Background:Flowerpiercers(Diglossa)are traditionally considered as“parasites”of the pollination processes,as they can access the nectar without entering in contact with the reproductive structures of the plants.Neve...Background:Flowerpiercers(Diglossa)are traditionally considered as“parasites”of the pollination processes,as they can access the nectar without entering in contact with the reproductive structures of the plants.Nevertheless,the effect of flowerpiercers seems to vary according to their behavior and the flower’s traits.So,in this work,we aimed to explore the floral characteristics that may determine the susceptibility to robbing and pollen transport by flowerpierc-ers.Also,we identified the potential types of interactions and studied interaction network properties.Methods:We collected the information of 16 ornithophilic plants regarding their floral traits and robbing frequency.Also,we captured 4 species of flowerpiercers and evaluated pollen transport(frequency and loads).We tested the correlation between floral traits,robbing frequency,and pollen transportation.Later,we used these variables in a cluster and principal component analyses to identify the potential types of interactions.Finally,we analyzed and com-pared the structure of the plants-flowerpiercers interaction network.Results:Nectar production significantly influenced both nectar robbing and pollen transportation.While the corolla length was only correlated to the robbing susceptibility.Also,we found that particular flowerpiercers species trans-ported higher loads of some plant pollen,which can be related to the differences in behavior and morphometric traits.We proposed the classification of five different types of plant-flowerpiercer interactions,that showed differ-ent potential mutualist or antagonist relations based on the affectation of nectar robbing and the service of pollen transportation.The interaction networks consisted of 49 links,with 2.4 links per species,and presented indicators of a medium to high resilience,stability,and resistance(nestedness,connectance,and robustness).Also,the network presented medium to low specialization and substantial niche overlap.Conclusions:The ecological role of the flowerpiercers goes beyond its classic assignation as“parasites”as they can actively transport pollen of several Andean plants,affecting its evolutionary history and the stability of the systems.展开更多
In the late Ming Dynasty, the society was turbulent, and it was also the important turning stage in the history of the development of China＇s literature. Xu Wei was a painter with a spirit of the reform and innovatio...In the late Ming Dynasty, the society was turbulent, and it was also the important turning stage in the history of the development of China＇s literature. Xu Wei was a painter with a spirit of the reform and innovation in the late Ming Dynasty, and his painting style pioneered the precedent of the Chinese freehand bmshwork. In his creation of the paintings and the painting theories, he gave the innovative development to the theories of the traditional Chinese paintings and the freehand brushwork in this period in our country, and also promoted the further formation of the freehand flower and bird painting styles. Xu Wei＇s t^eehand flowers and birds combined the strengths of each school, and in the painting style, he was bold and unconstrained, and the pen and ink was coherent, and the form and the spirit were assistant and bleeding. The pen and ink all embodied the wonderful skill of the Chinese traditional paintings, and boldly integrated the wild cursive of the calligraphy in the paintings. This approach was the innovation of the techniques of the Chinese traditional paintings and the promotion of the thinking. The author of this article will begin the research on the relevant contents of the artistic achievements and the influences of the freehand flower and bird paintings by Xu Wei.展开更多
文摘Background:Flowerpiercers(Diglossa)are traditionally considered as“parasites”of the pollination processes,as they can access the nectar without entering in contact with the reproductive structures of the plants.Nevertheless,the effect of flowerpiercers seems to vary according to their behavior and the flower’s traits.So,in this work,we aimed to explore the floral characteristics that may determine the susceptibility to robbing and pollen transport by flowerpierc-ers.Also,we identified the potential types of interactions and studied interaction network properties.Methods:We collected the information of 16 ornithophilic plants regarding their floral traits and robbing frequency.Also,we captured 4 species of flowerpiercers and evaluated pollen transport(frequency and loads).We tested the correlation between floral traits,robbing frequency,and pollen transportation.Later,we used these variables in a cluster and principal component analyses to identify the potential types of interactions.Finally,we analyzed and com-pared the structure of the plants-flowerpiercers interaction network.Results:Nectar production significantly influenced both nectar robbing and pollen transportation.While the corolla length was only correlated to the robbing susceptibility.Also,we found that particular flowerpiercers species trans-ported higher loads of some plant pollen,which can be related to the differences in behavior and morphometric traits.We proposed the classification of five different types of plant-flowerpiercer interactions,that showed differ-ent potential mutualist or antagonist relations based on the affectation of nectar robbing and the service of pollen transportation.The interaction networks consisted of 49 links,with 2.4 links per species,and presented indicators of a medium to high resilience,stability,and resistance(nestedness,connectance,and robustness).Also,the network presented medium to low specialization and substantial niche overlap.Conclusions:The ecological role of the flowerpiercers goes beyond its classic assignation as“parasites”as they can actively transport pollen of several Andean plants,affecting its evolutionary history and the stability of the systems.
文摘In the late Ming Dynasty, the society was turbulent, and it was also the important turning stage in the history of the development of China＇s literature. Xu Wei was a painter with a spirit of the reform and innovation in the late Ming Dynasty, and his painting style pioneered the precedent of the Chinese freehand bmshwork. In his creation of the paintings and the painting theories, he gave the innovative development to the theories of the traditional Chinese paintings and the freehand brushwork in this period in our country, and also promoted the further formation of the freehand flower and bird painting styles. Xu Wei＇s t^eehand flowers and birds combined the strengths of each school, and in the painting style, he was bold and unconstrained, and the pen and ink was coherent, and the form and the spirit were assistant and bleeding. The pen and ink all embodied the wonderful skill of the Chinese traditional paintings, and boldly integrated the wild cursive of the calligraphy in the paintings. This approach was the innovation of the techniques of the Chinese traditional paintings and the promotion of the thinking. The author of this article will begin the research on the relevant contents of the artistic achievements and the influences of the freehand flower and bird paintings by Xu Wei.
