment process,where NS-MC is well grafted onto the biomass-derived spore carbon(SC).This unique structural design endows it with abundant mesoporous channels,expanded layer spacing,and highly doped N and S.With these merits,the NS-MC/SC anode in PIBs exhibits a high reversible capacity of 350.4 mAh·g^(-1) at 100 mA·g^(-1) after 300 cycles,and an outstanding cycling stability.Besides,in-situ Raman spectra further verify the high reversibility of K ions insertion/extraction.Importantly,theoretical simulations also reveal that the N,S dual-doping is an efficient approach for improving the potassium-ion storage performance of NS-MC/SC.

Biomass-derived porous carbon with single-atomic cobalt toward high-performance aqueous zinc-sulfur batteries at room temperature

Aqueous zinc-sulfur batteries at room temperature hold great potential for next-generation energy storage technology due to their low cost,safety and high energy density.However,slow reaction kinetics and high activation energy at the sulfur cathode pose great challenges for the practical applications.Herein,biomass-derived carbon with single-atomic cobalt sites(MMPC-Co)is synthesized as the cathode in Zn-S batteries.The catalysis of single-atom Co sites greatly promotes the transform of cathode electrolyte interface(CEI)on the cathode surface,while offering accelerated charge transfer rate for high conversion reversibility and large electrochemical surface area(ECSA)for high electrocatalytic current.Furthermore,the rich pore structure not only physically limits sulfur loss,but also accelerates the transport of zinc ions.In addition,the large pore volume of MMPC-Co is able to relieve the stress effect caused by the volume expansion of Zn S during charge/discharge cycles,thereby maintaining the stability of electrode structure.Consequently,the sulfur cathode maintains a high specific capacity of 729.96 m A h g^(-1)after 500 cycles at4 A g^(-1),which is much better than most cathode materials reported in the literature.This work provides new insights into the design and development of room-temperature aqueous Zn-S batteries.

Preparation of biomass-derived carbon loaded with MnO_(2) as lithium-ion battery anode for improving its reversible capacity and cycling performance

Biomass-derived carbon materials for lithiumion batteries emerge as one of the most promising anodes from sustainable perspective.However,improving the reversible capacity and cycling performance remains a long-standing challenge.By combining the benefits of K2CO_(3) activation and KMnO_(4) hydrothermal treatment,this work proposes a two-step activation method to load MnO_(2) charge transfer onto biomass-derived carbon(KAC@MnO_(2)).Comprehensive analysis reveals that KAC@MnO_(2) has a micro-mesoporous coexistence structure and uniform surface distribution of MnO_(2),thus providing an improved electrochemical performance.Specifically,KAC@MnO_(2) exhibits an initial chargedischarge capacity of 847.3/1813.2 mAh·g^(-1) at 0.2 A·g^(-1),which is significantly higher than that of direct pyrolysis carbon and K2CO_(3) activated carbon,respectively.Furthermore,the KAC@MnO_(2) maintains a reversible capacity of 652.6 mAh·g^(-1) after 100 cycles.Even at a high current density of 1.0 A·g^(-1),KAC@MnO_(2) still exhibits excellent long-term cycling stability and maintains a stable reversible capacity of 306.7 mAh·g^(-1) after 500 cycles.Compared with reported biochar anode materials,the KAC@MnO_(2) prepared in this work shows superior reversible capacity and cycling performance.Additionally,the Li+insertion and de-insertion mechanisms are verified by ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis during the chargedischarge process,helping us better understand the energy storage mechanism of KAC@MnO_(2).

State-of-the-art of biomass-derived carbon dots: Preparation, properties, and applications

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted considerable attention as a new type of fluorescent carbon nanomaterial because of their excellent optical properties, biocompatibility, and high electrical conductivity. Research on CDs has been conducted for nearly two decades and has focused on numerous precursors, various synthesis conditions and properties and applications of CDs. Biomass is critical in the green development of CDs because of its low cost, environmental friendliness, and sustainable properties. This review focuses on the advantages and applications of biomass-derived CDs. In addition, the challenges of photobleaching, toxicity, and stability of biomass-based CDs are discussed in detail. Lastly, the prospects and challenges of biomass-derived CDs are highlighted.

