Species-level Microbiota of Biting Midges and Ticks from Poyang Lake

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial communities of biting midges and ticks collected from three sites in the Poyang Lake area,namely,Qunlu Practice Base,Peach Blossom Garden,and Huangtong Animal Husbandry,and whether vectors carry any bacterial pathogens that may cause diseases to humans,to provide scientific basis for prospective pathogen discovery and disease prevention and control.Methods Using a metataxonomics approach in concert with full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and operational phylogenetic unit(OPU)analysis,we characterized the species-level microbial community structure of two important vector species,biting midges and ticks,including 33 arthropod samples comprising 3,885 individuals,collected around Poyang Lake.Results A total of 662 OPUs were classified in biting midges,including 195 known species and 373 potentially new species,and 618 OPUs were classified in ticks,including 217 known species and 326 potentially new species.Surprisingly,OPUs with potentially pathogenicity were detected in both arthropod vectors,with 66 known species of biting midges reported to carry potential pathogens,including Asaia lannensis and Rickettsia bellii,compared to 50 in ticks,such as Acinetobacter lwoffii and Staphylococcus sciuri.We found that Proteobacteria was the most dominant group in both midges and ticks.Furthermore,the outcomes demonstrated that the microbiota of midges and ticks tend to be governed by a few highly abundant bacteria.Pantoea sp7 was predominant in biting midges,while Coxiella sp1 was enriched in ticks.Meanwhile,Coxiella spp.,which may be essential for the survival of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann,were detected in all tick samples.The identification of dominant species and pathogens of biting midges and ticks in this study serves to broaden our knowledge associated to microbes of arthropod vectors.Conclusion Biting midges and ticks carry large numbers of known and potentially novel bacteria,and carry a wide range of potentially pathogenic bacteria,which may pose a risk of infection to humans and animals.The microbial communities of midges and ticks tend to be dominated by a few highly abundant bacteria.

Epidemiological and demographic study of acute animal biting in Abdanan County,Ilam Province,Western Iran

Objective: To determine the incidence, epidemiology and demography of acute animal bites referred to Abdanan health centers in the years 2009 to 2013. Methods: This study was a descriptive analytical research. Questionnaires for each case of acute animal bite was completed. Data about age, gender, kind of animal, residency, site of bite, etc taken from Abdanan health centers were analyzed. Data were analyzed in SPSS by using descriptive statistics. Results: Total number of exposed persons to acute animal bites was reported 67 in 2009 and 69 in 2013. The average incidence rate was 1.2 per 1 000 population. Bites were frequent among the age group of 20-30 years. Most of the cases were self-employment. Around 83.8% of cases were bitten by dogs. Of total 309 studied patients, 73.8% were male. Feet (71.5%) and hands (22.7%) were the most common body part affected. About 53.1% of cases were in rural population. Conclusions: Dogs seems to play a very important role in the epidemiology of rabies in Abdanan, Iran. No cases of human rabies were observed in our study. This may be because of increasing public awareness and the upgrading of health and treatment centers, all of which in study region provide post-exposure anti-rabies treatment including vaccination, immunoglobulin and wound washing.

Biting force and tongue muscle strength as useful indicators for eating and swallowing capability assessment among elderly patients

Weakened capability of eating and swallowing is common among elderly population,affecting negatively on their health and well-being.This work measured occlusal force and tongue muscle strength of elderly patients and then assessed whether correlations existed between oral physiological properties and the eating and swallowing capability.A total of 26 elderly patients with potential swallow disorder were recruited in this work.Participants’denture status and daily diet texture were determined by a pre-questionnaire analysis.Their swallowing capability was assessed and rated by water drinking test.Maximum tongue pressure,incisor occlusal force and hand gripping force were measured for each subject.It was observed that participating subjects have on average a significantly lower biting force and maximum tongue pressure than that of normal adults.The swallowing grades assessed by water drinking test showed significant correlations with both the biting force(r=−0.498,P<0.05)and the tongue muscle strength(r=−0.544,P<0.05).The biting force of dysphagia participants correlates significantly with dental conditions(P<0.05).The observed correlation between tongue pressure and diet texture indicates that tongue muscle strength could be used as a reliable indicator of the eating and swallowing capability for elderly people.

