Antiseptic Efficacy of A Soap Made from Biosurfactants Isolated from Bacillus and Lactobacillus against Pathogenic Bacteria

The aim of our study was to use a biosurfactant produced by Bacillus and Lactobacillus isolates as an antiseptic in the formulation of local soap. A total of 60 isolates were characterized by microbiological techniques (30 Bacillus and 30 Lactobacillus) and the ability to produce biosurfactants was demonstrated by a hydrocarbon emulsification index (E24). The emulsification indexes (E24) varied from 9% to 100% for Bacillus and from 33% to 100% for Lactobacillus as well. The antagonistic assay showed that biosurfactants were able to inhibit the formation of biofilms and growth of pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhirium, Shigella boydii and Proteus mirabilis. The biosurfactant consortium (BioC) from Bacillus consortium and from Lactobacillus was able to inhibit biofilm formation and the pathogens growth. The BioC was stable to alkaline pH and the temperatures stability of Biosurfactant was ranging from 50°C to 90°C. The soap was made by the cold saponification process using one biosurfactant consortium formulated. This soap has a pH of 10 and showed good cleaning power and good foam stability. Similarly, the soap showed good antiseptic power and disinfection power against all pathogens tested. Handwashing is critical to preventing disease transmission. The persistence of pathogens in waste water was evaluated. The BioS produced showed good disinfection power against all pathogens tested. The valor of reduction on the hands and in the waste water was significantly more than compared to the control soaps used. This soap could be used in the prevention, fighting, and treatment of bacterial and viral infections.

Synergetic Bioproduction of Short-Chain Fatty Acids from Waste Activated Sludge Intensified by the Combined Use of Potassium Ferrate and Biosurfactants

The synergetic effect and underlying mechanism of potassium ferrate(PF)with tea saponin(TS,a biosurfactant)in producing short chain fatty acids(SCFAs)from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge(WAS)were explored in this work.Experimental results showed that 0.2 g PF(g TSS)^(-1)(total suspended solid)combined with 0.02 g TS(g TSS)^(-1) could further improve SCFAs’production,and the maximum SCFAs content reached 2008.7 mg COD L^(-1),which is 1.2 and 4.5 times higher than those with PF and TS individually added,respectively,and 5.3 times higher than that of blank WAS on Day 12.In the model substrates experiments,the degradation rates of bovine serum albumin and dextran with combination of PF and TS were 41.3%±0.1% and 48.5%±0.06%,respectively,on Day 3,which are lower than those in blank WAS(with degradation rates of 72.3%±0.5%and 90.3%±0.3%).It was revealed that the oxidative effect of PF and the solubilization of TS caused more organic matters to be dissolved out from WAS,providing a large number of biodegradable substances for subsequent SCFAs production.While WAS pretreated with the combination of PF and TS,the relative abundances of Firmicutes increased from 6.4%(blank)to 38.6%,and that of Proteobacteria decreased from 41.8%(blank)to 21.8%.The combination of PF and TS promoted the hydrolysis process of WAS by enriching Firmicutes,and then increased acetic acid production by inhibiting Proteobacteria that consumed SCFAs.Meanwhile,at the genus level,acidogenesis bacteria(e.g.,Proteiniclasticum and Petrimonas)were enriched whereas SCFAs consuming bacteria(e.g.,Dokdonella)were inhibited.

Isolation and characterization of halophilic Bacillus sp.BS3 able to produce pharmacologically important biosurfactants