In Situ Mineralization of Biomass-Derived Hydrogels Boosts Capacitive Electrochemical Energy Storage in Free-Standing 3D Carbon Aerogels

Here,a novel fabrication method for making free-standing 3D hierarchical porous carbon aerogels from molecularly engineered biomass-derived hydrogels is presented.In situ formed flower-like CaCO_(3)molecularly embedded within the hydrogel network regulated the pore structure during in situ mineralization assisted one-step activation graphitization(iMAG),while the intrinsic structural integrity of the carbon aerogels was maintained.The homogenously distributed minerals simultaneously acted as a hard template,activating agent,and graphitization catalyst.The decomposition of the homogenously distributed CaCO_(3)during iMAG followed by the etching of residual CaO through a mild acid washing endowed a robust carbon aerogel with high porosity and excellent electrochemical performance.At 0.5 mA cm^(-2),the gravimetric capacitance increased from 0.01 F g^(-1)without mineralization to 322 F g^(-1)with iMAG,which exceeds values reported for any other free-standing or powder-based biomass-derived carbon electrodes.An outstanding cycling stability of~104%after 1000 cycles in 1 M HClO4 was demonstrated.The assembled symmetric supercapacitor device delivered a high specific capacitance of 376 F g^(-1)and a high energy density of 26 W h kg^(-1)at a power density of 4000 W kg^(-1),with excellent cycling performance(98.5%retention after 2000 cycles).In combination with the proposed 3D printed mold-assisted solution casting(3DMASC),iMAG allows for the generation of free-standing carbon aerogel architectures with arbitrary shapes.Furthermore,the novel method introduces flexibility in constructing free-standing carbon aerogels from any ionically cross-linkable biopolymer while maintaining the ability to tailor the design,dimensions,and pore size distribution for specific energy storage applications.

Conversion of LiPSs Accelerated by Pt-Doped Biomass-Derived Hyphae Carbon Nanobelts as Self-Supporting Hosts for Long-Lifespan Li-S Batteries

Rechargeable Li-S batteries(LSBs)are emerging as an important alternative to lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),owing to their high energy densities and low cost;yet sluggish redox kinetics of LiPSs results in inferior cycle life.Herein,we prepared multifunctional self-supporting hyphae carbon nanobelt(HCNB)as hosts by carbonization of hyphae balls of Rhizopus,which could increase the S loading of the cathode without sacrificing reaction kinetics.Trace platinum(Pt)nanoparticles were introduced into HCNBs(PtHCNBs)by ion-beam sputtering deposition.Based on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses,the introduced trace Pt regulated the local electronic states of heteroatoms in HCNBs.Electrochemical kinetics investigation combined with operando Raman measurements revealed the accelerated reaction mechanics of sulfur species.Benefiting from the synergistic catalytic effect and the unique structures,the as-prepared PtHCNB/MWNCT/S cathodes delivered a stable capacity retention of 77%for 400 cycles at 0.5 C with a sulfur loading of 4.6 mg cm^(-2).More importantly,remarkable cycling performance was achieved with an high areal S loading of 7.6 mg cm^(-2).This finding offers a new strategy to prolong the cycle life of LSBs.

A thermodynamic view on the in-situ carbon dioxide reduction by biomass-derived hydrogen during calcium carbonate decomposition

