基于YOLOv5s的轻量化架空输电线路鸟巢检测网络

架空输电线路上的鸟巢侵占会对铁塔上的电力设备造成安全隐患,间接可能影响整个电力系统的稳定运行。针对目前架空输电线路鸟巢检测模型在复杂场景以及小目标场景下检测精度不高,检测效率低,模型复杂等问题。本研究提出一种基于YOLOv5s框架的轻量化架空输电线路鸟巢检测网络。首先在主干部分采用Fasternet重构YOLOv5s特征提取网络,降低模型复杂度,提高运行速度;然后在特征融合网络部分嵌入ConvMixer层,ConvMixer层的结构设计有助于在特征信息中更好的捕捉空间和通道的关系,提升模型对于小目标的检测能力;最后在特征融合网络部分引入ODConv模块,令送入检测头的特征图包含更多有效特征,提高模型对复杂场景和小目标的检测性能。实验结果表明,本文与基线模型YOLOv5s相比,计算量和模型体积分别减少了86%和72%,平均精度均值达到96.4%,检测速度达到104.2帧/s,验证了本文改进模型的有效性和可行性。

Enzymatic recovery of glycopeptides from different industrial grades edible bird’s nest and its by-products:nutrient,probiotic and antioxidant activities,and physicochemical characteristics

This study was conducted to recover edible bird’s nest(EBN)hydrolysates from different grades of EBN,including the industrial by-products,using enzymatic treatment.The nutrient,physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of the recovered hydrolysates at different hydrolysis times were evaluated.Results showed that the recovery yield of enzymatic hydrolysis was above 89%for all grades of EBN and the degree of hydrolysis increased over time.Nitrite content(0.321-0.433 mg/L)was below the permissible tolerance level for all samples.Interestingly,the antioxidant activities(DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant powder(FRAP)activity)were significantly higher(P≤0.05)in hydrolysates recovered from EBN by-products(EBNhC and EBNhD)as compared to the high grade EBN hydrolysates(EBNhA and EBNhB).The in-vitro probiotic activity of EBN and its hydrolysates were examined using the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum.Evidently,EBN by-products hydrolysate(EBNhD)recorded the highest number of L.plantarum(1.1×1011 CFU/mL),indicating that low grade EBN has the potential as prebiotic material that promotes probiotic activity.This study demonstrated the concept of using EBN by-products hydrolysates for various applications,such as functional ingredients with enhanced bioactivities,to improve its economic value.

Proteins:Neglected active ingredients in edible bird’s nest

Edible bird’s nest(EBN)is a kind of natural invigorant with a long history of consumption in Asia,especially in China.EBN is formed by mixing the saliva of swiftlets(Aerodramus)with feathers and other components during the breeding season.Proteins are the most important nutrient in EBN.By studying proteins in EBN,we can not only elucidate their components at the molecular level,but also study their bioactivities.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the proteins in EBN.Previous research on the proteins in EBN was preliminary and cursory,and no one has summarized and analyzed the proteins in EBN and correlated the bioactivities of these proteins with the biological functions of EBN.This article focused on the proteins in EBN,listed the proteins identified in different proteomic studies,and introduced the sources,structures and bioactivities of the most frequently identified proteins,including acidic mammalian chitinase,lysyl oxidase homolog 3,mucin-5AC,ovoinhibitor,nucleobindin-2,calciumbinding protein(MW:4.5×10~4)and glucose-regulated protein(MW:7.8×10~4).The properties of these proteins are closely related to the bioactivities of EBN.Therefore,this article can provide inspiration for further research on the efficacy of EBN.

Cyathus tenuicorticalis(Agaricales,Basidiomycota),a new species from La Selva Biological Station,Costa Rica

Cyathus tenuicorticalis was found growing on decaying wood from La Selva Biological Station,Costa Rica.Specimens were analyzed using the methodology proposed for the group and specific literature for the genus.The fundamental diagnostic features for this new species are the very thin double-layered cortex in peridioles,exoperidium strongly hirsute,and a platinum bright endoperidium.Description,discussion and photographs of this new species are provided.

