Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Bipolar Junction Photogate Transistor for CMOS Image Sensor

A new photodetector--bipolar junction photogate transistor is presented for CMOS image sensor and its analytical model is also established.With the technical parameter of the 0.6μm CMOS process,the bipolar junction photogate transistor is analyzed and simulated.The simulated results illustrate that the bipolar junction photogate transistor has the similar characteristics of the traditional photogate transistor.The photocurrent density of the bipolar junction photogate transistor increases exponentially with the incidence light power due to introducing the injection p+n junction.Its characteristic of blue response is rather improved compared to the traditional photogate transistor that benefits to increase the color photograph made up of the red,the green,and the blue.

Machine learning-based analyses for total ionizing dose effects in bipolar junction transistors

Machine learning methods have proven to be powerful in various research fields.In this paper,we show that research on radiation effects could benefit from such methods and present a machine learning-based scientific discovery approach.The total ionizing dose(TID)effects usually cause gain degradation of bipolar junction transistors(BJTs),leading to functional failures of bipolar integrated circuits.Currently,many experiments of TID effects on BJTs have been conducted at different laboratories worldwide,producing a large amount of experimental data which provides a wealth of information.However,it is difficult to utilize these data effectively.In this study,we proposed a new artificial neural network(ANN)approach to analyze the experimental data of TID effects on BJTs An ANN model was built and trained using data collected from different experiments.The results indicate that the proposed ANN model has advantages in capturing nonlinear correlations and predicting the data.The trained ANN model suggests that the TID hardness of a BJT tends to increase with base current I.A possible cause for this finding was analyzed and confirmed through irradiation experiments.

Two-dimensional analysis of the interface state effect on current gain for a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor

This paper studies two-dimensional analysis of the surface state effect on current gain for a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor （BJT）. Simulation results indicate the mechanism of current gain degradation, which is surface Fermi level pinning leading to a strong downward bending of the energy bands to form the channel of surface electron recombination current. The experimental results are well-matched with the simulation, which is modeled by exponential distributions of the interface state density replacing the single interface state trap. Furthermore, the simulation reveals that the oxide quality of the base emitter junction interface is very important for 4H-SiC BJT performance.

Radiation-induced 1/f noise degradation of PNP bipolar junction transistors at different dose rates

It is found that ionizing-radiation can lead to the base current and the 1/f noise degradations in PNP bipolar junction transistors. In this paper, it is suggested that the surface of the space charge region of the emitter-base junction is the main source of the base surface 1/f noise. A model is developed which identifies the parameters and describes their interactive contributions to the recombination current at the surface of the space charge region. Based on the theory of carrier number fluctuation and the model of surface recombination current, a 1/f noise model is developed. This model suggests that 1/f noise degradations are the result of the accumulation of oxide-trapped charges and interface states. Combining models of ELDRS, this model can explain the reason why the 1/f noise degradation is more severe at a low dose rate than at a high dose rate. The radiations were performed in a Co60 source up to a total dose of 700 Gy（Si）. The low dose rate was 0.001 Gy（Si）/s and the high dose rate was 0.1 Gy（Si）/s. The model accords well with the experimental results.

A novel 4H-SiC lateral bipolar junction transistor structure with high voltage and high current gain

In this paper, a novel structure of a 4H-SiC lateral bipolar junction transistor （LBJT） with a base tield plate and double RESURF in the drift region is presented. Collector-base junction depletion extension in the base region is restricted by the base field plate. Thin base as well as low base doping of the LBJT therefore can be achieved under the condition of avalanche breakdown. Simulation results show that thin base of 0.32 μm and base doping of 3 × 1017 cm 3 are obtained, and corresponding current gain is as high as 247 with avalanche breakdown voltage of 3309 V when the drift region length is 30 μm. Besides, an investigation of a 4H-SiC vertical BJT （VBJT） with comparable breakdown voltage （3357 V） shows that the minimum base width of 0.25 ~tm and base doping as high as 8 × 10^17 cm^-3 contribute to a maximum current gain of only 128.

Bulk and surface damages in complementary bipolar junction transistors produced by high dose irradiation

Two complementary types NPN and PNP of bipolar junction transistors （BJTs） were exposed to higll dose of neutrons and gamma rays. The change in the base and collector currents, minority carriers lifetime, and current gain factor/3 with respect to the dose were analyzed. The contributions of the base current according to the defect types were also reported. It was declared that the radiation effect of neutrons was almost similar between the two transistor types, this effect at high dose may decrease the value of/3 to less than one. The Messenger-Spratt equation was used to describe the experimental results in this case. However, the experimental data demonstrated that the effect of gamma rays was generally higher on NPN than PNP transistors. This is mainly attributed to the difference in the behavior of the trapped positive charges in the SiO2 layers. Meanwhile, this difference tends to be small for high gamma dose.

