This study determined effects of birth weights （0.70 to 1.09, 1.10 to 1.49, 1.50 to 1.89, and ≥ 1.90 kg） on the efficiency of milk utilization for growth in sow-reared piglets. One-hundred-sixty piglets from 18 mul...This study determined effects of birth weights （0.70 to 1.09, 1.10 to 1.49, 1.50 to 1.89, and ≥ 1.90 kg） on the efficiency of milk utilization for growth in sow-reared piglets. One-hundred-sixty piglets from 18 multiparous sows （ Landrace × Large White） were individually weighed immediately after birth （ day 0） and at 7-day intervals for 35 days. Milk consumption of piglets was determined weekly using the weigh-suckle-weigh method. Deaths of piglets were recorded daily. Piglets with the lightest birth weight had the highest incidence of mortality. Birth weights between 0.70 and 1.89 kg were positively as- sociated with average dally gains （ADG, g/day ） during the suckling period （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Compared with piglets having birth weights of 1.50 to 1.89 kg, birth weights ≥ 1.90 kg did not confer any additional benefit on preweaning survival or ADG. Colostrum or milk consumption per kilogram of body weight among low-, normal-, and large-birth-weight piglets did not differ in the first week. At days 14 to 35, milk consumption of piglets （ g/kg BW/day ） increased （e 〈 0. 01 ） but the ratio of gain to milk consumption decreased （ P 〈 0.01 ） progressively, as their birth weights increased from 0.70 to ≥1.90 kg. Additionally, surviving low-birth-weight piglets had a higher relative growth rate （%/day ） than normal-and large-birth- weight piglets. Based on these novel findings, it is imperative that great efforts be made to improve the survival of low-birth-weight piglets so as to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization by both lactating sows and suckling piglets.展开更多
Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other sele...Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other selected macroeconomic variables have never been included in the literature. Objectives: This study examines murder, mortality, and selected macroeconomic variables are factors of births, using data for Jamaica from 1989-2009. Methods: The study is a secondary data analysis of statistics on Jamaica from 1989 - 2009 but also includes data on births from 1900s. Find- ings: In the decade of the 1950s, births increased by 79.9% over the decade of 1900s, grew by 22.4% in the 1960s over the previous decade and declined by 17.6% in 2000s compared with the 1990s. Four emerged as statistically significant predictors of lnbirth—inflation, GDP per capita growth, mortality and murder, with an explanatory power of 90.6%—F = 19.291, P s = 0.962), when murder was excluded and replaced by annual exchange rate, the factors influencing lnbirth was exchange rate, inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita growth and mortality—all factors account for 92.2% of the variability in lnbirth—F = 30.572, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Murder is more that a crime it is a cause of birth decline, suggesting that public health practitioners as well as epidemiologists must take this factor into account as it is a birth determinant.展开更多
Background: Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and it is associated with psychosocial and obstetric factors. Studies have shown that pregnancy does not prevent women from becoming depre...Background: Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and it is associated with psychosocial and obstetric factors. Studies have shown that pregnancy does not prevent women from becoming depressed;rather, it may be a time when depression occurs for the first time in some women. Antenatal depression has been identified as a risk factor for post natal depression, adverse obstetric outcomes, poorer neonatal outcomes and higher growth retardation in infants. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the fetal growth outcomes among depressed pregnant women in their third trimester attending antenatal clinic at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Method: A prospective cohort study design was used to assess 514 women who consented to the study (256 cases and 258 controls). A socio-demographic questionnaire was given to the women to fill out the study entry. Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for depression and MINI neuropsychiatric interviews were used to diagnose depression in those women found to be at risk of depression using the EPDS. Ultrasonography was used to determine the fetal weight in the third trimester of pregnancy. The birth weight of the babies born to the women was obtained from the birth register in the labor ward and the fetal growth rate was calculated from the estimated fetal weight on ultrasound scan in late pregnancy and the birth weight of babies. Result: The mean fetal weight in the third trimester for non-depressed women was slightly higher than in depressed women though the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.431). The difference in the mean calculated fetal growth rate for fetuses of non-depressed women in the third trimester was statistically significantly higher than in depressed women (p = 0.000). Depressed women also had babies with lower birth weight than non-depressed women and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00).展开更多