基于DSP的无线伺服清除鸟巢装置

针对变电站电气设备鸟巢清除需停电登高作业的问题,设计出一种基于DSP的无线伺服装置,可在电气设备带电情况下实施鸟巢清除作业。该装置可带电作业,避免了停电造成的负荷损失和非计划停运。

基于傅里叶变换红外光谱技术解析鲜炖燕窝中功能因子与肠道菌群的关系

食用燕窝可以调节肠道菌群,改善人体免疫。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对鲜炖燕窝进行光谱扫描,并用特征的光谱吸收峰与服用燕窝后的小鼠肠道菌群进行关联性分析,解析燕窝中的功能因子与肠道菌群的关联,为探讨燕窝调控肠道机理奠定研究基础。结果表明,服用仙炖燕窝后肠道菌在属水平上:有益菌Lactobacillus和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group呈现上升趋势,有益菌Faecalibaculum和Akkermansia呈现下降趋势;有害菌Desulfovibrio、Enterorhabdus和Candidatus_Saccharimonas均呈现下降趋势。两个产品燕窝的红外差异光谱主要集中在1700~1200 cm^(-1)波段范围,主要为酰胺键、芳香C-C键以及羧基C-O基团的分布区,这些官能团与有益菌Lactobacillus和Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group呈现正相关,与有害菌Desulfovibrio和Enterorhabdus呈现负相关。随后利用高分辨质谱对相应的鲜炖燕窝产品进行物质解析,发现主要成分有氨基酸类,脂类(磷酸酯类、脂肪酰、鞘氨醇等),酯类和唾液酸等物质,这些物质与肠道菌呈现不同的相关性,总的来说脂类物质中特别是一些磷酸酯类(磷脂酸、磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰甘油、磷脂酰乙醇胺)和脂肪酰类物质与有害菌呈现负相关,与有益菌呈现正相关。这些物质所含有的特征官能团也可以与红外结果相对应。以上结果表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱技术可为探讨燕窝中功能因子调控肠道菌群研究提供理论依据。

基于深度学习的改进型YOLOv4输电线路鸟巢检测与识别

针对输电线路无人机巡视图像经典鸟巢检测算法权重参数范围大、识别效率低、识别精度低的缺点,提出了一种改进型YOLOv4输电线路鸟巢检测与识别方法。首先,选取Mosaic图像增强技术对图片集进行多种变换,变相增加图片集中的小目标数量。其次,在骨干特征提取网络中,通过引入深度可分离卷积来提高检测网络的速度;在YOLO头中,基于K-means++算法改进锚框的大小和比例,基于最小凸集建立回归损失函数。最后,在PANet和YOLO头之间增加2个SPP模块,进一步增强特征融合能力,提高小目标检测能力。利用某供电局无人机巡检图像制作数据集,将提出的算法与其他目标检测算法进行对比实验研究。实验结果表明,改进后的算法有更高的鸟巢检测准确度和更低的运算开销。

原料蒸制预处理对即食燕窝品质的影响研究

以燕盏和纯净燕为研究对象,探究蒸制预处理对燕窝微生物安全、加工特性和成品品质的影响。设置蒸制时间梯度为15 s、30 s、1 min、4 min、7 min和10 min,测定燕窝菌落总数、涨发倍数、硬条占比、固形物含量和质构变化,采用低场核磁考察燕窝内部水分存在形式,在扫描电镜下观察正常燕条和硬燕条的微观结构。结果表明,蒸制预处理能有效降低燕窝干料中的微生物数量,同时导致涨发倍数降低和硬条占比提高。蒸制时间控制在10 min以内,燕盏的固形物含量维持在90%以上,而超过4 min后纯净燕的固形物含量显著降低(P<0.05)。蒸制时间延长,燕盏的硬度、胶黏性显著提高(P<0.05),黏度先上升后下降;纯净燕硬度、胶黏性同样提高,但黏性呈下降趋势。蒸制处理引起燕窝炖煮后水与组分的结合程度增加。扫描电镜结果显示,过长时间的蒸制处理导致燕条表面和内部的多孔结构破坏和完整度降低是燕窝吸水性、持水性和感官品质下降的原因。总之,适当的蒸制预处理改善即食燕窝的品质,然而针对不同的燕窝原料,需要控制不同的蒸制强度。

变电站鸟巢自动检测系统设计与实现

针对变电站鸟巢影响站内设备及电网安全运行的问题,基于变电站自动巡检技术构建一种鸟巢检测系统。根据变电站鸟害特征及鸟巢在站内分布特性,制订工程点位配置标准,并使用多尺度特征融合策略建立鸟巢检测模型。鸟巢具有隐蔽性强、结构复杂多样的特点,为此从小目标、设备遮挡和光线变化等方面展开强化学习。在40座220 kV变电站进行工程应用测试,结果表明所提出的检测系统检出量高于人工巡视检出量12倍,可有效识别多种设备场景的鸟巢,且对隐蔽性鸟巢具有较好的泛化能力,有效填补了人工巡视的时空盲区。

