The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The t...The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The targets were prepared from powder precursors, which obtained by a solid state reaction. Optical emissions from plasmas during sputter depositions of films were detected using a high resolution spectrometer. Thickness of thin film was estimated by Tolansky’s Fizeau fringe method and ellipsometic measurement. Crystal structures were studied from X-ray diffraction. The thermoelectric properties were assessed from Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity measurements at room temperature. The power factors were calculated. It was found that the optical emission spectrums showed that the Ca, Mn, Co and O atoms were sputtered from the targets onto glass substrates. As-deposited Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O films thickness values were 0.435 ?m and 0.449 ?m, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly showed amorphous nature of the as-deposited films. Determining thermoelectric properties of Ca-Co-O film gave Seebeck coefficient of 0.146 mV/K, electrical resistivity of 0.473Ω.cm, and power factor of 4.531 μW/m?K at room temperature. Ca-Mn-O film baring a high resistance was not the experimental determination of thermoelectric properties.展开更多
基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短...基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短路电流大,故障电流上升速率快且难以抑制,对MMC-HVDC的发展造成了严重困扰。提出一种MMC-HVDC直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法,该方法基于对称双极接线的全桥型MMC-HVDC,且在直流侧采用高阻接地及金属回线,在发生直流侧短路故障时利用全桥型模块多电平换流器及时反转输出直流电压极性,实现故障电流抑制。同时利用金属回线构建成新的功率回路,快速恢复故障期间的有功功率传输。所提出的故障穿越策略,可以有效消除MMC-HVDC系统在发生直流侧短路故障时换流设备受到的故障电压及电流应力,同时避免换流器闭锁,防止功率缺失。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提出的直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法的有效性。展开更多
The bipolar low-voltage DC(LVDC) distribution system has become a prospective solution to better integration of renewables and improvement of system efficiency and reliability. However, it also faces the challenge of ...The bipolar low-voltage DC(LVDC) distribution system has become a prospective solution to better integration of renewables and improvement of system efficiency and reliability. However, it also faces the challenge of power and voltage imbalance between two poles. To solve this problem, an interface converter with bipolar asymmetrical operating capabilities is applied in this paper. The steady-state models of the bipolar LVDC distribution system equipped with this interface converter in the gridconnected mode and off-grid mode are analyzed. A control scheme based on DC offset injection at the secondary side of the interface converter is proposed, enabling the bipolar LVDC distribution system to realize the unbalanced power transfer between two poles in the grid-connected mode and maintain the inherentpole voltage balance in the off-grid mode. Furthermore, this paper also proposes a primary-side DC offset injection control scheme according to the analysis of the magnetic circuit model, which can eliminate the DC bias flux caused by the secondaryside DC offset. Thereby, the potential core magnetic saturation and overcurrent issues can be prevented, ensuring the safety of the interface converter and distribution system. Detailed simulations based on the proposed control scheme are conducted to validate the function of power and voltage balance under the operation conditions of different DC loads.展开更多
This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic...This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic converters,its dynamics can not be understood unless the interactions among control systems of converters are properly investigated.To tackle the challenge,each converter in microgrid is modeled via an MIMO transfer matrix.Then,the MIMO models are combined together based on the interactions among the control systems of source and load converters.From this integrative MIMO model,the mutual interactions between various input-output pairs are quantified using Gershgorin Band theorem.Also,Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)analysis is carried out to estimate the frequency of unstable poles.Test results not only successfully validate the effectiveness of the MIMO method but also show that the control system of voltage balancer has a major impact on the overall stability of bipolar dc microgrid,making it a suitable location for applying damping systems.展开更多
文摘The thin films were deposited on the glass substrates by an asymmetric bipolar pulsed-dc magnetron sputtering system using the Ca3Co4O9 and CaMnO3 Targets (n-type) targets of 60 mm diameter and 2.5 mm thickness. The targets were prepared from powder precursors, which obtained by a solid state reaction. Optical emissions from plasmas during sputter depositions of films were detected using a high resolution spectrometer. Thickness of thin film was estimated by Tolansky’s Fizeau fringe method and ellipsometic measurement. Crystal structures were studied from X-ray diffraction. The thermoelectric properties were assessed from Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity measurements at room temperature. The power factors were calculated. It was found that the optical emission spectrums showed that the Ca, Mn, Co and O atoms were sputtered from the targets onto glass substrates. As-deposited Ca-Co-O and Ca-Mn-O films thickness values were 0.435 ?m and 0.449 ?m, respectively. The X-ray diffraction patterns clearly showed amorphous nature of the as-deposited films. Determining thermoelectric properties of Ca-Co-O film gave Seebeck coefficient of 0.146 mV/K, electrical resistivity of 0.473Ω.cm, and power factor of 4.531 μW/m?K at room temperature. Ca-Mn-O film baring a high resistance was not the experimental determination of thermoelectric properties.
