Machine learning-based analyses for total ionizing dose effects in bipolar junction transistors

Machine learning methods have proven to be powerful in various research fields.In this paper,we show that research on radiation effects could benefit from such methods and present a machine learning-based scientific discovery approach.The total ionizing dose(TID)effects usually cause gain degradation of bipolar junction transistors(BJTs),leading to functional failures of bipolar integrated circuits.Currently,many experiments of TID effects on BJTs have been conducted at different laboratories worldwide,producing a large amount of experimental data which provides a wealth of information.However,it is difficult to utilize these data effectively.In this study,we proposed a new artificial neural network(ANN)approach to analyze the experimental data of TID effects on BJTs An ANN model was built and trained using data collected from different experiments.The results indicate that the proposed ANN model has advantages in capturing nonlinear correlations and predicting the data.The trained ANN model suggests that the TID hardness of a BJT tends to increase with base current I.A possible cause for this finding was analyzed and confirmed through irradiation experiments.

Two-dimensional analysis of the interface state effect on current gain for a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor

This paper studies two-dimensional analysis of the surface state effect on current gain for a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor （BJT）. Simulation results indicate the mechanism of current gain degradation, which is surface Fermi level pinning leading to a strong downward bending of the energy bands to form the channel of surface electron recombination current. The experimental results are well-matched with the simulation, which is modeled by exponential distributions of the interface state density replacing the single interface state trap. Furthermore, the simulation reveals that the oxide quality of the base emitter junction interface is very important for 4H-SiC BJT performance.

Bulk and surface damages in complementary bipolar junction transistors produced by high dose irradiation

Two complementary types NPN and PNP of bipolar junction transistors （BJTs） were exposed to higll dose of neutrons and gamma rays. The change in the base and collector currents, minority carriers lifetime, and current gain factor/3 with respect to the dose were analyzed. The contributions of the base current according to the defect types were also reported. It was declared that the radiation effect of neutrons was almost similar between the two transistor types, this effect at high dose may decrease the value of/3 to less than one. The Messenger-Spratt equation was used to describe the experimental results in this case. However, the experimental data demonstrated that the effect of gamma rays was generally higher on NPN than PNP transistors. This is mainly attributed to the difference in the behavior of the trapped positive charges in the SiO2 layers. Meanwhile, this difference tends to be small for high gamma dose.

Fabrication and characterization of 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor with double base epilayer

In this paper we report on a novel structure of a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor with a double base epilayer that is continuously grown. The measured dc common-emitter current gain is 16.8 at Ic = 28.6 mA （Jc = 183.4 A/cm2）, and it increases with the collector current density increasing. The specific on-state resistance （Rsp-on） is 32.3 mΩ.cm2 and the open-base breakdown voltage reaches 410 V. The emitter N-type specific contact resistance and N＋ emitter layer sheet resistance are 1.7× 10-3 Ω.cm2 and 150 Ω/□, respectively.

A novel 4H-SiC lateral bipolar junction transistor structure with high voltage and high current gain

In this paper, a novel structure of a 4H-SiC lateral bipolar junction transistor （LBJT） with a base tield plate and double RESURF in the drift region is presented. Collector-base junction depletion extension in the base region is restricted by the base field plate. Thin base as well as low base doping of the LBJT therefore can be achieved under the condition of avalanche breakdown. Simulation results show that thin base of 0.32 μm and base doping of 3 × 1017 cm 3 are obtained, and corresponding current gain is as high as 247 with avalanche breakdown voltage of 3309 V when the drift region length is 30 μm. Besides, an investigation of a 4H-SiC vertical BJT （VBJT） with comparable breakdown voltage （3357 V） shows that the minimum base width of 0.25 ~tm and base doping as high as 8 × 10^17 cm^-3 contribute to a maximum current gain of only 128.

Radiation effects of 50-MeV protons on PNP bipolar junction transistors

The effects of radiation on 3 CG110 PNP bipolar junction transistors(BJTs)are characterized using 50-Me V protons,40-Me V Si ions,and 1-Me V electrons.In this paper,electrical characteristics and deep level transient spectroscopy(DLTS)are utilized to analyze radiation defects induced by ionization and displacement damage.The experimental results show a degradation of the current gain and an increase in the types of radiation defect with increasing fluences of 50-Me V protons.Moreover,by comparing the types of damage caused by different radiation sources,the characteristics of the radiation defects induced by irradiation show that 50-Me V proton irradiation can produce both ionization and displacement defects in the 3 CG110 PNP BJTs,in contrast to 40-Me V Si ions,which mainly generate displacement defects,and 1-Me V electrons,which mainly produce ionization defects.This work provides direct evidence of a synergistic effect between the ionization and displacement defects caused in PNP BJTs by 50-Me V protons.