A comprehensive review of edible bird nests and swiftlet farming

Edible bird＇s nest （EBN） is currently widely consumed by the Chinese community as tonic food and functional food, which is believed to have many medicinal benefits. Some studies have reported the biochemical compositions of EBN, graded on the basis of colour, nitrate and nitrite contents. Other studies have shown significant biological effects, while ongoing research is in progress to explore potential pharmacological applications. The high demand for EBNs in the global market has forced the local regulatory bodies to monitor swiftlet farming activities, including the EBN cleaning process. Furthermore, numerous techniques have been developed to authenticate EBN; proteomics is likely to be the most promising of these methods. However, there are limited numbers of relevant protein sequences deposited at the database. More research is needed at the molecular level to explore the mechanisms behind the biological functions, such as bone strength improvement, skin rejuvenation, epidermal growth factor activity and cell proliferation.The current and future prospects of EBN and swiftlet farming are critically reviewed in this article.

Preliminary nitrite, nitrate and colour analysis of Malaysian edible bird’s nest

The high nitrite content in edible bird’s nests is a major concern to the local swiftlet industry.It lowers the price of the edible bird’s nests and it brings severe health hazards to consumers and farmers.This research investigated the nitrite and nitrate contents of eight types of local edible bird’s nests by using ion chromatography system and evaluating its colour using the CIE system in L^*a^*b^*parameters.The nitrite content obtained ranged from 5.7 lg/g for the house nests to 843.8 lg/g for the cave nests.The nitrate content for the house and cave nests was 98.2 lg/g and 36,999.4 lg/g,respectively.The cave nests with darker and redder colour had higher nitrite and nitrate contents than the brighter and more yellow house nests.This likely suggests that the nitrite and nitrate contents have correlations with edible bird’s nests colour.Correlations studies suggested that the nitrite content had high correlations with colour parameters,L^*a^*b^*of edible bird’s nests at significant level of P<0.10.These findings suggest that edible bird’s nests’colour may be a useful indicator for measuring nitrite and nitrate contaminations.

Characterization of edible bird’s nest by peptide fingerprinting with principal component analysis

OBJECTIVES:Proteins are the major component and play a key role in nutritious and therapeutic functions of edible bird’s nest(EBN);however,limited studies have been conducted on the protein due to difficulties in extraction,isolation as well as identification.This study aimed to provide comprehensive information for the quality evaluation of EBN peptides,which would be a valuable reference for further study on EBN proteins.METHODS:Here,we developed a quality control method using high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)peptide fingerprints deriving from EBN being digested with simulated gastric fluid.The characteristic peptide peaks were collected and identified by LC-MS/MS.RESULTS:The characteristic peptide peaks,corresponding to the protein fragments of acidic mammalian chitinase-like,lysyl oxidase,and Mucin-5AC-like,were identified and quantified.Interestingly,the principal component analysis indicated that the fingerprints were able to discriminate colour of EBN(white/red)and production sites(cave/house)of White EBN on the same weight basis.As proposed by the model developed in this study,Muc-5AC-like and AMCaselike proteins were the markers with the highest discriminative power.CONCLUSIONS:The overall findings suggest that HPLC peptide fingerprints were able to clearly demonstrate peptide profile differences between genuine and adulterated EBN samples;and classify EBN samples by its color and production site.In addition,the protein identification results suggested that Muc-5AC-like protein was the major protein in EBN.

Edible Bird's Nest:Food or Medicine?

Edible bird＇s nest （EBN） is derived from the saliva of certain types of swiflets. It is consumed in many parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal values. Although many claims have been made on the therapeutic and health- promoting effects of EBN, scientific documentations regarding these effects are very limited in published literature. It is not until recently that the biological effects of EBN are being investigated and evidence-based studies are being conducted. Several studies have found that EBN may enhance cell proliferation and differentiation and various beneficial effects have been reported in vitro as well as in vivo. While these studies point towards the potential use of EBN in the treatment or even prevention of several diseases, the mechanisms of action of EBN remain largely unknown and more explorations are needed. This review is one of the very few scientific reviews onEBN which focuses on recent evidence-based discoveries.

Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and herbal extracts fortification to boost in vitro antioxidant activity of edible bird's nest solution

Objective:Edible bird’s nest(EBN)is a popular traditional tonic food in Chinese population for centuries.Malaysia is one of the main EBN suppliers in the world.This study aims to explore the best strategy to boost the antioxidant potential of EBN solution.Methods:In this study,the raw EBN(4%,mass to volume ratio)was initially enzymatic hydrolyzed using papain enzyme to produce EBN hydrolysate(EBNH),then spray-dried into powdered form.Next,4%(mass to volume ratio)of EBNH powder was dissolved in ginger extract(GE),mulberry leaf extract(MLE)and cinnamon twig extract(CTE)to detect the changes of antioxidant activities,respectively.Results:Results obtained suggest that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly reduced the viscosity of 4%EBN solution from(68.12±0.69)m Pa·s to(7.84±0.31)m Pa·s.Besides,the total phenolic content(TPC),total flavonoid content(TFC),total soluble protein,DPPH scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)were substantially increased following EBN hydrolysis using papain enzyme.In addition,fortification with GE,MLE and CTE had further improved the TPC,TFC,DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of the EBNH solution.Among the samples,MLE-EBNH solution showed the most superior antioxidant potential at(86.39±1.66)%of DPPH scavenging activity and(19.79±2.96)mmol/L FeSO;of FRAP.Conclusion:This study proved that combined enzymatic hydrolysis and MLE fortification is the best strategy to produce EBN product with prominent in vitro antioxidant potential.This preliminary study provides new insight into the compatibility of EBN with different herbal extracts for future health food production.

A sustainable way of agricultural livelihood:edible bird’s nests in Indonesia

Edible birds’nests(EBNs)have traditionally been produced in Southeast Asia.Indonesian farmers construct buildings for swiftlets and harvest their nests.EBN farming does not directly degrade forest resources and is therefore considered a sustainable means of production,whereas the expansion of other agricultural activities often relies on the degradation of natural resources.This study examines the relationship between natural resources and agricultural livelihoods,focusing on Indonesian EBN farmers.Using survey data that we collected in 2017,combined with satellite information on the extent of the forest in Central Kalimantan,Indonesia,we measured production efficiency and identified the natural and social factors that enhance production performance.The results show that a forest extent ranging between 2,000 and 6,000 meters from nesting building is positively associated with the production efficiency of EBN farming,perhaps because extensive forest could help swiftlets to collect food and build nests.Conversely,while EBN farming is a sustainable and profitable option,the initial costs of constructing buildings to house swiftlets may deter farmers from participating in the process.

NE TIGER Premieres New Hua Fu At Bird’s Nest

On the evening of September 25, China’s leading luxury fashion brand NE TIGER presented its premiere fashion show of Hua Fu(Chinese national dress) at a concert of superstars from China, Japan and South Korea,

体视镜在燕窝鉴别中的应用

目的:研究体视镜在燕窝鉴别中的可行性。方法:观察白燕碎、血燕盏、银耳碎及涂胶白燕盏在体视镜下的特征区别。结果:体视镜可区分燕窝碎与伪品银耳,主要区别在于两者的透明度及表面纹理:体视镜还可根据燕窝的表面纹理及绒羽的存在状态识别出涂胶燕窝。讨论:体视镜可用于燕窝的鉴别,尤适于在研究初期对大量商品作普查时使用。

燕窝对正常小鼠肠道菌群的影响

观察燕窝对正常小鼠肠道菌群的影响,评价其对肠道微生态调节的作用。昆明种小鼠40只,分成4组,即正常对照组,燕窝高、中、低剂量组。灌胃给药28d后,选用厌氧及需氧菌选择性培养基测定盲肠内容物标本中代表性菌种肠杆菌、肠球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量。与空白对照组相比,燕窝各剂量组小鼠肠道肠杆菌含量显著降低(P<0.01或P<0.05);燕窝高剂量组产气荚膜梭菌含量显著下降(P<0.05);燕窝中、高剂量组肠球菌含量显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);燕窝中、高剂量组小鼠拟杆菌含量显著增加(P<0.05);燕窝高剂量组双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌含量显著上升(P<0.05)。说明燕窝可通过扶植肠道有益菌、抑制有害菌来调节小鼠肠道菌群。

燕窝掺伪检测技术研究进展及展望

燕窝是宜药宜膳的高级保健品,深受消费者喜爱。由于假冒伪劣现象严重,其掺伪检测技术一直以来都是研究的热点。本文综述了其7类主要的检测方法:显微鉴别法、分光光度法、色谱法、红外光谱法、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法、核酸分析法和酶联免疫分析法,并对燕窝掺伪检测技术的发展做了展望。