Prevalence and Risk Factors of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Patients with Bisphosphonate Exposure in Casablanca, Morocco: An Observational Study

Objective: To study the prevalence of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) and to determine the risk factors associated with the occurrence of this pathology. Method: An observational retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Oncology, Rheumatology, and Maxillofacial Surgery of Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca. The study utilized complete medical records from 2014 to 2022 and included consultations of patients receiving bisphosphonates (BPs) in July and September 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Our study population comprised 104 patients, of whom 91% were women and 49% were over 65 years old. Seventy-two percent of patients had a general pathology. Among them, 64 patients were treated with zoledronate, 43 with alendronate, and the remainder with risedronate, ibandronate, and pamidronate. The most common indications for treatment were bone metastasis following breast cancer (29.8%) and osteoporotic fractures (19.2%). Sixty-seven patients received intravenous (IV) treatment;only 10.5% exhibited good oral health. Fifty percent of patients underwent dental treatment, primarily tooth extractions. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) was diagnosed in 1.9% of patients, predominantly in stages 1 and 2. Conclusion: Second and third-generation bisphosphonates are more strongly associated with the development of ONJ. Risk factors include monthly IV administration, poor oral health, comorbidities such as diabetes, medications like corticosteroids, invasive dental procedures, and not only oncological conditions but also rare indications such as bone algodystrophy. Nevertheless, our observed prevalence of 1.9% aligns with international rates ranging from 0.8% to 12%. However, most of the studies that have been carried out have been retrospective studies with insufficient numbers of patients. Further prospective epidemiological studies based on standardized protocols with rigorous and appropriate follow-up over several years are essential to determine the exact prevalence of ONJ.

Oral microbiota and host innate immune response in bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

Bacterial biofilms have emerged as potential critical triggers in the pathogenesis of bisphosphonate（BP）-related osteonecrosis of the jaw（ONJ） or BRONJ. BRONJ lesions have shown to be heavily colonized by oral bacteria, most of these difficult to cultivate and presents many clinical challenges. The purpose of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity in BRONJ lesions and to determine host immune response. We examined tissue specimens from three cohorts（n530）; patients with periodontal disease without a history of BP therapy（Control, n510）, patients with periodontal disease having history of BP therapy but without ONJ（BP, n55） and patients with BRONJ（BRONJ, n515）. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of polymerase chain reaction（PCR）-amplified 16 S r RNA gene fragments revealed less bacterial diversity in BRONJ than BP and Control cohorts. Sequence analysis detected six phyla with predominant affiliation to Firmicutes in BRONJ（71.6%）, BP（70.3%） and Control（59.1%）. Significant differences（P,0.05） in genera were observed, between Control/BP, Control/BRONJ and BP/BRONJ cohorts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）results indicated that the levels of myeloperoxidase were significantly lower, whereas interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were moderately elevated in BRONJ patients as compared to Controls. PCR array showed significant changes in BRONJ patients with downregulation of host genes, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2, and cathepsin G, the key modulators for antibacterial response and upregulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, proteinase 3 and conserved helix–loop–helix ubiquitous kinase. The results suggest that colonization of unique bacterial communities coupled with deficient innate immune response is likely to impact the pathogenesis of ONJ.

Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: A report on 30 cases

Aim: To report a series of thirty cases of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Material and Methods: For 30 patients with BRONJ, gender, age, underlying diagnosis, type of bisphosphonate (BP), administration route and duration, location and stage of osteonecrosis, symptoms and oral health status, radiological findings of the jaws, treatment and outcome, were recorded. Results: Underlying diagnoses in the series (12 male;18 female;mean age 70.50 ± 9.62) were: 12 multiple myeloma, 7 breast cancer, 3 prostate carcinoma, 1 kidney/lung/ bladder/mediastinal cancer, 1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 1 osteoporosis, 1 palatal osteosarcoma + osteoporosis, 1 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Forty-seven osteonecrotic lesions were detected;30 localized in the mandible,17 inthe maxilla;trigger events were tooth extraction in 31 cases (66%), periodontal disease in 4 (8.50%), incongruous dentures in 3 (6.40%), perimplantitis in 1 (2.10%), unknown in 8 (17%). Twenty-nine patients had received treatment using amino bisphosphonates (25 zoledronate, 2 pamidronate, 2 alendronate) and 1 clodronate;the administration route was intravenous in 27 patients, oral in 2 and intramuscular in 1. Mean number of doses to bone exposure for patients was 34.11 for zoledronate, 50.50 for pamidronate, 146 for alendronate, and 500 for clodronate. Among statistical data the only significant finding was that panoramic dental radiography gave no concrete support for diagnosis of ONJ lesions (p ≤ 0.04). Conclusions: Our case series reflects literature data. We emphasize the insufficient role of panoramic radiography to study osteonecrotic lesions and the role of poor oral hygiene.