Nocturnal man biting habits of mosquito species in Serian, Sarawak, Malaysia

Knowledge of the composition and biting habits of mosquito associated with endemic areas is important in establishing sound vector control programmes and understanding the epidemiology of vector borne diseases. The biting activity cycle of several mosquito species in Serian, Sarawak was observed and described. Collections were carried out indoors and outdoors for 12 hours from 6.00 pm to 6.00 am using human landing catch techniques. A total of 7271 mosquitoes comprising 27 species belonging to sixgenera were collected. Mansonia bonneae (23.6%) was the predominant species caught in the study areas followed by Culex vishnui (22.3%), Culex pseudovishnui (19.6%) and Culex tritaenorhynchus (13.7%). A high rate of human biting activity by Ma. bonneae was detected during November but the activity was low during January.The biting activity of Ma.bonneae was found higher outdoor compared to indoorand peaked at 7.00 pm-8.00 pm.Cx.vishnui also exhibited similar biting activity peak while Anopheles letiferex-hibited biting activity peaked at 12.00 am-1.00 am.Cx.pseudovishnui showed biting patterns which were almost similar between indoor and outdoor activity and could be considered active throughout the 12 hour period.

A novel bio-sensor for registration of biting force in occlusally reactive single mandibular implant overdenture

Mandibular single denture opposed by maxillary natural dentition showed a great problem. However, mandibular implant overdenture treatment has gained considerable recognition. Ten male patients with complete mandibular edentulous arch and opposing arch have full natural dentition. Patients were divided into two groups. All patients received two endosseous titanium implants. In Group I, patients were rehabilitated with conventional implant retained overdentures. While in Group II, Patients were rehabilitated with occlusal reactive implant overdentures. A Novel proposed biosensor was used to measure the amount of biting force on the implant retained overdenture. Quantitative electromyographic (EMG) signals of the masseter and anterior fibers of temporalis muscles were recorded, filtered and directly interfaced with a computer to represent the data graphically. The mean amplitude (μV), turn, and activity were recorded at the baseline and after three months. The results revealed an increase in the muscle activity in group II after three months as compared to group I. Significant difference in bilateral biting force at the premolar-molar area was found between group I and group II after three months. This study concluded that a resilient implant overdenture denture could be a desirable treatment in mandibular overdenture supported by two implants with resilient attachment and opposing natural dentition due to its easy fabrication and durability in use and increased muscle activity.

Partial Weaning at Six Weeks of Age Reduces Biting among Mink Kits(Neovison Vison)

Recent studies have demonstrated that postponed weaning age from 6 weeks to 8 weeks in mink increases the number of bites among mink kits. Therefore, a series of studies have been conducted in order to quantify effects of weaning age on mortality, number of bites and growth rates in mink kits weaned at 42 and 56 days after birth during two consecutive breeding seasons. Partial weaning of large litters on Day 42 reduced the number of mink kits and litters with bites from an average frequency of 1.6% to 1.0% for kits and 8.1% to 5.1% for litters and increased growth rate of male kits. These results are highly important for ensuring optimal welfare in mink production, and we recommend that partial weaning (dividing) of large litters should be considered in practical mink farming in the future.

Hybrid treatment of varied orthodontic appliances for a patient with skeletal class II and temporomandibular joint disorders:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The relation between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders(TMDs)is under debate;the management of TMD during orthodontic treatment has always been a challenge.If TMD symptoms occur during orthodontic treatment,an immediate pause of orthodontic adjustments is recommended;the treatment can resume when the symptoms are managed and stabilized.CASE SUMMARY This case report presents a patient(26-year-old,female)with angle class I,skeletal class II and TMDs.The treatment was a hybrid of clear aligners,fixed appliances and temporary anchorage devices(TADs).After 3 mo resting and treatment on her TMD,the patient’s TMD symptom alleviated,but her anterior occlusion displayed deep overbite.Therefore,the fixed appliances with TAD were used to correct the anterior deep-bite and level maxillary and mandibular deep curves.After the levelling,the patient showed dual bite with centric relation and maximum intercuspation discrepancy on her occlusion.After careful examination of temporomandibular joints(TMJ)position,the stable bite splint and Invisible Mandibular Advancement appliance were used to reconstruct her occlusion.Eventually,the improved facial appearance and relatively stable occlusion were achieved.The 1-year follow-up records showed there was no obvious change in TMJ morphology,and her occlusion was stable.CONCLUSION TMD screening and monitoring is of great clinical importance in the TMD susceptible patients.Hybrid treatment with clear aligners and fixed appliances and TADs is an effective treatment modality for the complex cases.

