A 1-bp deletion in the MC04g1399 is highly associated with failure to produce fruit wart in bitter gourd

Fruit wart is an important appearance trait influencing consumer preferences of bitter gourd(Momordica charantia L.).The molecular genetic mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation in bitter gourd are largely unknown.In this study,genetic analysis based on four generations showed that fruit wart formation in bitter gourd was controlled by a single dominant locus named as Fwa.The Fwa locus was initially mapped into a 4.82 Mb region on pseudochromosome 4 by BSA-seq analysis and subsequently narrowed down to a 286.30 kb region by linkage analysis.A large F2population consisting of 2360 individuals was used to screen recombinants,and the Fwa locus was finally fine mapped into a 22.70 kb region harboring four protein-coding genes through recombination analysis.MC04g1399,encoding an epidermal patterning factor 2-like protein,was proposed as the best candidate gene for Fwa via sequence variation and expression analysis.In addition,a 1-bp insertion and deletion(InDel)variation within MC04g1399 was converted to a cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence(CAPS)marker that could precisely distinguish between the warty and non-warty types with an accuracy rate of 100%among a wide panel of 126 bitter gourd germplasm resources.Our results not only provide a scientific basis for deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit wart formation but also provide a powerful tool for efficient genetic improvement of fruit wart via marker-assisted selection.

Genetic Analysis of the First Female Flower Node and the First Male Flower Node in Bitter Gourd

Exploring genetic mechanism of the first female flower node and the first male flower node in bitter gourd has practical significance for formulating breeding strategy. In this article, a cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6, and the F2segregation population was also constructed through F1selfing. The genetic characteristics of the first female flower node and the first male flower node were analyzed by adopting the major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model. The data analysis results showed that the first female flower node and the first male flower node were continuous distribution in the F2segregation population. E-2 model was the most suitable model for the genetic analysis of the first female flower node and the first male flower node. The additive effect values of the 2 pairs of major genes controlling the first female flower node were 2.722 and 1.862 8 respectively, the dominant effect values were-2.721 6 and-0.171 8, respectively. The additive effect value of polygene was-0.839 2, and the dominant effect value of polygene was 2.225 4. The heritability of major genes and polygene were 83.73% and 1.54%, respectively. The additive effect values of the 2 pairs of major genes controlling the first male flower node were 17.746 9 and 3.972, respectively, the dominant effect values were 5.191 6 and-3.972, respectively. The additive effect value of polygene was-20.530 5, and the dominant effect value was-4.141 4. The heritability of major genes and polygene was 92.34% and 4.7%, respectively. This study could provide a theoretical basis for bitter gourd breeding.

Bitter gourd extract improves glucose homeostasis and lipid profile via enhancing insulin signaling in the liver and skeletal muscles of diabetic rats

Objective:To investigate the modulatory effects of bitter gourd extract on the insulin signaling pathway in the liver and skeletal muscle tissues of diabetic rats.Methods:The ethanolic extract of bitter gourd was prepared and its contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids were assayed.A neonatal streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model was established and the diabetic rats were assigned into different groups and were treated with different doses of bitter gourd extract(100,200,400,or 600 mg/kg)or with glibenclamide(0.1 mg/kg)for 30 d.Fasting blood glucose,insulin,and lipid profile were evaluated and the insulin signaling pathway in the liver and skeletal muscle of rats was investigated.The correlations between homeostasis model assessment(HOMA)and the components of insulin signaling pathway were also evaluated.Results:Different doses of bitter gourd extract significantly ameliorated fasting blood glucose level and HOMA index for insulin resistance.Moreover,bitter gourd extract increased serum insulin and improved disrupted serum lipid profile.The levels of insulin receptor substrate-1(IRS-1),p-insulin receptorβ(p-IR-β),protein kinase C(PKC),GLUT2,and GLUT4 were improved by treatment with bitter gourd extract.The best results were obtained with 400 mg/kg dose of the extract,the effect of which was equivalent to that of glibenclamide.HOMA in the bitter gourd treated rats was negatively correlated with p-IR-β,IRS-1 and PKC in hepatic and skeletal muscle.HOMA was also negatively correlated with skeletal muscle GLUT4.Conclusions:Bitter gourd extract improves glucose homeostasis and lipid profile in diabetic rats via enhancement of insulin secretion and sensitivity.Therefore,bitter gourd can be used as a potential pharmacological agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Genetic Analysis of Leaf Length and Leaf Width in Bitter Gourd