Establishment and assessment of rodent models of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ)is primarily associated with administering antiresorptive or antiangiogenic drugs.Despite significant research on MRONJ,its pathogenesis and effective treatments are still not fully understood.Animal models can be used to simulate the pathophysiological features of MRONJ,serving as standardized in vivo experimental platforms to explore the pathogenesis and therapies of MRONJ.Rodent models exhibit excellent effectiveness and high reproducibility in mimicking human MRONJ,but classical methods cannot achieve a complete replica of the pathogenesis of MRONJ.Modified rodent models have been reported with improvements for better mimicking of MRONJ onset in clinic.This review summarizes representative classical and modified rodent models of MRONJ created through various combinations of systemic drug induction and local stimulation and discusses their effectiveness and efficiency.Currently,there is a lack of a unified assessment system for MRONJ models,which hinders a standard definition of MRONJ-like lesions in rodents.Therefore,this review comprehensively summarizes assessment systems based on published peer-review articles,including new approaches in gross observation,histological assessments,radiographic assessments,and serological assessments.This review can serve as a reference for model establishment and evaluation in future preclinical studies on MRONJ.

Jaw Osteonecrosis in Patients Receiving Oral Bisphosphonates Therapy

We describe the cases of three patients, under the care of the rheumatology service, who presented with osteonecrosis of the jaw whist on oral bisphosphonate therapy. The first case is of a 74-year-old woman with a 12 year history of sero-negative inflammatory arthritis, having been on oral steroids for 11 years, Methotrexate for the preceding 6 years, and oral bisphosphonates for 9 years. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed extensive jaw necrosis. The second patient was a 72-year-old woman with temporal arteritis, on long term oral steroids, and oral bisphosphonates presenting with jaw osteonecrosis. The third case is of an 81-year-old lady with a diagnosis of Polymyalgia Rheumatica on reducing dose of prednisolone along with calcium and vitamin D3 and oral bisphosphonate therapy as part of steroid induced prophylaxis guidelines. On reviewing the literature regarding bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw, there is indeed recognition of this occurring with oral bisphosphonates. However, this is far less common than with intravenous preparations. Reports to the UK MHRA regarding adverse reactions have shown 53 cases of osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with oral bisphosphonates, but this is thought to represent under-reporting. We suggest consideration of patient counselling and consent, and preventive dental work prior to initiation of oral bisphosphonate therapy.

Prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw

Purpose: to update recommendations for the prevention and treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients on bisphophonate therapy. Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a rare and serious complication of bisphosphonate therapy. Also, it is one of the important and growing clinical public health issues, because biphosphonates are now more commonly used than before. Bisphophonates are primarly used in the treat-ment of cancer-related conditions such as bone metastases, hypercalcemia, lytic skeletal lesions. More recently, bisphophonate has been approved for the management of osteoporosis. The etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, however, two important risk factors have been identified, i.e. the potency and length of bisphos- phonate use, and recent dental intervention. Recommendations: prior to the introduction of bisphosphonate therapy, all patients should undergo complete dental examination, any active oral cavity infec-tion should be treated and the potential sites of new infection removed. During bisphosphonate therapy, patients should strictly comply with oral hygiene and avoid any invasive procedure of the oral cavity.