Objective:To characterize the pharmacological importance of biosurfactants isolated from halophilic Bacillus sp BS3.Methods:Halophilic Bacillus sp.BS3 was isolated from solar salt works,identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and was used for screening their biosurfactant production.Characters of the biosurfactant and their anticancer activity were analyzed and performed in mammary epithelial carcinoma cell at different concentrations.Results:The biosurfactant were characterized by TLC,FTIR and GC-MS analysis and identified as lipopeptide type.GC-MS analysis revealed that,the biosurfactant had various compounds including 13Docosenamide.(Z);Mannosamine,9- and N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl.Surprisingly the antiviral activity was found against shrimp white spot syndrome virus(WSSV) by suppressing the viral replication and significantly raised shrimp survival(P<0.01).Anticancer activity performed in the mammary epithelial carcinoma cell at different concentrations of biosurfactants,among the various concentrations of biosurfactants such as 0.000 25,0.002 5,0.025,0.25 and 2.5 μ g,the 0.25 μ g concentration suppressed the cells significantly(P<0.05) to 24.8%.Conclusions:Based on the findings,the present study concluded that,there is a possibility to develop eco-friendly antimicrobial and anticancer drugs from the extremophilic origin.

Current Research and Strategy on the Biosurfactants Used in the Remediation of Petrochemical Polluted Environment

Biosurfactants are biologically active metabolites, and the efficiency of direct screening of new biosurfactants from nature using traditional methods is low, which should be enhanced in the following studies by adopting advanced biotechnologies. Rapid development and wide application of microbial culture independent methods, such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabonomics, etc., contributes to quickly and precisely screening of novel biological surfactants. We mainly represented the current status of research and applications of biosurfactants in the remediation of petrochemical polluted environment, and also prospected avenues for future research.

Giving More Benefits to Biosurfactants Secreted by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Plantain Wine by Using Multiplex PCR Identification

Fermented beverages have continued to give more surprises in terms of the presence of biomolecules and the diversity of microorganisms that may be contained. Republic of Congo is home to a panoply of fermented foods and beverages that are still not yet studied. This is the case of plantain wine fluently called banana wine. Within this framework, this work aims to study the role of Biosurfactant-like Biomolecules secreted during fermentation of plantain wine. Using MRS medium, 15 isolates bacteria have been found. 100% are able to secrete biosurfactant and 66.66% are extractible biosurfactants. 33% of isolates have been associated to Lactobacillus plantarum (Is2, Is9, Is12 and Is13) by using a one-step multi-plex PCR that targets genes encoding for bacteriocins. Biosurfactants secreted by L. plantarum play an important role in the preservation of banana wine. The biosurfactants extracted with chloroform and ammonium sulphate are able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria including Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphy-lococcus aureus.

Growth Kinetics Study of a Bacterial Consortium Producing Biosurfactants,Constructed with Six Strains Isolated from an Oily Sludge

We investigated the ability of a bacterial community constructed with six strains isolated from an oily sludge, to utilize diesel oil at high concentrations. The consortium was able to grow at concentrations up to 84 g diesel oil/L and had produced biosurfactants during its active growth phase;these compounds, in their crude form, reduced the surface tension of distilled water from 72 mN/m to 31 mN/m, with a corresponding Critical Micelle Concentration value γCMC = 81 mg/L. The plot of specific growth rates obtained from the growth curves versus initial concentrations was found to fit adequately the experimental data by the Andrews inhibitory model, which resulted in the following kinetic constants: μmax = 0.535d-1 ± 0.063, KS = 18.68 g/L ± 3.59 and KI = 29.02 g/L ± 4.96, reflecting the slow biodegradation rate. At 25.2 g diesel oil/L, close to the optimal concentration S* = 23.28 g/L ± 4.23, the consortium metabolized diesel oil faster than each strain did individually, suggesting that the process was stimulated by a synergistic interaction between the members of the consortium.

Electrokinetic and Flotation Investigations of Surface Properties Modification of Magnesite and Serpentinite Using Biosurfactants and Surfactants

This paper presents some results of zeta potential measurements performed into biosurfactant adsorption onto magnesite and serpentinite surface. Zeta potential and isoelectric point measurement of magnesite and serpentinite particles before and after interaction with biosurfactant broth solution and activator （nickel（II） ion solution） were carried out. The zeta potential results show that presence of biosurfactants changes both magnesite and serpentinite surface potential by physical adsorption which increases the hydrophobicity of mineral particles. Measurements of particles zeta potential in the presence of biosurfactant broth are relevant to the minerals flotation. Hallimod flotation response of magnesite and serpentinite as a function of collector concentration was investigated. Bioflotation test results show that at the presence of broth, the flotation separation of magnesite from serpentinite is possible.