A 10-year review and epidemiology of animal bite cases in Gerash city, south of Iran: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Objective:To determine the temporal trend and epidemiology of animal bite cases in Gerash City,Iran.Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study analyzed 630 cases of people with animal bites between 2011 and 2021 in Gerash City.The collected data were analyzed using Chi-square test.Results:The mean age of victims was(30.9±17.5)years.80.54%Of victims were male,39.70%were self-employed,and 64.60%were adults(≥18 years).Most cases of bites occurred in 2019(91 cases),2020(74 cases)and 2021(87 cases),and most of the bites were related to the upper limbs(62.70%).Most of the wounds were superficial(78%),most of the biting animals were domestic animals(91.74%),and most of the victims had Iranian nationality(97.62%).Conclusions:Given the increasing trend of animal bites in Gerash City,health authorities should carry out basic measures such as education and awareness among the public,especially at-risk groups such as adult males.Additionally,since most cases of bites are due to dogs,it seems necessary to plan for vaccination of dogs,especially those with owners.

Spatial analysis of animal bites in Iran(2015-2020):A cross-sectional study

Objective:To investigate the distribution pattern of animal bites in Mirjaveh,Iran from 2015 to 2020.Methods:The data on animal bites were collected from the Department of Infectious Diseases,the provincial health center.Monthly climatic data on precipitation and temperature during the study period were also collected.The correlation between incidence and temperature,precipitation rate,land type,and altitude was also analyzed.Results:The results showed that men were more affected by animal bites than women(76.4%,P<0.001),and the highest incidence rate occurred in the age group of 5-19 years.The incidence rate of animal bites was found to be correlated with temperature and altitude.An increase in temperature was associated with a rise in the incidence rate of animal bites.The number of animal bites increased until 2019,possibly due to an increase in the number of dogs in the area.Conclusions:Targeted interventions should be implemented to reduce the incidence of animal bites,particularly among children,housewives,and students.Improving access to appropriate treatments,increasing public awareness of the hazards of animal bites,and increasing the number of vaccinated dogs in the area are essential strategies to be considered.

Osteoarticular Lesions of the Shoulder Girdle by Hippopotamus Bite: Highly Septic Lesion

Hippopotamus bites are rare in medical consultations, despite several studies exposing their aggressive character. A case of a hippopotamus bite on the shoulder of a fisherman has been reported. In addition to the osteoarticular aspect representing a therapeutic problem, the infectious aspect was marked by sepsis, with a death in less than 48 hours. Based on this observation, a protocol for the initial management of large animal bites was submitted.

Study on biting bugs encountered in the aquatic environments in Kashan,Isfahan Province,Iran

Objective:To determine biting bugs of Hemiptera families presenting in the county of Kashan.Methods:For this descriptive study,samples were collected from 17 locations of lentic and lotic waters,3 times for each.These specimens were identified by using a stereo microscope and morphological keys.Results:Out of 5535 specimens collected in three times of samplings,3024 specimens(54.6%)belonged to order Diptera,701 specimens(12.7%)belonged to Crustaceans,691 specimens(12.5%)belonged to Trichoptera,468 specimens(8.4%)belonged to Hemipetera,303 specimens(5.5%)belonged to Ephemeroptera,133 specimens(2.4%)belonged to Odonata,104 specimens(1.9%)belonged to Coleoptera,98 specimens(1.8%)belonged to Hydroacarina and 13 specimens(0.2%)belonged to Plecoptera.In this study,Families Corixidae,Notonectidae,Gerridae and Nepidae from Hemiptera order were identified 45.9%,26.9%,25.0%and 2.2%,respectively.Conclusions:These results lead to the conclusion that Hemiptera fauna is relatively rich in Kashan.More studies by entomologists and biologists are recommended to determine the benefits and damages of these insects on the environment.

Anaphylactoid reaction to biting midges bite

To the editor Sir,biting midges is a common insect that can be seen in many beach areas in the tropical countries.Biting midges bite can cause health problem and this can be fatal.Here,the author reports a case of anaphylactoid reaction to biting midges bite.The patient was a 30 years’old male patient presenting with the problem of swelling right arm,palpitation and difficulty in respiration.This patient gave the history of biting midges bite at his right ring finger during having lunch at a restaurant at a beach.