In the carbonate industry,deep decarbonization strategies are necessary to effectively remediate CO_(2).These strategies mainly include both sustainable energy supplies and the conversion of CO_(2)in downstream processes.This study developed a coupled process of biomass chemical looping H2 production and reductive calcination of CaCO_(3).Firstly,a mass and energy balance of the coupled process was established in Aspen Plus.Following this,process optimization and energy integration were implemented to provide optimized operation conditions.Lastly,a life cycle assessment was carried out to assess the carbon footprint of the coupled process.Results reveal that the decomposition temperature of CaCO_(3)in an H_(2)atmosphere can be reduced to 780℃(generally around 900℃),and the conversion of CO_(2)from CaCO_(3)decomposition reached 81.33%with an H2:CO ratio of 2.49 in gaseous products.By optimizing systemic energy through heat integration,an energy efficiency of 86.30%was achieved.Additionally,the carbon footprint analysis revealed that the process with energy integration had a low global warming potential(GWP)of-2.624 kg·kg^(-1)(CO_(2)/CaO).Conclusively,this work performed a systematic analysis of introducing biomass-derived H_(2)into CaCO_(3)calcination and demonstrated the positive role of reductive calcination using green H_(2)in mitigating CO_(2)emissions within the carbonate industry.

Recent progress of transition metal-based biomass-derived carbon composites for supercapacitor

Supercapacitors(SCs)have been considered as the most promising energy storage device due to high power density,long cycle life,and fast energy storage and efficient delivery.The excellent electrode materials of SCs generally have based on large porous structure,excellent conductivity,and heteroatom doping for charge transfer.Among various electrode materials,biomass-derived carbon materials have received widespread attention owing to excellent performances,environmental friendliness,lowcost and renewability.Additionally,composites materials based on biomass-derived carbon and transition metalbased material can obtain more advantages of structural and performance than single component,which opens up a new way for the fabrication of high-performance SC electrode materials.Therefore,this review aims to the recent progress on the design and fabrication of biomassderived carbons/transition metal-based composites in supercapacitor application.Finally,the development trends and challenges of biomass-derived electrode materials have been discussed and prospected.

Biomass-derived carbon materials with structural diversities and their applications in energy storage

Currently, carbon materials, such as graphene,carbon nanotubes, activated carbon, porous carbon, have been successfully applied in energy storage area by taking advantage of their structural and functional diversity. However, the development of advanced science and technology has spurred demands for green and sustainable energy storage materials.Biomass-derived carbon, as a type of electrode materials, has attracted much attention because of its structural diversities,adjustable physical/chemical properties, environmental friendliness and considerable economic value. Because the nature contributes the biomass with bizarre micro structures,the biomass-derived carbon materials also show naturally structural diversities, such as OD spherical, 1D fibrous, 2D lamellar and 3D spatial structures. In this review, the structure design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage is presented. The effects of structural diversity, porosity and surface heteroatom doping of biomass-derived carbon materials in supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries and sodium-ion batteries are discussed in detail. In addition, the new trends and challenges in biomass-derived carbon materials have also been proposed for further rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage.

In-situ growth of ZnS/FeS heterojunctions on biomass-derived porous carbon for efficient oxygen reduction reaction

It is an urgent task to develop highly efficient non-noble metal electrocatalysts in the direction of ORR,but still a huge and long-term challenge.Herein,an efficient one-step pyrolysis of Sichuan pepper powder,2,2-bipyridine,FeCl3,Na SCN,and ZnCl2 at 900℃ provides the FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900 hybrid catalyst.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)images and Mott-Schottky curves clearly reveal the in-situ constructed abundant FeS/ZnS-based p-n junctions dispersed on the biomass-derived porous carbon surface of FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900.The as-prepared FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900 hybrid exhibits superior ORR performance in comparison with Pt/C in 0.1 M KOH with high onset(Eonset)and half-wave potentials(E1/2)of 1.00 and 0.880 V vs.RHE,large limiting current density(JL)of 5.60 mA cm-2,and robust durability and methanol tolerance.Impressively,upon the light irradiation,FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900 produces a photocurrent as high as ca.0.3μA cm-2,resulting in further improvement over Eonset,E1/2,and JLof FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900 to1.10 V vs.RHE,0.885 V vs.RHE,and 6.02 mA cm-2.Experiment in combination with theoretical calculations demonstrate the significant effect of FeS/ZnS heterojunction on the enhanced ORR catalytic activity of FeS/ZnS@N,S-C-900.This work is useful for the development of advanced heterojunction-based ORR catalysts for various energy conversion devices.