Fabrication and characterization of 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor with double base epilayer

In this paper we report on a novel structure of a 4H-SiC bipolar junction transistor with a double base epilayer that is continuously grown. The measured dc common-emitter current gain is 16.8 at Ic = 28.6 mA （Jc = 183.4 A/cm2）, and it increases with the collector current density increasing. The specific on-state resistance （Rsp-on） is 32.3 mΩ.cm2 and the open-base breakdown voltage reaches 410 V. The emitter N-type specific contact resistance and N＋ emitter layer sheet resistance are 1.7× 10-3 Ω.cm2 and 150 Ω/□, respectively.

Low Gate Voltage Operated Multi-emitter-dot H^+ Ion-Sensitive Gated Lateral Bipolar Junction Transistor

A low gate voltage operated multi-emitter-dot gated lateral bipolar junction transistor （BJT） ion sensor is proposed. The proposed device is composed of an arrayed gated lateral BJT, which is driven in the metal-oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistor （MOSFET）-BJT hybrid operation mode. Further, it has multiple emitter dots linked to each other in parallel to improve ionic sensitivity. Using hydrogen ionic solutions as reference solutions, we conduct experiments in which we compare the sensitivity and threshold voltage of the multi-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT with that of the single-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT. The multi-emitter-dot gated lateral BJT not only shows increased sensitivity but, more importantly, the proposed device can be operated under very low gate voltage, whereas the conventional ion-sensitive field-effect transistors cannot. This special characteristic is significant for low power devices and for function devices in which the provision of a gate voltage is difficult.

Radiation effects of 50-MeV protons on PNP bipolar junction transistors

The effects of radiation on 3 CG110 PNP bipolar junction transistors(BJTs)are characterized using 50-Me V protons,40-Me V Si ions,and 1-Me V electrons.In this paper,electrical characteristics and deep level transient spectroscopy(DLTS)are utilized to analyze radiation defects induced by ionization and displacement damage.The experimental results show a degradation of the current gain and an increase in the types of radiation defect with increasing fluences of 50-Me V protons.Moreover,by comparing the types of damage caused by different radiation sources,the characteristics of the radiation defects induced by irradiation show that 50-Me V proton irradiation can produce both ionization and displacement defects in the 3 CG110 PNP BJTs,in contrast to 40-Me V Si ions,which mainly generate displacement defects,and 1-Me V electrons,which mainly produce ionization defects.This work provides direct evidence of a synergistic effect between the ionization and displacement defects caused in PNP BJTs by 50-Me V protons.

Thermal analytic model of current gain for bipolar junction transistor-bipolar static induction transistor compound device

This paper proposes a thermal analytical model of current gain for bipolar junction transistor-bipolar static induction transistor （BJT-BSIT） compound device in the low current operation. It also proposes a best thermal compensating factor to the compound device that indicates the relationship between the thermal variation rate of current gain and device structure. This is important for the design of compound device to be optimized. Finally, the analytical model is found to be in good agreement with numerical simulation and experimental results. The test results demonstrate that thermal variation rate of current gain is below 10% in 25 ℃-85 ℃ and 20% in -55 ℃-25 ℃.

The Bipolar Field-Effect Transistor:Ⅰ.Electrochemical Current Theory(Two-MOS-Gates on Pure-Base)

This paper describes the bipolar field-effect transistor （BiFET） and its theory. Analytical solution is ob- tained from partitioning the two-dimensional transistor into two one-dimensional transistors. The analysis employs the parametric surface-electric-potential and the electrochemical （quasi-Fermi） potential-gradient driving force to compute the current. Output and transfer D. C. current and conductance versus voltage are presented over practi- cal ranges of terminal D. C. voltages and device parameters. Electron and hole surface channel currents are pres- ent simultaneously, a new feature which could provide circuit functions in one physical transistor such as the CMOS inverter and SRAM memory.

结温导向的牵引变流器寿命优化控制

结温是影响绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)寿命的主要因素。为了提高地铁两电平牵引变流器寿命,提出一种降低结温的异步牵引电机双矢量模型预测转矩控制(DVMPTC)策略。将传统DVMPTC的第二个电压矢量选择范围缩小在与第一个电压矢量不切换或仅切换一次的范围,降低IGBT开关损耗的同时减小系统计算量;在代价函数中约束IGBT及其反并联二极管的损耗,动态加入损耗因子,并赋予权重系数,使得最优矢量的选择兼顾控制性能与降低损耗。通过仿真分析,本文所提方法相较于传统基于分段调制算法的直接转矩控制策略,降低了结温及其波动,提高了牵引变流器寿命。

基于导通压降的大容量IGBT模块结温观测与误差分析研究

压接式绝缘栅双极性晶体管PP-IGBT(press-pack insulated gate bipolar transistor)模块因其优越的电气性能和可靠性,广泛应用于柔性直流换流阀等大功率应用场景。IGBT芯片结温的准确观测对于其运行状态的监测与剩余寿命的评估都非常重要。已有结温观测方法多是针对键合引线式IGBT,未考虑到压接式模块的特性,无法直接应用。首先,针对大容量换流阀中的压接式IGBT,提出了一种实用的模块导通压降与结温标定方法,并对结温在线估计的误差进行了全面分析。然后,基于ABB公司5SNA 3000K452300压接式IGBT模块(4500 V,3000 A)设计了结温标定方案,包括实验电路、温度标定范围选择、结温控制方式、测量电路及标定实验步骤。最后,基于脉冲测试平台,对所提方法进行了验证。实验结果表明,所提结温标定与观测方案有效,结温观测误差在±5℃以内,且能适用压接式IGBT模块存在差异的情况。