Low Gate Voltage Operated Multi-emitter-dot H^+ Ion-Sensitive Gated Lateral Bipolar Junction Transistor

A low gate voltage operated multi-emitter-dot gated lateral bipolar junction transistor （BJT） ion sensor is proposed. The proposed device is composed of an arrayed gated lateral BJT, which is driven in the metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor （MOSFET）-BJT hybrid operation mode. Further, it has multiple emitter dots linked to each other in parallel to improve ionic sensitivity. Using hydrogen ionic solutions as reference solutions, we conduct experiments in which we compare the sensitivity and threshold voltage of the multi-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT with that of the single-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT. The multi-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT not only shows increased sensitivity but, more importantly, the proposed device can be operated under very low gate voltage, whereas the conventional ion-sensitive field-effect transistors cannot. This special characteristic is significant for low power devices and for function devices in which the provision of a gate voltage is difficult.

Thermal analytic model of current gain for bipolar junction transistor-bipolar static induction transistor compound device

This paper proposes a thermal analytical model of current gain for bipolar junction transistor-bipolar static induction transistor （BJT-BSIT） compound device in the low current operation. It also proposes a best thermal compensating factor to the compound device that indicates the relationship between the thermal variation rate of current gain and device structure. This is important for the design of compound device to be optimized. Finally, the analytical model is found to be in good agreement with numerical simulation and experimental results. The test results demonstrate that thermal variation rate of current gain is below 10% in 25 ℃-85 ℃ and 20% in -55 ℃-25 ℃.

Radiation-induced 1/f noise degradation of PNP bipolar junction transistors at different dose rates

It is found that ionizing-radiation can lead to the base current and the 1/f noise degradations in PNP bipolar junction transistors. In this paper, it is suggested that the surface of the space charge region of the emitter-base junction is the main source of the base surface 1/f noise. A model is developed which identifies the parameters and describes their interactive contributions to the recombination current at the surface of the space charge region. Based on the theory of carrier number fluctuation and the model of surface recombination current, a 1/f noise model is developed. This model suggests that 1/f noise degradations are the result of the accumulation of oxide-trapped charges and interface states. Combining models of ELDRS, this model can explain the reason why the 1/f noise degradation is more severe at a low dose rate than at a high dose rate. The radiations were performed in a Co60 source up to a total dose of 700 Gy（Si）. The low dose rate was 0.001 Gy（Si）/s and the high dose rate was 0.1 Gy（Si）/s. The model accords well with the experimental results.

Model of radiation-induced gain degradation of NPN bipolar junction transistor at different dose rates

Ionizing-radiation-induced current gain degradation in NPN bipolar junction transistors is due to an increase in base current as a result of recombination at the surface of the device. A model is presented which identifies the physical mechanism responsible for current gain degradation. The increase in surface recombination velocity due to interface states results in an increase in base current. Besides, changing the surface potential along the base surface induced by the oxide-trapped charges can also lead to an increased base current. By combining the production mechanisms of oxide-trapped charges and interface states, this model can explain the fact that the current gain degradation is more severe at a low dose rate than at a high dose rate. The radiations were performed in a Co60 source up to a total dose of 70 krad（Si）. The low dose rate was 0.1 rad（Si）/s and the high dose rate was 10 rad（Si）/s. The model accords well with the experimental results.

High current gain 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor

A novel 4H-SiC BJT of high current gain with a suppressing surface traps effect has been proposed. It is effective to improve the current gain due to the lower electrons density in the surface region by extending the emitter metal to overlap the passivation layer on the extrinsic base surface. The electrons trapped in the extrinsic base surface induce the degeneration of Si C BJTs device performance. By modulating the electron recombination rate, the novel structure can increase the current gain to 63.2% compared with conventional ones with the compatible process technology. Optimized sizes are an overlapped metal length of 4 m, as well as an oxide layer thickness of 50 nm.

基于IGBT米勒平台的阈值电压结温估计法

在绝缘栅型双极性晶体管(IGBT)的结温监测方法中,温敏参数法因具有响应速度快、成本低、易于在线检测的特点而受到广泛关注。已有研究表明,温敏参数中的阈值电压(VTH)具有良好的温度性质,但对其采用直接测量的方法易受电流振荡影响。为此,提出了一种在阻感负载下基于米勒平台的阈值电压间接计算法。首先描述阻感负载下IGBT的开关瞬态过程,论述VTH间接计算法的理论基础。然后通过开关过程中的米勒平台电压值间接计算VTH。最后通过实验证明了所提方法的有效性。

一种基于关断电压的IGBT模块结温监测方法

实现准确的结温监测对增强绝缘栅双极晶体管(IGBT)模块的可靠性、延长器件寿命至关重要。文章提出了一种基于关断电压的IGBT模块结温监测方法,具有不受负载电流干扰的特性。该方法首先验证了关断电压作为温敏电参数的合理性;其次,采用深度神经网络(DNN),排除关断电压对负载电流的依赖,达到不同工况下保持准确结温预测的目的;最后,通过单相脉宽调制(PWM)进行试验验证。结果显示,该结温监测方法误差在±5℃的范围内,这表明利用DNN优化结温监测是可行的。