[Objectives]To explore the genetic mechanism that leaf length and leaf width in bitter gourd has realistic guiding significance for formulating breeding strategy.[Methods]In this paper,the cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6 and an F2segregation population was constructed.The genetic characteristics of leaf length and leaf width were analyzed by employing the major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model.[Results]The data analysis results demonstrated that the leaf length and leaf width of the F_(2) segregation population showed continuous distribution.The optimum model for leaf length genetic analysis was A-1,the additive effect value of the major gene was 3.1766,the dominant effect value was-3.1766,and the heritability was 74.51%.The optimum model for leaf width genetic analysis was B-1.The additive effect values of 2 pairs of major genes controlling the leaf width were 3.1917 and 0.9623,respectively.The dominant effect values were-1.3135 and-0.3463,respectively.The additive×additive interaction effect was-0.3591,the additive×dominant interaction effect was-0.2570,the dominant×additive interaction effect was 1.9916,the dominant×dominant interaction effect was 1.9686.The heritability of major genes was 96.67%.[Conclusions]This study is expected to provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of bitter gourd.

Genetic Analysis of Weight per Fruit and Fruit Length in Bitter Gourd

[Objectives]The paper was to verify the genetic mechanism of weight per fruit and fruit length in bitter gourd and to provide guidance for formulating breeding strategy.[Methods]In this study,a cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6,and a Fsegregation population was also constructed.The genetic characteristics of weight per fruit and fruit length were analyzed by employing major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model.[Results]The weight per fruit and fruit length showed continuous distribution in Fsegregation population.The optimal model for weight per fruit and fruit length was the same(A-1 model).The major gene additive effect value of weight per fruit was 46.1474,the dominant effect value was-46.1005,and the major gene heritability was 52.47%.The major gene additive effect value of fruit length was 2.456,the dominant effect value was-2.455,and the major gene heritability was 52.52%.The results showed that weight per fruit and fruit length were mainly controlled by a pair of major genes.[Conclusions]This study can provide a theoretical basis for bitter gourd breeding.

Screening of Bitter Gourd Hybrid Combinations with High Yield and Disease Resistance

[Objectives]This study was conducted to breed and promote high-yield and disease-resistant varieties of bitter gourd.[Methods]The comparison experiments of six new hybrid combinations(Z1705,Z1706,Z1717,Z1721,Z1732,Z1745)were successively carried out at two experimental sites of Danzhou and Tunchang.[Results]Comparing the agronomic traits and disease resistance of various combinations,it was concluded that Z1717 and Z1721 have high yields,green and glossy fruit surface and good comprehensive disease resistance,so they can be popularized and planted.[Conclusions]This study is of great significance for improving the yield of bitter gourd and increasing economic benefits.

The Genetic Analysis of Internode Length in Bitter Gourd

Performing the genetic mechanism research of internode length in bitter gourd has important guiding significance for making breeding strategy. A cross was made between CN19-1 and Thai4-6, and an F2 segregation population was constructed. The genetic characteristic of the internode length was analyzed through employing the major gene plus polygene mixed genetic model. The results showed that the internode length was continuous distribution in the F2 population. The optimum model for internode length genetic analysis was B-1. The additive effect values of two pairs of major genes controlling the internode length were 3.206 3 and 2.638 3, respectively, which showed a positive effect. The dominant effect values were-3.434 6 and-1.459 6, respectively, which showed a negative effect. The dominant degree of major genes is-1.07 and-0.55, respectively, indicating that the first pair of major genes was over dominant and the second pair of major genes was incompletely dominant. The heritability of the major gene was 82.25%, indicating the genetic stability was high. This study could provide a theoretical reference for the breeding of bitter gourd.

Effects of Grafting on Volatile Compounds in Bitter Gourd Fruit

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the effects of grafting on volatile compounds in bitter gourd fruit.[Methods]The volatile compounds and relative contents of grafted and non-grafted fruit were analyzed by headspace solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.[Results]There were 59 volatile compounds in Haiyan No.2S,including six unique compounds.There were 58 volatile compounds in Haiyan No.2J,including five unique compounds.[Conclusions]This study provides a scientific basis for further analysis of bitter gourd flavor regulation mediated by grafting.