Incidence rate of animal bites in southern Iran during 2015-2019 using Cochrane-Armitage trend test

Objective:To investigate the trend of animal bites in southern Iran from 2015 to 2019.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study of patients with animal bites who were referred to the Center for Disease Control in the three cities of Larestan,Evaz,and Khonj in Fars province,southern Iran from 2015 to 2019.The trend of animal bites incidence was analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.Results:In total,from 2015 to 2019,1944 cases of animal bites were reported.A total of 79.8%of the cases were men.The overall average incidence of animal bites was 142.93 per 100000 people.The incidence of animal bites was significantly increased(Ptrend<0.001).The highest incidence was in November(79.04 per 100000 people)followed by January(76.1 per 100000 people)and February(69.48 per 100000 people);also,the lowest incidence was in August(47.42 per 100000 people)and July(50.0 per 100000 people).Conclusions:The incidence of animal bites has significantly increased.Given the importance of rabies,control and management of animal bites should be emphasized and considered.

Epidemiology of animal bite injuries in North of Fars province in Iran

Objective:To investigate the epidemiological situation of animal bites in Rostam city of Fars province.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study.Cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020 were analyzed using the census method.The tool for collecting information was the portal of the Ministry of Health and the registration offices of people who were referred to the rabies center.Results:A total of 628 cases of animal bites registered in health centers of Rostam city of Fars province from the beginning of 2014 to 2020.The mean age of the injured was(31.3±20.2)years.Of the total injured cases,414(65.9%)were male,and 491(78.2%)lived in villages.Most of the cases were bitten by dogs(n=420,66.8%)and the upper limb was involved in 280(55.2%)cases.In addition,an increasing trend was observed in the incidence of animal bites from 2015 to 2020.Conclusions:The incidence of animal bites in Rostam City is high,and most of the cases occur in rural areas.Considering the injuries caused by animal bites,the risk of rabies transmission,and the high costs of vaccination and serum therapy,it is necessary to hold control,educational,and vaccination programs.

Siglec-15×CD3双特异性抗体通过介导T细胞抗肿瘤免疫抑制结直肠癌细胞生长

目的:探索Siglec-15×CD3双特异性T细胞衔接子(bispecific T-cell engager,BiTE)是否可以在体内外介导T细胞的抗肿瘤免疫反应,抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长。方法:通过Expi293^(TM)表达系统表达32A1-IgG及32A1-BiTE蛋白;ELISA法检测32A1-IgG及32A1-BiTE与靶蛋白的结合;流式细胞术检测结直肠癌细胞系中Siglec-15的表达;LDH法检测32A1-BiTE介导的T细胞对靶细胞的细胞毒性;小鼠移植瘤模型检测32A1-BiTE对肿瘤的抑制能力;免疫组化法检测肿瘤浸润CD3^(+)T细胞的含量;流式细胞术检测肿瘤浸润CD8^(+)T细胞分泌GzmB的水平。结果:得到纯度大于95%的32A1-IgG及32A1-BiTE蛋白;32A1-BiTE对Siglec-15以及CD3均具有较强的结合能力;结直肠癌细胞系SW480、HCT116以及HT-29均高表达Siglec-15;32A1-BiTE可以以剂量依赖的方式介导T细胞对靶细胞的细胞毒性;32A1-BiTE可以有效抑制SW480细胞在小鼠体内的生长(P<0.0001),增加肿瘤浸润CD3^(+)T细胞的数目(P<0.0001),并显著提高CD8^(+)T细胞的比例(P<0.01)以及其分泌GzmB的水平(P<0.0001)。结论:32A1-BiTE可以在体内外介导T细胞的抗肿瘤免疫反应,抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长,可能成为一种非常有潜力的结直肠癌治疗药物。

博纳吐单抗在婴儿急性B淋巴细胞白血病中的优势及应用进展

婴儿急性淋巴细胞白血病(IALL)是婴儿期最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其预后明显差于年龄大于1岁的ALL患儿。本病的特征是70%~80%伴有KMT2A(既往通常称为MLL)基因重排,治疗相关并发症多,早期复发率高,是儿童血液肿瘤治疗的一大难点。博纳吐单抗是一种CD3/CD19定向的双特异性T细胞衔接器,在儿童复发/难治(R/R)B-ALL的治疗中显示出良好的效果,尤其是用在造血干细胞移植治疗之前,发挥了重要的桥梁作用。博纳吐单抗在婴儿B-ALL中的应用报道较少,是目前的研究热点之一。