3300 V高性能混合SiC模块研制

将Si基绝缘栅双极型晶体管(Insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)芯片与SiC结型势垒肖特基二极管芯片按照双开关电路结构排布,开发了一种3 300 V等级混合SiC模块,对其设计方法、封装工艺、仿真、测试结果进行分析,并对标相同规格IGBT模块。混合SiC模块低空洞率焊接满足牵引领域高温度循环周次的要求,冗余式的连跳键合结构可以有效增强功率循环能力。采用双脉冲法测试动态性能,测试结果表明该混合SiC模块反向恢复时间减小了84%,反向恢复电流减小了89.5%,反向恢复能量减小了99%,一次开关产生的总损耗降低了43.3%。混合SiC模块消除了开关过程中电压和电流过冲现象,在高电压、大电流和高频率的应用工况下具有明显的优势。

新能源汽车单管IGBT结温估算关键技术研究

这里设计了融合模型对单管绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)结温进行实时估计,基于双脉冲实验平台对单管IGBT进行测试,采集单管IGBT开通、关断、二极管反向恢复损耗,结合导通损耗,得到单管IGBT损耗模型;搭建热阻测试平台得到瞬态热阻曲线,结合基底温度建立4阶热网络模型;将损耗和热模型进行融合,实现单管IGBT结温的准确估计。基于结温估算模型,设计了IGBT降额保护控制策略。搭建了电机控制器带载(电机控制器-电感负载)测试平台,使用内部预埋温度传感器的ICGBT,对结温估计模型的实用性和准确性进行了验证。实验测试结果显示,在极端工况下,结温估算仍具有良好的跟踪性能,误差保持在±5℃以内。

一种基于PJFET输入的高压摆率集成运算放大器

基于双极型集成工艺设计并制作了一种高压摆率、低输入偏置电流、低输入失调电流的运算放大器。输入级采用p沟道结型场效应晶体管(PJFET)共源结构,有利于减小输入偏置电流,提高信号接收的灵敏度,实现高输入阻抗、低偏置电流、低输入失调电流和高压摆率。增益级采用常规的共射放大电路结构。输出级采用互补推挽输出结构,提升了驱动负载的能力,并克服交越失真。测试结果表明:在电源电压±15 V、25℃环境温度下,开环电压增益为114.49 dB,正压摆率为12.33 V/μs,负压摆率为-9.76 V/μs,输入偏置电流为42.52 pA,输入失调电流为4.23 pA,输出电压摆幅为-13.56~14.16 V,共模抑制比为105.56 dB,电源抑制比为107.91 dB。

基于反向恢复电流的绝缘栅双极型晶体管模块动态结温估测方法

针对传统结温估测方法响应速度慢、测量误差大问题,采用绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulated gate bipolar transistor,IGBT)模块的反向恢复电流作为温敏电参数,提出一种新型结温估测方法.分析了IGBT模块结温和负载电流对反向恢复电流的影响机理,并建立了三者间的理论关系.考虑实际工况并采用试验数据拟合得到IGBT模块的结温预测模型,通过比较试验测量数据与预测模型计算结果的差异,证实了采用反向恢复电流提取IGBT模块动态结温的估测方法具有较高的估测精度和较快的响应速度.

一种负反馈式双极结型晶体管工艺实现

利用负反馈电路对放大器提高增益稳定性、减少非线性失真、拓展通频带宽、改善输入输出电阻的作用,基于实际生产,设计并实现一款带电阻双极结型晶体管产品。在普通晶体管基础上,利用LPCVD工艺淀积多晶硅,并对其进行离子注入,充当负反馈偏置电路中的电阻结构。以典型半导体加工工艺先后实现基极、发射极、通孔、多晶硅电阻、电极、保护膜以及集电极的制备,对电路成品进行详细性能测试并投入生产。该产品EDS特性测试良率高达99.4%,放大倍数均为200以上。

基于改进线性同余算法的随机参数的生成研究

绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)器件的结温是导致其失效的重要因素。为了抑制IGBT的结温,本文在IGBT器件中引入一种新型随机脉冲宽度调制(RPWM)策略,其结温的上升和波动会有效地降低。通过线性同余算法产生伪随机数,引入马尔科夫链算法与之相结合,使产生的随机序列的随机性得到强化,进一步抑制对IGBT的结温效果。实验结果表明:IGBT器件在给定的时间段内运行时,采用该新型随机PWM策略比未采用时IGBT器件的结温温度要低3.56 K,表明基于引入马尔科夫链的线性同余法的随机PWM策略能较好地抑制IGBT的结温。

绝缘栅双极型晶体管模块的双向热网络模型构建方法

针对传统热网络模型提取结温时忽略了硅胶和外壳的影响而导致结温提取存在误差的问题,建立了完整封装结构的绝缘栅双极型晶体管(insulation gate bipolar transistor, IGBT)模块的双向Cauer模型,得到了精确的暂态结温,验证了传统热网络模型计算稳态结温的可行性。通过有限元仿真结果和试验数据对比,证明双向Cauer模型计算结果的正确性。