Biosurfactants from lactic acid bacteria:A critical review on production,extraction,structural characterization and food application

Biosurfactants are structurally diverse classes of amphiphilic molecules derived from microorganisms.They have various properties such as surface,emulsification,antibacterial,anti-adhesive,anti-biofilm,antioxidant activity that can be used in many industrial fields.The interest in these molecules compared to their synthetic counterparts is due to their biodegradability,low toxicity,structural diversity,and stability over a wide range of pH,temperature,and salinity.Among biosurfactants,those derived from lactic acid bacteria(LAB)attracted attention nowadays due to the GRAS(Generally recognized as safe)status of these microorganisms.Biosurfactants production by LAB strains has been documented in several investigations,and they deal with the functionality and chemical nature of biosurfactants.LAB biosurfactants were mainly a complex mixture of proteinaceous compounds,glycolipids,glycoproteins,or glycolipopeptides.There are only a few studies reporting on the elucidation of the structure of LAB biosurfactants.Generally,biosurfactants’production process includes several unit operations starting from screening methods to the characterization of the biosurfactant compound.This review highlights the different techniques used in the screening of biosurfactants production by LAB,their extraction and purification processes,and their structural characterization and application in the food industry.

Templating core-shell particles using metal ion-chelating biosurfactants

Designer biosurfactants can be used to stabilise and functionalise interfaces.One particularly promising use is the stabilisation of oil-in-water emulsions,enabling fine tuning physical,chemical and biological surface properties.The ability of emulsion systems to carry high payloads makes them attractive for applications in medicine,food and fragrances,and cosmetics.However,they have limited long-term stability.Here we sought to use the metal ion-chelating ability of the biosurfactant peptide,AM1,to precipitate the formation of a gold metal shell on AM1-stabilised emulsions by electroless plating.We found that replacing the commonly used zinc(Ⅱ)with palladium(Ⅱ)for coordination by histidine residues of adjacent AM1 peptides produced interfacial films that maintained elasticity at acidic pH.Proton NMR suggested a coordination mechanism independent of the imidazole ring of the histidines.Nevertheless.stabilisation of emulsions at low pH enabled the deposition of a gold shell,albeit by an unexpected mechanism.We propose that gold nanoparticles forming in bulk are adsorbed onto the peptide-stabilised interface,accumulating into a particulate coating.The resulting one-step method for nanoparticle precipitation and shell formation will be useful for the creation of biocompatible core-shell particles for applications where large payloads of hydrophobic active compounds require stability over long time periods.

Role of biosurfactants in bioremediation of oil pollution-a review

The energy resources mainly petroleum and petroleum hydrocarbons are major pollutants of the environment.The oil and oil products contamination may cause severe harm and hence,the attention has been remunerated in the development of alternative technologies for elimination of these contaminants.Biosurfactants were used in the remediation of oil pollution due to advantages such as biodegradability and low toxicity.The biosurfactants are produced from low cost substrates like agro-industrial wastes which reduce the cost of production.Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers are amphiphilic compounds and are produced as extracellular or a part of the cell membrane by bacteria.The insight view,how hydrocarbons are degraded by microorganisms and thereby reduce the damage of ecosystem is highly essential to target the problem.Biofilms are the bacterial communities which protects the bacterial cells from various adverse conditions.The present review describes the biosurfactants and its synthesis from bacteria and also emphases on the role of surfactants in oil remediation.