基金supported by funds from Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grants no.2008-35206-187642008-35203-19120 from the USDA National Institute of Food and AgricultureTexas AgriLife Research Hatch project (H-8200), and Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas, USA)
文摘This study determined effects of birth weights （0.70 to 1.09, 1.10 to 1.49, 1.50 to 1.89, and ≥ 1.90 kg） on the efficiency of milk utilization for growth in sow-reared piglets. One-hundred-sixty piglets from 18 multiparous sows （ Landrace × Large White） were individually weighed immediately after birth （ day 0） and at 7-day intervals for 35 days. Milk consumption of piglets was determined weekly using the weigh-suckle-weigh method. Deaths of piglets were recorded daily. Piglets with the lightest birth weight had the highest incidence of mortality. Birth weights between 0.70 and 1.89 kg were positively as- sociated with average dally gains （ADG, g/day ） during the suckling period （ P 〈 0.01 ）. Compared with piglets having birth weights of 1.50 to 1.89 kg, birth weights ≥ 1.90 kg did not confer any additional benefit on preweaning survival or ADG. Colostrum or milk consumption per kilogram of body weight among low-, normal-, and large-birth-weight piglets did not differ in the first week. At days 14 to 35, milk consumption of piglets （ g/kg BW/day ） increased （e 〈 0. 01 ） but the ratio of gain to milk consumption decreased （ P 〈 0.01 ） progressively, as their birth weights increased from 0.70 to ≥1.90 kg. Additionally, surviving low-birth-weight piglets had a higher relative growth rate （%/day ） than normal-and large-birth- weight piglets. Based on these novel findings, it is imperative that great efforts be made to improve the survival of low-birth-weight piglets so as to increase the efficiency of nutrient utilization by both lactating sows and suckling piglets.
文摘Background: In 1960, total fertility rate in Jamaica was 5.6 children per woman which declined by 57.5% in 2008. The reduction in fertility is primarily attributable to contraceptive measures;but murder and other selected macroeconomic variables have never been included in the literature. Objectives: This study examines murder, mortality, and selected macroeconomic variables are factors of births, using data for Jamaica from 1989-2009. Methods: The study is a secondary data analysis of statistics on Jamaica from 1989 - 2009 but also includes data on births from 1900s. Find- ings: In the decade of the 1950s, births increased by 79.9% over the decade of 1900s, grew by 22.4% in the 1960s over the previous decade and declined by 17.6% in 2000s compared with the 1990s. Four emerged as statistically significant predictors of lnbirth—inflation, GDP per capita growth, mortality and murder, with an explanatory power of 90.6%—F = 19.291, P s = 0.962), when murder was excluded and replaced by annual exchange rate, the factors influencing lnbirth was exchange rate, inflation, unemployment, GDP per capita growth and mortality—all factors account for 92.2% of the variability in lnbirth—F = 30.572, P < 0.0001. Conclusion: Murder is more that a crime it is a cause of birth decline, suggesting that public health practitioners as well as epidemiologists must take this factor into account as it is a birth determinant.
文摘Background: Depression is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder in pregnancy and it is associated with psychosocial and obstetric factors. Studies have shown that pregnancy does not prevent women from becoming depressed;rather, it may be a time when depression occurs for the first time in some women. Antenatal depression has been identified as a risk factor for post natal depression, adverse obstetric outcomes, poorer neonatal outcomes and higher growth retardation in infants. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the fetal growth outcomes among depressed pregnant women in their third trimester attending antenatal clinic at the Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Method: A prospective cohort study design was used to assess 514 women who consented to the study (256 cases and 258 controls). A socio-demographic questionnaire was given to the women to fill out the study entry. Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to screen for depression and MINI neuropsychiatric interviews were used to diagnose depression in those women found to be at risk of depression using the EPDS. Ultrasonography was used to determine the fetal weight in the third trimester of pregnancy. The birth weight of the babies born to the women was obtained from the birth register in the labor ward and the fetal growth rate was calculated from the estimated fetal weight on ultrasound scan in late pregnancy and the birth weight of babies. Result: The mean fetal weight in the third trimester for non-depressed women was slightly higher than in depressed women though the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.431). The difference in the mean calculated fetal growth rate for fetuses of non-depressed women in the third trimester was statistically significantly higher than in depressed women (p = 0.000). Depressed women also had babies with lower birth weight than non-depressed women and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00).
