Advances in biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols

Sandalwood essential oil has been widely used not only as natural medicines but also in perfumery and food industries, with sesquiterpenoids as its major components including(Z)-a-santalol and(Z)-bsantalol and so on. The mature heartwoods of Santalum album, Santalum austrocaledonicum and Santalum spicatum are the major plant resources for extracting sandalwood essential oil, which have been overexploited. Synthetic biology approaches have been successfully applied to produce natural products on large scale. In this review, we summarize biosynthetic enzymes of santalenes and santalols, including various santalene synthases(STSs) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases(CYPs), and then highlight the advances of biotechnological production of santalenes and santalols in heterologous hosts, especially metabolic engineering strategies for constructing santalene-and santalol-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Biotechnological approaches in glucosinolate production

Glucosinolates(GLSs) are sulfur-rich, amino acid-derived defense compounds characteristic of the Brassicales order. In the past, GLSs were mostly known as anti-nutritional factors in fodder, biopesticides in agriculture, and flavors in condiments such as mustard. However, in recent times, GLSs have received increased attention as promoters of human health.This has spurred intensive research towards generating rich sources of health-promoting GLSs. We provide a comprehensive overview of the biotechnologica approaches applied to reach this goal. This includes optimization of GLS production and composition in native, GLS-producing plants, including hairy root and cell cultures thereof, as well as synthetic biology approaches in heterologous hosts, such as tobacco and the microbial organisms Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The progress using these different approaches is discussed.

Accounting Aspects on Biotechnology and Their Products： According to Theory and Practice in Bulgaria

Biotechnology and the rights on biotechnological products are present-day topics, but at the same time, topics with deep historical roots. Biotechnological achievements are not a novelty to Bulgaria. They have existed for thousands of years and are connected with the production of milk and milk products, rose oil, herbal raw materials, and etc.. Contemporary biotechnological achievements are marketed in the form of nutritional, medicinal, and chemical products or as environmental protection. Traditional knowledge and achievements of modern science put the legal protection of biotechnology and its products on the agenda. In the national context, such rights have been statutory regulated and studied by specialists in the field of intellectual property. The problematic issues have not been so adequately treated in the country in terms of accounting theory and practice. The rights on biotechnology and biotechnological products are not within the scope of accounting items and accounting assets respectively. This is the motivation for the author to study the rights on biotechnology products within the context of their recognition as intangible assets. The author tries to present the conceptual framework for their identification and recognition as accounting items, as well as to define some scientific application problems on the topic.