Photodynamic Therapy for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws: A Case Report

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ) is a relatively new disease. MARX reported first cases in 2003. MRONJ relates to oral and parenteral bisphosphonates as well as to the so-called target cancer therapies but the list of medications only grows. Although MRONJ is a relatively rare condition, it can be associated to significant morbidity with feeding limitations and intense pain. More severe cases can lead to potentially life-threatening infections. Every patient initiating bisphosphonate and/or target cancer therapy must visit a dentist before starting medication because preventive measures for MRONJ are much more effective compared to surgical management of the lesions. Surgical resolution can be especially difficult to obtain in the coexistence of certain complication factors like wider bone exposures, history of nitrogen containing bisphosphonates use (mainly zolendronate) and immunodeficiency. Recently, researchers have given attention to laser therapy associated to photosensitive agents as a possible option to management of some MRONJ lesions. Our case report demonstrates the use of photodynamic therapy in a denosumab related lesion in the mandible. It seems that denosumab related lesions are more amenable to treatment and total resolution because of the marked differences between its chemical and metabolic characteristics when compared to bisphosphonates.

使用双膦酸盐药物患者种植体早期失败率及术后药物相关性颌骨坏死的单组率Meta分析

目的系统评价使用双膦酸盐药物(bisphosphonates,BPs)患者种植体早期失败率及种植术后药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)发生率,为临床评估相关风险提供依据。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library、Wiley Online Library、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台,收集纳入各数据库建库至2022年5月发表的关于使用BPs患者种植体早期失败或种植术后发生MRONJ的临床研究。采用Stata 15.0软件对种植体早期失败率进行单组率Meta分析。结果共纳入13篇文献,其中口服BPs患者植入1182颗种植体,静脉注射BPs患者植入79颗,共计1261颗种植体。口服BPs患者合并种植体早期失败率为1.7%(95%CI:0.3%~3.9%),MRONJ发生率为0。静脉注射BPs患者种植体早期失败率为0,MRONJ发生率为5.6%。结论口服BPs患者种植体早期失败率及术后MRONJ发生率低,与健康人群基本相当。静脉使用BPs患者种植术后发生MRONJ风险较高,临床适应证选择应慎重。

舌下腺瓣修复临床Ⅱ期慢性黄磷性颌骨骨髓炎和药物相关性颌骨坏死术后缺损

目的:探讨利用舌下腺瓣修复临床Ⅱ期慢性黄磷性颌骨骨髓炎(PNJ)和药物相关性颌骨坏死(MRONJ)术后颌骨缺损的临床效果。方法:利用舌下腺瓣修复慢性下颌骨坏死术后颌骨缺损的5例患者。其中慢性黄磷性颌骨骨髓炎3例,药物相关性颌骨坏死患者2例。结果:5例患者临床检查评价治疗效果,术后2周内创口愈合良好,无感染,舌下腺功能正常。结论:利用舌下腺瓣修复慢性黄磷性颌骨骨髓炎和药物相关性颌骨坏死术后下颌骨缺损有效可行。

双层软组织缝合封闭技术在下颌骨中早期药物相关性颌骨骨坏死患者手术治疗中的应用

目的:探究双层软组织缝合封闭技术在单纯应用抗骨吸收药物引起的发生在下颌骨的中早期药物相关性颌骨骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)患者手术治疗中的临床应用效果。方法:选择2021年10月至2022年9月于北京大学口腔医院四病区经手术治疗的中早期下颌骨MRONJ患者的病历资料进行回顾性分析,收集患者术前基线临床资料,包括原发疾病、伴发疾病、用药方案(药物种类、用药时长)、MRONJ分期、临床症状、影像学表现等,所有患者在手术中行下颌骨边缘切除术去除坏死骨,运用双层软组织缝合封闭技术关闭伤口,术后定期复查随访,评价双层软组织缝合封闭技术的治疗效果及并发症,并对患者进行疼痛评分和功能状态评价。结果:研究共纳入13例患者(女12例,男1例),年龄(66.69±13.14)岁。原发疾病包括骨质疏松7例,肺癌2例,乳腺癌3例,前列腺癌1例;2例伴发糖尿病,2例伴发心血管疾病,1例伴发干燥综合征。9例患者静脉注射唑来膦酸,平均用药时间(37.7±20.0)个月,7例患者同时服用了来曲唑片等其他药物;3例患者应用地舒单抗注射液,平均用药时间(10.3±11.9)个月;5例患者服用阿仑膦酸钠片,平均用药时间(55.20±27.20)个月,2例患者不同程度地服用醋酸泼尼松片或阿卡波糖片。MRONJ 1期4例,2期9例。13例患者均采用双层软组织缝合封闭技术关闭伤口,术后平均随访11.9个月(9~17个月),13例患者皆治愈,无溢脓等并发症发生。患者术前Karnofsky功能状态评分量表(Karnofsky performance status,KPS)评分为(68.46±14.05)分,术后评分为(82.31±15.36)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者术前疼痛评估视觉模拟评分量表(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分为(5.77±0.73)分,术后评分为(0.38±0.51)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:双层软组织缝合封闭技术在中早期单纯使用抗骨吸收类药物的下颌骨MRONJ患者中可以取得良好的临床治疗效果,可为用药情况更加复杂的MRONJ患者提供临床治疗思路。