Isolation and Identification of Fusarium Wilt Pathogens from Bitter Gourd in Hainan Province

In order to isolate and identify the pathogens causing Fusarium wilt in bitter gourd in Hainan Province,China,four bitter gourd plants exhibiting symptoms of Fusarium wilt were collected from Tunchang County,Hainan Province.Four pathogen strains(HNTC-01,HNTC-02,HNTC-03 and HNTC-04)were isolated from the four plants,and identified via morphological observation and molecular techniques.The results showed that HNTC-01,HNTC-03 and HNTC-04 were F.oxysporum,while HNTC-02 was F.graminearum.The tests on pathogenicity and host specificity showed that HNTC-01,HNTC-03 and HNTC-04 were F.oxysporum Schl.f.sp.momordicae.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that HNTC-01,HNTC-03,HNTC-04 were clustered together with 14 strains of F.oxysporum,and HNTC-02 was clustered together with six strains of F.graminearum.In addition,rDNA-ITS region can be used to distinguish different Fusarium species,but can not be used to distinguish different biotypes within a Fusarium species.This study could provide a scientific basis for the diagnosis and prevention of wilt in bitter gourd.

Occurrence and Control Technology of Bitter Gourd Fusarium Wilt

With the increase of growing area of bitter gourd, Fusarium wilt has become one of the most important diseases in bitter gourd production, seriously affecting the yield and quality of bitter gourd. The occurrence regularity of bitter gourd Fusarium wilt was expounded, and the research status of agricultural control, chemical control and biological control were summarized, so as to provide the reference for safe and efficient production of bitter gourd.

GC-MS Analysis of Liposoluble Components in Seeds of Bitter Gourd from Different Sources

[Objectives]This paper aimed to analyze the liposoluble components in seeds of different bitter gourd germplasms.[Methods]Taking 3 bitter gourd germplasms from different sources as materials,the composition and relative contents of liposoluble components in the seeds were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS).[Results]A total of 22,18 and 18 compounds were detected from Papua,Y7 and Y108,respectively,accounting for 38.63%,90.20%and 92.53%of the total liposoluble components.Among them,eight liposoluble components were unique to Papua,and two liposoluble components were unique to Y108.The composition and relative contents of liposoluble components differ among different bitter gourd germplasms.The main chemical components wereγ-tocopherol,vitamin E,andβ-tocopherol.The content ofγ-tocopherol was high in the three germplasms,accounting for 8.885%,20.090%and 20.314%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study can lay the foundation for breeding functional bitter gourd varieties.

Preliminary Study on the Quality Difference of Local Broad-shoulder Bitter Gourd Landraces in Foshan

[Objectives]The study aims to provide important reference for the breeding and research of new varieties of functional broad-shoulder bitter gourd.[Methods]8 pure varieties of local broad-shoulder bitter gourd landraces in Foshan were used as experimental materials,in which polysaccharide,cellulose and vitamin C content were measured.[Results]Among the 8 varieties of local self-selected broad-shoulder bitter gourd in Foshan,the polysaccharide content of Foxuan 6 was the highest,up to 113.78 mg/100 (g·FW),which was significantly higher than that of the other 7 varieties.The polysaccharide content of Foxuan 2 was the lowest.The cellulose content of Foxuan 8 was the highest,reaching 24.50 mg/100 (g·FW),which was significantly higher than that of the other 7 varieties.The cellulose content of Foxuan 4 was the lowest.The vitamin C content of Foxuan 5 was the highest,reaching 74.24 mg/100 (g·FW),which was significantly higher than that of the other 7 varieties.The vitamin C content of Foxuan 4 was the lowest,only 7.05 mg/100 (g·FW).In a word,there were big differences between the 8 varieties of broad-shoulder bitter gourd in terms of polysaccharide,cellulose and vitamin C content.[Conclusions]It is possible to make full use of their own quality differences and develop new varieties of functional broad-shoulder bitter gourd by means of cross combination.

Identification and Evaluation of Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Bitter Gourd Germplasms

[Objective] This study aimed to identify and evaluate the resistance of bitter gourd germplasms to Meloidogyne incognita. [Method]A total of 71 bitter gourd germplasms were artificially inoculated with M. incognita at seedling stage to investigate the effects of M. incognita on resistance indexes of bitter gourd seedlings. Cluster analysis and subordinate function analysis were performed to identify and evaluate the resistance of experimental materials. [Result] The infection of M. incognita increased the variation coefficients of resistance indexes. The resistance to M. incognita varied significantly among different bitter gourd germplasms. Based on gall index,71 bitter gourd germplasms were divided into five types by cluster analysis,including resistant materials,moderately resistant materials,moderately susceptible materials,susceptible materials and highly susceptible materials. The subordinate function analysis showed that total subordinate function values of Y107,Y109,Y108,Y51,Y105,Y81,Y89,Y140 and Y94 exceeded 1. 95,indicating high resistance to M. incognita. [Conclusion] This study could provide resistant materials for breeding root-knot nematode resistant varieties of bitter gourd.