Renewable biomass-derived carbons for electrochemical capacitor applications

Biomass is rich,renewable,sustainable,and green resources,thereby excellent raw material for the fabrication of carbon materials.The diversity in structure and morphology of biomass are relevant in obtaining carbon materials with dif-ferent structures and performances.The inherent ordered porous structure of biomass also benefits the activation process to yield porous carbons with ultra-high specific surface area and pore volume.Besides,obtained biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are hard carbon with porous morphology,stable structure,supe-rior hardness/strength,and good cycling performances when used in electro-chemical capacitors(ECs).The inherent N,S,P,and O elements in biomass yield naturally self-doped N,S,P,and O BDCs with unique intrinsic structures.In this paper,the synthesis approaches and applications of BDCs in ECs are reviewed.It shows that BDCs electrochemical performances are highly determined by their pore structures,specific surface areas,heteroatoms doping,graphitization degree,defects,and morphologies.The electrochemical performances of BDCs can further be improved by compositing with other materials,such as graphene,carbon nanofibers/nanotubes,transition metal oxides or hydroxides,and con-ducting polymers.The future challenges and outlooks of BDCs are also provided.

Efficient electrooxidation of biomass-derived aldehydes over ultrathin Ni V-layered double hydroxides films

Selective upgrading of C=O bonds to afford carboxylic acid is significant for the petrochemical industry and biomass utilization.Here we declared the efficient electrooxidation of biomass-derived aldehydes family over NiV-layered double hydroxides(LDHs) thin films.Mechanistic studies confirmed the hydroxyl active intermediate(-OH*) generated on the surface of NiV-LDHs films by employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.By using advanced techniques,e.g.,extended X-ray absorption fine structure and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy,NiV-LDHs films with 2.6 nm could expose larger specific surface area.Taking benzaldehyde as a model,high current density of 200 mA cm^(-2)at 1.8 V vs.RHE,81.1% conversion,77.6% yield of benzoic acid and 90.8% Faradaic efficiency were reached,which was superior to most of previous studies.Theoretical DFT analysis was well matched with experimental findings and documented that NiV-LDHs had high adsorption capacity for the aldehydes to suppress the side reaction,and the aldehydes were oxidized by the electrophilic hydroxyl radicals formed on NiV-LDHs.Our findings offer a universal strategy for the robust upgrading of diverse biomass-derived platform chemicals.

Biomass-derived porous carbon materials for advanced lithium sulfur batteries

Biomass, as the most widely used carbon sources, is the main ingredient in the formation of fossil fuels. Biomass-derived novel carbons(BDNCs) have attracted much attention because of its adjustable physical/chemical properties, environmentally friendliness, and considerable economic value. Nature contributes to the biomass with bizarre microstructures with micropores, mesopores or hierarchical pores.Currently, it has been confirmed that biomass has great potential applications in energy storage devices,especially in lithium-sulfur(Li–S) batteries. In this article, the synthesis and function of BDNCs for Li–S batteries are presented, and the electrochemical effects of structural diversity, porosity and surface heteroatom doping of the carbons in Li-S batteries are discussed. In addition, the economic benefits, new trends and challenges are also proposed for further design excellent BDNCs for Li–S batteries.

Biomass-derived nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon as efficient sulfur host for lithium–sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur(Li-S) battery is a potential energy storage technology with high energy density and low cost. However, the gap between theoretical expectation and practical performance limits its wide implementation. Herein, we report a nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from biomass pomelo peel as sulfur host material for Li-S batteries. The hierarchical porous architecture and the polar surface introduced by N-doping render a favorable combination of physical and chemical sulfur confinements as well as an expedite electron/ion transfer, thus contributing to a facilitated and stabilized sulfur electrochemistry. As a result, the corresponding sulfur composite electrodes exhibit an ultrahigh initial capacity of 1534.6 mAh g^-1, high coulombic efficiency over 98% upon 300 cycles, and decent rate capability up to 2 C. This work provides an economical and effective strategy for the fabrication of advanced carbonaceous sulfur host material as well as the significant improvement of Li-S battery performance.