骨管技术在Ⅱ期下颌骨药物相关性颌骨坏死手术中的应用初探

目的 探讨手术联合骨管技术在Ⅱ期下颌骨药物相关性颌骨坏死(MRONJ)治疗中的效果。方法 纳入2020年6月—2023年6月期间21例行手术治疗的Ⅱ期下颌骨MRONJ患者,回顾分析患者的临床资料(性别、年龄、原发疾病、药物名称及给药方式、术前是否停药和预后)。其中男性14例,女性7例,发病时平均年龄为(68.33±10.74)岁。根据美国口腔颌面外科医师协会的指南对患者进行分期,纳入患者为Ⅱ期下颌骨MRONJ,治疗方式为颌骨部分切除术联合骨管技术,术中软组织无张力严密缝合。术后定期随访,并根据患者的临床表现及影像学检查等评价手术疗效。采用简版SF-12量表对所有患者进行术前和术后生活质量评价。结果 本组患者共21例,术后随访8~38个月,17例患者黏膜愈合良好(80.95%),临床伴随症状消失,无新的死骨形成。患者术后生活质量评分[(83.62±5.90)分]显著高于术前[(63.67±4.70)分](P<0.05)。结论 手术联合骨管技术在较为难治的Ⅱ期MRONJ患者中是一种有效的治疗方法,成功率高。

干细胞复合物防治医源性颌骨坏死的研究进展

药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)及放射性颌骨坏死(osteoradionecrosis of the jaw,ORNJ)是两种常见的难治性医源性颌骨坏死。随着骨组织工程的迅猛发展,将生物材料负载干细胞所制成的干细胞复合物,用于对MRONJ及ORNJ的预防和治疗成为本领域研究的重点和热点。本文通过对干细胞复合物防治MRONJ和ORNJ的相关研究进行回顾,阐述干细胞复合物对MRONJ及ORNJ的防治效果和影响因素,分析该技术有待探究的问题,以期为进一步研究指明方向,为临床应用提供依据。

特立帕肽对大鼠药物相关性颌骨坏死模型作用的实验研究

目的:建立稳定的药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)模型,探究特立帕肽对MRONJ的治疗作用。方法:选择10月龄SD大鼠,经尾静脉注射唑来膦酸(80μg/kg),每周1次,持续7周,第8周拔除右上颌第一、第二磨牙。拔牙术后8周,观察大鼠颌骨坏死情况。将颌骨坏死建模成功的动物随机分为对照组和实验组,分别接受生理盐水和特立帕肽(60μg/kg,每周3次)皮下注射治疗,4周后处死大鼠,进行大体观察、组织学检测、micro-CT检测,评价特立帕肽对MRONJ的治疗效果。结果:对照组大鼠颌骨坏死未见愈合,且坏死程度加重;micro-CT影像见颌骨纹理紊乱,边缘粗糙,死骨形成,骨破坏区与鼻旁窦相通。实验组见大鼠拔牙创逐渐缩小,67%的大鼠拔牙创完全愈合;micro-CT影像见拔牙创内新骨形成,牙槽骨愈合征象。结论:特立帕肽对大鼠MRONJ具有显著的治疗作用。