Strategies for controlling biofilm formation in food industry

Foodborne pathogen poses a threat to the food industries as many outbreaks have been found to be associated with biofilm formation.The formation of biofilm is a self-protection growth pattern of bacteria,which increases post-processing contamination and risk to public health.It is difficult to eliminate the biofilm in the food industries,since the biofilm cells have a barrier preventing or lessening the contact with environmental stresses,antimicrobial agents and the host immune system.Bacterial biofilm formation is a complex process,including initial attachment stage,irreversible attachment stage,biofilm development stage,biofilm maturation stage,and biofilm dispersion stage.The genetic mechanism,substratum and bacterial cell surface properties involve in the biofilm formation.The biofilm inhibition methods studied are physical treatment,chemical and biochemical treatment.The potential green and safe biochemical method attracts more attention,especially,the novel strategies using the safe biochemical agents(essential oils,enzymes,biosurfactants,others)constantly emerged.The review emphasized on effective strategies for inhibiting biofilm formation in different stages(initial irreversible attachment,formation,and maturation)by use of biochemical agents,aiming to provide new insight into biofilm control in food industry thus improving food quality and safety.

Physicochemical Parameters for Biological and Synthetic Surfactants Used as Detergents

Biological and synthetic surfactants were compared in terms of their ability to reduce interfacial tension, change the thermodynamic characteristics of a pre-conditioned surface, and to modify the rheological properties of their respective formulations at two different temperatures. Both classes of suffactants were able to reduce the inteffacial tension of their formulations to a similar level. However, the biosurfactants were more effective than the synthetics surfactants. Biosurfactants also altered the surface properties of stainless steel, rendering it hydrophilic. Microbial adhesion to stainless steel conditioned with biosurfactants was found to be thermodynamically unfavorable for all microbial strains tested. A linear relationship between shear stress and shear rate was obtained across a range of experimental conditions for all surfactant mixtures, indicating that all formulations behaved as Newtonian fluids.

Biological Characteristics of Biosurfactantproducing Petroleum-degrader Bacterium Bacillus BS-8

The growth characteristics of petroleum-degrader BS-8（Bacillus sp.） and the factors influencing its biosurfactant production were tested; the biosurfactant releasing mode of BS-8 was speculated by measuring OD600, surface tension and oil displacement of fermentation broth; and the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, temperature, p H, and Na Cl concentration on biosurfactant production by BS-8 were observed in this study. The results showed that the biosurfactant releasing mode of BS-8 was growth-correlated, the surface tension of BS-8 fermentation broth declined with the total bacteria increasing, and the oil displacement was positive correlated with biosurfactant content in fermentation broth; and the optimal culture conditions for effective biosurfactant production included： glucose as carbon source,yeast extract as nitrogen source, Na Cl concentration of 2%, p H of 7.0 and temperature at 30 ℃.

Eminence of Microbial Products in Cosmetic Industry

Cosmetology is the developing branch of science,having direct impact on the society.The cosmetic sector is interested in finding novel biological alternatives which can enhance the product attributes as well as it can substitute chemical compounds.Many of the compounds are having biological origin and are acquire from bacteria,fungi,and algae.A range of biological compounds,like bio-surfactant,vitamins,antioxidants,pigments,enzymes,peptides have promising features and beneficial properties.Moreover,these products can be produced commercially with ease.The review will encompass the importance and use of microbial compounds for new cosmetic formulations as well as products associated with it.

Biosurfactant-producing Ability of Highly Efficient Petroleum-degrading Bacterium BS-8

After incubation for 6 -30 h, with the rapid increase of bacterial cell number, surface tension of bacterium BS-8 was reduced sharply from 63.2 mN/m to 39.4 mN/m. The production of biosurfactants by BS-8 was growth-dependent. Using glucose as the carbon source, bacterium BS-8 was incubated. Based on centrifugation, precipitation and chromogenie reaction of the culture solution, results indicated that the biosurfactants belonged to lipopeptides. The yield of biosurfaetants isolated and purified from the culture solution was 0.58 g/L, and the critical micelle concentration （CMC） was 90 mg,/L. Under conditions of pH 4 -9, tem- perature 20 -70 ℃, NaCl concentration 1% -6%, biosurfactants predueed by BS-8 exhibited the highest stability.