雪崩晶体管电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理研究

随着超宽带脉冲信号系统在新能源汽车智能化感知技术等许多重要领域的应用,高幅值、快前沿脉冲源的研发得到了广泛研究。针对纳秒级前沿脉冲对超快功率半导体开关的需求,进行了雪崩晶体管在电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理的研究。利用仿真模型的静态特性与器件样品进行对比分析,测试了器件样品的动态开通特性。在成功得到纳秒级开通速度器件的基础上,对器件在电压斜坡触发模式下出现的失效现象进行了分析。

BJT等效电路模型的发展

随着BJT尺寸的缩小以及BJT广泛应用于高速和RF电路,有效及准确的BJT电路设计要求更加精确的等效电路模型。通过介绍模型的基本原理及其对BJT器件关键物理效应的模拟,描述不同模型开发者采用的方式,结合仿真结果分析不同模型的特点。主要从以下几个方面展开:模型的大信号等效电路图;归一化电荷的计算,转移电流表达式;晶体管二阶效应模型,包括基区宽度调制效应(即Early效应)、大注入效应等;大电流条件下的Kirk效应,准饱和效应等。

NPN型双极晶体管中子位移损伤差异实验研究

利用西安脉冲反应堆(Xi’an pulsed reactor,XAPR)的稳态中子对NPN型双极晶体管(NPN bipolar junction transistor,NPN-BJT)进行中子辐照实验,开展NPN-BJT不同固定发射极电流I_(E)条件下的中子位移损伤差异研究。研究结果表明:同一I_(E)条件下,集成NPN-BJT与2N2222A NPN-BJT的电流增益退化都随辐照中子注量的增加呈逐渐增强趋势;在同一中子注量辐照下,随双极晶体管固定I_(E)的增大,中子辐射损伤常数K_(τ)降低,中子辐照前后电流增益的变化量减小,晶体管电流增益退化程度减弱,因此在一定范围内,提高固定I_(E)可在一定程度上增强NPN-BJT抗中子辐射能力。

开关用BJT的特性研究和PSPICE仿真

在Marx脉冲功率发生器中,开关是最重要的组件,其特性直接影响输出脉冲上升沿。提出一种利用BJT(Bipolar Junction Transistor)集电极与发射极间的雪崩击穿特性的新型开关器件代替传统开关的方法,可实现Marx输出上升沿小于5ns的脉冲电压,可代替传统Marx发生器中的气体开关。介绍不同型号的BJT集电极与发射极间雪崩击穿特性,根据实验结果,以适合小型Marx发生器的BJT开关特性为主要依据选用合适的BJT。目前没有雪崩击穿的仿真元件,只能用PSPICE建立BJT的集电极与发射极间击穿仿真模型代替实际BJT的雪崩击穿,并以此来辅助Marx脉冲发生器的设计。

4H-SiC npn BJT特性研究

基于二维器件仿真软件Medici对 4H SiC双极型晶体管 (BJT)进行了建模 ,包括能带模型、能带窄变模型、迁移率模型、产生复合模型和不完全电离模型 ,为 4H SiC的工艺与器件提供了设计平台 .在此基础上对 4H SiCBJT器件进行了模拟研究 .结果显示 ,器件基极电流IB=1μA/μm时发射极电流增益 β为 32 .4 ,击穿电压BVCEO大于 80 0V ,截止频率fT 接近

基于BJT的ESD保护器件中维持电压的建模与分析

基于双极晶体管（BJT）结构的静电放电（ESD）保护器件具有双向导通特性和良好的保护性能,在ESD保护中应用广泛。鉴于该类器件在负阻效应下维持电压的产生机理和建模方面的研究较少,提出了一种维持电压的数学建模方法。首先分析了多种调制效应对维持电压的影响,优化了模型参数;其次,基于0.6μm BiCMOS工艺对NPN型BJT的结构及电学性能进行了仿真分析,通过数据拟合得到了维持电压的估算模型;最后,制备了两种不同结构的样品并进行了测试,实测数据与估算值的相对误差范围约12%-15%,表明建立的维持电压模型具有较高的可靠性。

混合热网络模型的构建及其结温估计方法

随着绝缘栅双极晶体管在电力电子系统中的广泛应用,对影响其可靠性的结温的准确获取变得至关重要。然而,模块主要的失效形式之一即焊料层的老化,会对结温产生很大的影响。为精确估计结温,结合2种传统热网络模型Cauer和Foster的优点,研究了2种热网络模型的接口方法,完成两部分模型的结合,将芯片焊料层的老化考虑在内提出了一种混合热网络模型。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验测试与混合热网络模型的计算结果对比,验证了混合热网络模型能够实现准确的结温估计,为模块运行状态的监测提供了依据。