双膦酸盐类药物相关性颌骨坏死的研究及进展

双膦酸盐类(bisphosphonates,BPs)在临床上广泛应用于预防和治疗骨质疏松症等疾病,取得了良好的治疗效果,但大量报道指出其可通过抗血管生成及抑制骨吸收等作用引发药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)。MRONJ是一种严重的不良反应,根据剂量和使用时间的不同,这种药物不良反应可能很少发生(如口服双膦酸盐治疗骨质疏松症),也可能经常发生(如静脉注射双膦酸盐治疗癌症)。当前导致颌骨坏死的病理机制尚未完全明确,针对MRONJ的诊治也未形成统一共识,本文通过整理归纳近年来有关MRONJ的发病机制及临床治疗等相关问题研究结果,叙述现国内外研究进展,为临床应用研究工作提供指导和帮助。

甲状旁腺激素预防双膦酸盐性颌骨坏死的动物实验研究

目的:通过建立小鼠模型探究甲状旁腺激素(PTH)对双膦酸盐性颌骨坏死(BRONJ)发生、发展的影响。方法:采用长期腹腔注射唑来膦酸(ZOL)与地塞米松(DXMS)建立高危SD大鼠模型,采用有创拔牙的方式刺激颌骨,以有效地引发BRONJ样疾病的发展。拔牙后治疗组预防性皮下注射PTH,实验组及空白组不作处理。结果:在拔牙创面的刺激下,成功采用ZOL和DEX联合用药建立BRONJ模型。实验组骨小梁厚度、密度以及数量均较空白组降低(P<0.05),而骨小梁分离度上升(P<0.05);治疗组骨小梁厚度、密度以及数量均较实验组上升(P<0.05),而骨小梁分离度下降(P<0.05)。结论:本研究成功建立了大鼠BRONJ模型,证实PTH可在一定程度上抑制BRONJ的发生,对BRONJ的治疗有一定的效果。

晚期药物相关性颌骨坏死的手术治疗

目的 总结晚期(2、3期)药物相关性颌骨坏死(MRONJ)的手术治疗效果。方法 纳入2013年7月—2021年5月就诊于北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院口腔颌面外科且采用手术治疗的晚期MRONJ患者。回顾性分析患者的临床资料,包括患者的原发疾病、用药情况、病变情况、手术治疗和随访结果等。结果 本研究共纳入104例患者(123处病变),男性42例,女性62例,平均年龄(64.6±9.1)岁。原发疾病为恶性肿瘤91例,非肿瘤性疾病13例。2期病变43处(35.0%),3期病变80处(65.0%)。39处(31.7%)病变位于上颌骨,84处(68.3%)病变位于下颌骨。使用唑来膦酸89例(85.6%),阿仑膦酸钠10例(9.6%),帕米膦酸钠10例(9.6%),抗血管生成药物62例(59.6%)。平均药物治疗时长(34.7±25.8)月,平均停药时长(10.1±10.7)月。全部患者均在全麻下完成手术。手术去净死骨后,2期病变以局部黏骨膜瓣关闭创口,3期病变根据具体情况分别采用重建钛板联合下颌下腺转位、血管化腓骨瓣修复、碘仿纱条填塞、带蒂颊脂垫瓣修复等关闭创口。术后随访3个月至6年,81.3%(100/123)病变在末次随访时实现黏膜愈合,18.7%(23/123)病变术后复发。结论 晚期MRONJ可以通过手术治疗实现黏膜愈合;对于合适的患者,可以考虑血管化软硬组织修复重建以提高生命质量。