Treatment of severe open bite and mandibular condyle anterior displacement by mini-screws and four second molars extraction:A case report

BACKGROUND Temporomandibular joint(TMJ)disorders are closely related to high-angle and skeletal Class II malocclusion.Sometimes pathological changes in the mandibular condyle can cause open bite to occur after growth is complete.CASE SUMMARY This article is about the treatment of an adult male patient with a severe hyperdivergent skeletal Class II base,an unusual and gradually occurring open bite and an abnormal mandibular condyle anterior displacement.Because the patient refused surgery,four second molars with cavities and root canal therapy were extracted,and four mini-screws were used for intrusion of the posterior teeth.The treatment duration was 22 mo,and after the treatment,the open bite was corrected and the displaced mandibular condyles were seated back to the articular fossa as shown by cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT).Based on the patient’s open bite history,the result of clinical examinations and CBCT comparisons,we believe it is possible that the occlusion interference was eliminated after the four second molars were extracted and the posterior teeth were intruded,and the patient's condyle spontaneously returned to its physiologic position.Finally,a normal overbite was established,and stable occlusion was achieved.CONCLUSION This case report suggested that identifying the cause of open bite is essential,and the TMJ factors for hyperdivergent skeletal Class II cases should be particularly examined.For these cases,intruding posterior teeth may place the condyle in a more appropriate position and provide an environment suitable for TMJ recovery.

基于贝叶斯网络和关联规则的航电系统故障诊断

为了提高机载航线维修的效率,提出利用贝叶斯网络结合关联规则来构建航电系统故障诊断模型。有效利用航电系统的故障树转化为以贝叶斯网络为架构的故障诊断模型结构,并将BITE信息作为节点扩展到结构中,采用Leak Noisy-Or模型简化故障诊断模型条件概率的计算,利用关联规则算法挖掘历史维修数据包含的强关联规则,并综合专家经验完成条件概率参数的学习。以VHF系统为例,使用GeNIe2.3软件对故障诊断模型进行仿真,通过对具体案例的推理、诊断分析,实现了机载航线维修的动态化诊断过程。

Time series modeling of animal bites

Objective:To explore the modeling of time series of animal bite occurrence in northwest Iran.Methods:In this study,we analyzed surveillance time series data for animal bite cases in the northwest Iran province of Iran from 2011 to 2017.We used decomposition methods to explore seasonality and long-term trends and applied the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average(ARIMA)model to fit a univariate time series of animal bite incidence.The ARIMA modeling process involved selecting the time series,transforming the series,selecting the appropriate model,estimating parameters,and forecasting.Results:Our results using the Box Jenkins model showed a significant seasonal trend and an overall increase in animal bite incidents during the study period.The best-fitting model for the available data was a seasonal ARIMA model with drift in the form of ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,1).This model can be used to forecast the frequency of animal attacks in northwest Iran over the next two years,suggesting that the incidence of animal attacks in the region would continue to increase during this time frame(2018-2019).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that time series analysis is a useful method for investigating animal bite cases and predicting future occurrences.The existence of a seasonal trend in animal bites can also aid in planning healthcare services during different seasons of the year.Therefore,our study highlights the importance of implementing proactive measures to address the growing issue of animal bites in Iran.

Epidemiological characteristics and trends of animal bites in Neyshabur,Iran:A cross-sectional study

Objective:To investigate the trend of animal bites between 2015-2021 in Neyshabur,Iran.Methods:In this cross-sectional descriptive study,data were retrieved from the vice-chancellery of the Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences.The data included person variables,place and time variables,and animal variables.Results:There were 13190 cases of animal bites and the trend was increasing during 2015-2020.Most injuries were caused by dogs(86%),most animal bites(76.6%)occurred in males,and 28.1%of all cases were farmers.The most common bitten parts were the lower limbs(64.8%),often reported as a scratch(83.4%).Most of the biting animals(67.9%)were not strays,and 83.3%of them had bitten their owners.No rabies death was reported during the study period.Conclusions:The incidence of animal bites increases and is higher than the national statistics in Neyshabur,Iran.Serious attention and intervention should be given to control and prevent this health threat.