文摘基于模块多电平换流器的高压直流输电技术(High Voltage Direct Current Transmission Technology Based on Modular Multilevel Converte,MMC-HVDC)因开关频率低、运行损耗小及易于扩展多端网络等优点被广泛应用。直流侧短路故障因短路电流大,故障电流上升速率快且难以抑制,对MMC-HVDC的发展造成了严重困扰。提出一种MMC-HVDC直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法,该方法基于对称双极接线的全桥型MMC-HVDC,且在直流侧采用高阻接地及金属回线,在发生直流侧短路故障时利用全桥型模块多电平换流器及时反转输出直流电压极性,实现故障电流抑制。同时利用金属回线构建成新的功率回路,快速恢复故障期间的有功功率传输。所提出的故障穿越策略,可以有效消除MMC-HVDC系统在发生直流侧短路故障时换流设备受到的故障电压及电流应力,同时避免换流器闭锁,防止功率缺失。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真验证了所提出的直流侧短路故障穿越控制方法的有效性。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51877136)the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (No. 19DZ1205403)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Committee of Science and Technology (No. 2020GG0299)。
文摘The bipolar low-voltage DC(LVDC) distribution system has become a prospective solution to better integration of renewables and improvement of system efficiency and reliability. However, it also faces the challenge of power and voltage imbalance between two poles. To solve this problem, an interface converter with bipolar asymmetrical operating capabilities is applied in this paper. The steady-state models of the bipolar LVDC distribution system equipped with this interface converter in the gridconnected mode and off-grid mode are analyzed. A control scheme based on DC offset injection at the secondary side of the interface converter is proposed, enabling the bipolar LVDC distribution system to realize the unbalanced power transfer between two poles in the grid-connected mode and maintain the inherentpole voltage balance in the off-grid mode. Furthermore, this paper also proposes a primary-side DC offset injection control scheme according to the analysis of the magnetic circuit model, which can eliminate the DC bias flux caused by the secondaryside DC offset. Thereby, the potential core magnetic saturation and overcurrent issues can be prevented, ensuring the safety of the interface converter and distribution system. Detailed simulations based on the proposed control scheme are conducted to validate the function of power and voltage balance under the operation conditions of different DC loads.
基金This work was supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation under Grant Nos.1647209 and 1611095the European Unions Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant No.765585.
文摘This paper presents an Multi-Input Multi-Output(MIMO)analysis to investigate the mutual interactions and small-signal stability of bipolar-type dc microgrids.Since bipolar dc microgrid is replete with power-electronic converters,its dynamics can not be understood unless the interactions among control systems of converters are properly investigated.To tackle the challenge,each converter in microgrid is modeled via an MIMO transfer matrix.Then,the MIMO models are combined together based on the interactions among the control systems of source and load converters.From this integrative MIMO model,the mutual interactions between various input-output pairs are quantified using Gershgorin Band theorem.Also,Singular Value Decomposition(SVD)analysis is carried out to estimate the frequency of unstable poles.Test results not only successfully validate the effectiveness of the MIMO method but also show that the control system of voltage balancer has a major impact on the overall stability of bipolar dc microgrid,making it a suitable location for applying damping systems.