Effects of Cultivation Method on Seed Yield and Quality of Bitter Gourd

This experiment was carried out to study the possibility of producing germinating seeds of bitter gourd(Momordica charamtia L.)in the climatic conditions of Europe.Seeds of Indian cultivar‘Nana’were sown in the greenhouse and produced transplants were planted on the field.The plants were cultivated in the field in 2 ways:tied to the sticks or creeping on the ground.During the vegetation,the ripen fruits with seeds were collected 6 times,and after extracting,they were germinated in the laboratory following the routine ISTA rules.The best transplants of bitter gourd were received within one month from the seeds emerging 51.8%.The transplant of bitter gourd had average height of7 cm,3-4 leaves,out of which the biggest had the width of 5 cm.Such transplants would grow into fruiting plants.When growing bitter gourd for seeds,the earliest fruits were harvested from the plants tied to the sticks.Moreover,the best seeds were harvested from 2/3 of early fruits.For the purpose of seed production,it is recommended to keep only 3-4 fruits per plant and remove other fruits.The produced seeds germinated from 8%to 24%.If the plants were tied to the sticks,their fruits ripened earlier.The used production way and time of harvest of fruits had no effect on the seed germination.The cultivation methods of bitter gourd plants had no effect on the chemical components of fruits.

Study on Cold Tolerance Identification Indices for Bitter Gourd Germplasms

The selection of cold tolerance identification indices for bitter gourd germplasms is an important basis for the breeding of cold-tolerant bitter gourd varieties. In this study,with six bitter gourd germplasms as experimental materials,the cold injury index of bitter gourd was analyzed under low temperature treatment,the changes in physiological indices were revealed,and the main agronomic traits were measured. The results showed that the cold injury index of bitter gourd was in very significant negative correlation with SOD activity,POD activity and PRO content,in significant negative correlation with CAT activity,in very significant negative correlation with flowering node and commodity rate,but in significant positive correlation with female flower ratio. It was found that that cold injury index,SOD activity,POD activity,CAT activity and PRO content could serve as the cold tolerance identification indices for bitter gourd at seedling stage,and flowering node and commodity rate could be used as the auxiliary indices for field cold tolerance identification.

A comprehensive review on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) as a gold mine of functional bioactive components for therapeutic foods

Bitter gourd is a tropical wine grown mainly in India, China and South East Asia. The plant is cultivated mainly for its fruit part which is edible. Bitter gourd is unaccepted widely due to its bitter taste. Nevertheless, the fruit is a source of several key nutrients. The plant, as a whole contains, more than 60 phyto-medicines that are active against more than 30 diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Currently, the incorporation of the bioactive compounds isolated from bitter gourd into functional foods and beverages finds a new horizon. Nanoencapsulation and novel green extraction methods can be employed to improve the yield and quality of extracted compounds and their stability while incorporation into food products. The present review is an attempt to throw light to nutritional aspects, various bioactive compounds present and important nutraceutical properties of the bitter gourd plant in detail.

Catalyzed degradation of disperse dyes by calcium alginate-pectin entrapped bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidase

Calcium-alginate pectin entrapped bitter gourd peroxidase (BGP) has been employed for the treatment of disperse dyes: Disperse Brown 1 (DB 1) and Disperse Red 17 (DR 17). Peroxidase alone was unable to decolorize DR 17 and DB 1. However, the investigated dyes were decolorized maximally by BGP in the presence of 0.2 mmol/L redox mediator, violuric acid (VA). A slow decrease in percent decolorization was observed when VA concentration was higher than 0.2 mmol/L which could likely be due to the high reactivity of its aminoxyl radical (> N–O . ) intermediate, that might undergo chemical reactions with aromatic amino acid side chains of the enzyme thereby inactivating it. Maximum decolorization of the dyes was observed at pH 3.0 and 40°C within 2 hr of incubation. Immobilized peroxidase decolorized 98% DR 17 and 71% DB 1 using 35 U of BGP in batch process in 90 min. Immobilized enzyme decolorized 85% DR 17 and 51% DB 1 whereas soluble enzyme decolorized DR 17 to 48% and DB 1 to 30% at 60°C. UV-visible spectral analysis was used to evaluate the degradation of these dyes and their toxicity was tested by Allium cepa test. The generally observed higher stability of the bioaffinity bound enzymes against various forms of inactivation may be related to the specific and strong binding of enzyme with bioaffinity support which prevents the unfolding/denaturation of enzyme. Thus entrapped peroxidase was found to be effective in the decolorization of the investigated dyes.