Production and Recovery of Rhamnolipids Using Sugar Cane Molasses as Carbon Source

Biosurfactants were synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa （P.A.）, using sugar cane molasses as carbon source. Assays were conducted in a shaker with agitation speed of 200 rpm, temperature of 38 ℃ and aeration ratio （Vm/Vf） of 0.4 and 0.6. A concentration of 3.0% was used for the carbon and energy source （molasses） and of 0.3% for the nitrogen source （NaNO3）. Samples were removed at regular times until 96 hours of cultivation. The reduction in surface tension was measured using the ring method; cell concentration was obtained by the dry mass and substrate consumption by the DNS method. The metabolite produced was extracted and quantified by the thioglycolic method. The results showed a maximum surface tension reduction of 46.57% after 60 h, 3.63 g/L of biomass after 8 h （μXmax =0.15 h^-1）, 79.60% of substrate consumption （μs= 0.67 h-1） and 4.47 g/L of rhamnolipid （μp=0.029 h^-1）.

Biotechnological Alternatives for the Utilization of Dairy Industry Waste Products

The industrial obtainment and manufacturing of food cause high levels of pollution because of the generation of waste byproducts. Over the past few years, there has been a significantly increased interest in preserving, restoring and establishing an ecological balance during food production. Many investigators propose biotechnological solutions to the treatment of industrial wastes, especially waste from the dairy industry. The aim of this review is to present biotechnological approaches to the treatment and utilization of wastes from the dairy industry, specifically for milk whey and also discussed biotechnological methods to reduce environmental pollution and obtain chemical compounds with potential applications in the industry.

Isolation and characterization of biosurfactant producing bacteria from groundnut oil cake dumping site for the control of foodborne pathogens

Infection and intoxication are two common types of foodborne illnesses throughout the world.The aim of the present work was to isolate and characterize biosurfactant producing bacteria fromgroundnut oil cake dumping sites and evaluate their biocontrol effects against foodborne pathogens.Bacteria were isolated by enrichment culture technique and preliminary screening method.Biosurfactant activity evaluation was carried out by oil displacement,drop collapse test,lipase activity,hemolytic activity,emulsification index and emulsification assay methods.16s rRNA sequence analysis was used for the isolate identification.Crude biosurfactant was extracted by acid precipitation method and characterized using FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy).Antibacterial activity was investigated using disc diffusion method.CMCand surface reduction were analyzed by DuNouy tensiometer.Top 10 strains were selected for biosurfactant activity assessment from the total 30 isolates.In addition,16s rRNA sequence identified that the potential isolate was Bacillus pseudomycoides OR 1.Then,FTIR result of the extracted biosurfactant established the extract as a lipopeptide based on the absorption peaks at 3500 to 3200 cm^-1 and 2963 to 2854.68 cm^-1,respectively.50μg/mL of lipopeptide showed the highest antibacterial activity.Critical Micelle Concentration(CMC)of the lipopeptide was 60 mg/L and it reduced the surface tension of water from 71.6 to 31.6 mN/m.Hence,this study widens the scope to employ the bacterial lipopeptide surfactant as a promising biocontrol agent against foodborne pathogens.

Reuse of waste frying oil for production of rhamnolipids using Pseudomonas aeruginosa zju.u1M

In this work,rhamnolipid production was investigated using waste frying oil as the sole carbon source. By culture in shaking flasks,a naturally isolated strain synthesized rhamnolipid at concentration of 12.47 g/L and its mutant after treatment by UV light increased this productivity to 24.61 g/L. Fermentation was also conducted in a 50 L bioreactor and the productivity reached over 20 g/L. Hence,with a stable and high productive mutant strain,it could be feasible to reuse waste frying oil for rhamnolipid production on industrial scale.

Stimulatory effects of biosurfactant produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSZ-07 on rice straw decomposing

Biosurfactant,produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa BSZ-07,was added to the dee straw decomposing process to enhance the production of reducing sugars.Observed by Fourier Transform InfraRed(FT-IR)and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)analysis, the purified biosurfactant was considered as a mixture of RL1 and RL2,which are two different types of rhamnolipids.Two different adding methods,adding the purified rhamnolipid and the on-site production of it were compared.The results showed that 0.5 g/L was the optimum co...