药物相关性颌骨坏死临床诊疗专家共识

药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)是一种因治疗全身其他疾病需要使用抗骨吸收药物(双膦酸盐类药物等)、抗血管生成类药物、激素类药物等发生的颌骨坏死并发症,临床主要表现为局部红肿、疼痛、咀嚼障碍、面部软组织瘘管经久不愈、骨外露等,严重者可伴病理性骨折,严重影响患者生活质量及身心健康。迄今为止,国内对于MRONJ缺乏统一的分类、分期及相关治疗共识或指南,不同单位对于MRONJ的诊治水平参差不齐,缺乏统一、科学的诊疗标准及客观的疗效评价体系。为统一和规范MRONJ的诊疗标准,减少医疗资源浪费,提高治疗效果,国内MRONJ研究领域的专家经反复讨论,汇集全国12家著名医学院校及附属医院专家的诊治意见,同时借鉴和参考国内外近年来对MRONJ的研究成果与诊治经验,制订本专家共识,供相关临床医师参考。

临床和基础联合研究药物相关性颌骨坏死

目的对静脉应用唑来膦酸(ZA)患者拔牙后出现药物相关性颌骨坏死(MRONJ)情况进行临床观察,并通过腹腔注射ZA结合拔牙建立MRONJ大鼠动物模型,研究相关发病机制。方法选取2013年1月至2018年1月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院内分泌科收治的骨质疏松使用ZA注射液患者45例,微创拔牙操作后观察伤口愈合情况。选用5周龄健康雄性无特定病原体级SD大鼠36只,完全随机分为ZA组和对照组,每组18只。ZA组对SD大鼠腹腔注射ZA(0.2 mg/ml),采用隔日1次,连续注射8周后微创拔除左侧下颌第一颗磨牙的方法建立MRONJ动物模型,对照组大鼠注射等容积0.9%氯化钠溶液并行左侧下颌第一磨牙拔除术。拔牙后继续饲养6周然后过量麻醉处死所有大鼠。取大鼠拔牙侧下颌骨,剔净软组织后行微计算机断层扫描(Micro-CT)观察影像学改变,并对感兴趣区域(ROI)骨微结构进行定量分析,再通过苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察软硬组织结构变化。结果临床观察中,45例患者中1例出现Ⅰ期骨坏死(极轻微型MRONJ),连续观察3年仍未痊愈。基础研究成功建立MRONJ大鼠模型,口内拔牙创口大体观察、Micro-CT及组织病理学检查均证实颌骨坏死率为77.8%(14/18)。Micro-CT对大鼠下颌骨组织ROI微结构定量分析结果显示骨微结构指标变化,ZA组大鼠拔牙创周围ROI骨矿密度、骨体积分数和骨小梁数目均高于对照组,骨小梁间隙小于对照组(均P<0.05),提示骨的改建和愈合能力下降。HE染色显示与对照组相比,ZA组拔牙创周围出现骨坏死和炎性浸润的典型病理表现,拔牙创邻牙的牙根处牙周膜和牙髓组织出现细胞变性和坏死表现。结论静脉应用ZA患者拔牙后可出现MRONJ。腹腔注射ZA结合拔牙的方法可成功诱导大鼠发生MRONJ样病变,并观察到大鼠的颌骨和软组织微结构发生改变。

药物相关性颌骨坏死治疗的研究进展

药物相关性颌骨坏死(medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw,MRONJ)是一种发生于使用抗骨吸收、抗血管生成药物后且严重影响患者生活质量的颌骨炎症性病变。目前关于MRONJ尚无标准治疗流程,在治疗方法、治疗时机、治疗指征等方面存在争议。MRONJ的治疗方法包括传统非手术治疗、手术治疗、新型辅助治疗,其中传统非手术治疗对早期病变的作用已被广泛认可,手术治疗的地位越来越被重视,目前尚无足够证据支持新型辅助治疗常规用于临床。本文就MRONJ治疗的研究现状进行综述,为临床治疗MRONJ提供一定依据。

基于《黄帝内经》“骨蚀”探析药物相关性颌骨坏死的中医病机

溯源《黄帝内经》中“骨蚀”,阐释“虚邪”致病内涵,分析“骨蚀”与药物相关性颌骨坏死在病因病机、临床表现上的相关性,并结合抗骨吸收药物和抗血管生成药物药邪致病的特性,将药物相关性颌骨坏死的中医病机归纳为药邪积聚、肾精亏虚、脾胃虚弱,分别从正虚、邪实两方面探析药物相关性颌骨坏死的发生、发展过程。