广西苦瓜白粉病菌优势生理小种鉴定及ITS序列分析

【目的】明确广西苦瓜主产区白粉病病原菌种类和生理小种,为苦瓜白粉病防治及抗病育种提供科学依据。【方法】2016—2021年,在广西南宁、柳州、桂林、北海、玉林、贺州、崇左和贵港8个苦瓜产区采集并分离白粉病病原菌246份,通过显微镜观察分生孢子形态及ITS序列分析构建系统进化树明确苦瓜白粉病菌种类,并采用国际通用的13个甜瓜白粉病菌生理小种鉴别寄主和鉴别标准体系对白粉病菌的生理小种进行鉴定;通过调查白粉病菌优势生理小种在广西苦瓜栽培品种桂农科6号、清脆277、翠华和海加仕183上的危害程度和致病力分析,明确广西苦瓜主产区白粉病菌种类及生理小种的分化。【结果】通过形态学与分子生物学相结合的方法确定广西苦瓜白粉病病原菌为单囊壳白粉菌(Sphaerotheca fuliginea),存在小种1和2F两个生理小种,其中,2016—2021年生理小种1的平均分离频率为95.72%,是广西苦瓜白粉病菌的优势小种,生理小种2F仅在贵港苦瓜种植基地发现,平均分离频率为4.29%。苦瓜白粉病菌优势小种致病力测定结果显示,4个广西苦瓜栽培品种的病情指数逐年增加,生理小种1致病力强度呈上升趋势,田间病害发生较严重。【结论】导致广西苦瓜白粉病的病原菌为单囊壳白粉菌,存在小种1和2F两个生理小种,其中生理小种1为广西苦瓜白粉病菌优势小种。广西苦瓜白粉病菌菌株的遗传进化与地域有一定关系,但差异不明显。

小麦根系分泌物对苦瓜幼苗生长及土壤生物学环境的影响

为解决苦瓜生产上遇到的连作障碍问题,利用具有化感促进作用的小麦根系分泌物对苦瓜幼苗进行处理,以未经处理的为对照,分析苦瓜幼苗生长及其根际土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的变化。结果表明,3个苦瓜材料经小麦根系分泌物处理后的株高、茎粗、根长、生物量均较对照有所增加,处理组与对照组之间差异达到显著或极显著水平,株高和茎粗均随着生长天数的推迟呈增加趋势。在第5、10、15天时,处理组株高较对照组分别增加7.32%、14.67%、19.98%,茎粗较对照组分别增加7.98%、8.24%、10.89%;处理组根长、地上鲜重、地上干重、地下鲜重、地下干重较对照分别增加16.29%、18.08%、31.70%、33.74%、27.21%;处理组苦瓜幼苗根际土壤脲酶、多酚氧化酶、转移酶及过氧化氢酶活性分别提高84.88%、35.68%、443.73%、54.39%,并且差异达到显著或极显著水平。经小麦根系分泌物处理后,提高了苦瓜根际土壤中的细菌和放线菌数量和丰富度,降低了真菌数量及丰富度,主要降低了有致病潜力的镰刀菌属的相对丰度。综上所述,小麦根系分泌物可以提高土壤中酶活性,改善土壤生物学环境,促进苦瓜植株的生长,从而改变苦瓜连作产生的不良生态影响。

苦瓜新品种赣苦瓜1937的选育

赣苦瓜1937是以早熟自交系BK0702-5为母本、晚熟自交系LK1402-6为父本杂交选育而成的中晚熟苦瓜新品种。该品种植株长势强,第1雌花节位16~24节,果实棒形、绿色,粒、条瘤相间,有光泽。瓜纵径30.0 cm左右、横径7.2 cm左右,果肉厚度1.2 cm,单瓜质量480 g左右,一般栽培667 m^(2)产量3000 kg左右。肉质爽脆、清香微苦,抗枯萎病,适合江西省及生态条件相似的地区栽培。2022年6月通过江西省农学会品种认定。